day he and several staff officers were inspecting outposts, when a Bavarian trooper, disregarding the coat of arms on the automobile in which Mackensen rode, stopt his party at a rifle's point because they could not show passports. Officers with Mackensen in vain told the sentry that he was delaying the commander-in-chief. Mackensen said nothing, except to send for the commander of the outpost, who, on arriving, ordered the sentry to let him pass. A few days later the Bavarian trooper, by express direction of Mackensen, was made a sergeant. These and similar actions endeared him to soldiers. The word of the "old man" was law, his judgment infallible. During the early stages of the fight around Lodz he was repulsed with great losses, but his soldiers never murmured. "It's part of the old man's plan," they said, and went cheerfully on with the battle.

After the Dunajec and the great drive into Russia that followed in the summer of 1915, Mackensen received a monster petition from the German people expressing their gratitude to the "Liberator of East Prussia"-a term they had applied to Hindenburg the year before, after Tannenberg. Mackensen had received many honors, including degrees from two universities. With it all he remained a simple, hard-working soldier. The hussars with whom he had served in 1870 remained his first love. He usually wore their uniform, and his first Iron Cross, won as a hussar scout, was pinned to it. Mackensen as head of German and Austrian armies, in the drive of 1915, smashed through the Russian lines on the Dunajec with extraordinary swiftness, crumpled them up and sent them headlong backward with armies that had been surging over the Carpathians threatening the Hungarian plain. He pursued them relentlessly to the San, crossed in a tempest of artillery-fire, wrested from them the fortress of Przemysl (two months after it had been taken from Austria), and threatened Lemberg, which had been the first fruit of the Russian onslaught of 1914. Looked at from any angle, Mackensen's achievement was tremendous. It will live alongside other audacious and brilliantly successful military feats. Just as the sudden rise of other men in this war had made people in 1914 ask, "Who is Joffre?" or "Who is Hindenburg?" so they had asked, "Who is this man Mackensen? What has he ever done before?"

When Hindenburg hurled his legions upon Russians covering Lodz at the end of 1914, Mackensen was his right-hand officer. He drove into the heart of the battlefield, got himself surrounded by Russians, and was close to annihilation, when he rallied his men and cut a pathway through with bayonets, not only saving his army but seriously shattering the Russian forces. He had "escaped from the trap and taken the trap with him," somebody said. The lion's share of the glory went to Hindenburg; but there was plenty of it left for

Mackensen. He was often called the hero of Lodz as well as of Galicia.

Mackensen was born on December 6, 1849, at Haus-Leipnitz, near Schmiedeberg, in Saxony. Before his twentieth birthday he was serving with the colors in the Second Hussar Body-Guards, already famous in German annals. When the Franco-German war began he went to the front with his regiment in the humble capacity of "Vice Wachtmeister." After marching to Paris with the German armies and seeing William of Prussia crowned German Emperor at Versailles, he entered upon the long years of peace that ensued by going to the University of Halle, and did not return to the army until 1873, when he joined his hussar regiment again. Later he was made adjutant of the First Cavalry Brigade and stationed at Königsberg. In 1892 he wrote a history of the Hussar Body-Guards for the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the regiment, in which he recounted their exploits in the Franco-German and other wars.

Of all the great reputations made by the war, that which had the greatest réclame was probably the least important-Hindenburg's, altho his victory in the Masurian Lakes was for the time one of the few decisive incidents of the war; it was a victory in a complete and real sense, and due entirely to superior generalship. On ground that he knew thoroughly Hindenburg had maneuvered Samsonov's army into swamps and achieved the most sensational victory of the war, at once revered as the savior of his country, until in the popular imagination he overshadowed every other figure and had the whole nation at his feet. Great as the achievement was, it was not as great, however, as the public estimate of it made it seem. It was inflated in importance by the East Prussian panic that had preceded it. Those who followed campaigns with expert knowledge and examined battles in detail held Mackensen in higher regard than Hindenburg.

Like Hindenburg he had been ignored at the beginning of the war. His troubles with the Crown Prince had culminated early in 1914 in a request that either he or the Prince be removed from Danzig. The result was that Mackensen remained and the Prince was recalled. Then the war broke out, and the Prince was placed in command of an army in the West, while Mackensen was left to cool his heels in the East doing obscure tasks. Not until some months passed did he emerge, as second in command to Hindenburg on the Russian front. His first achievement was his skilful extrication of his army from envelopment east of Lodz. After that every task of critical importance in the East was committed to Mackensen's hands. His smashing blow on the Dunajec opened sensationally a new and formidable phase of the war. The operations that followed, by

which the Russian left was forced back to the Privet marshes, revealed a grim power not inferior to Hindenburg's and a constructive subtlety which Hindenburg had never shown. His campaign in Serbia was on a smaller scale, but here again his strategy was of a fresh and original character that commanded the respect of students of war.

No campaigns in the war were studied by military experts with more attention than those of Mackensen. Unlike Hindenburg, he was silent, almost morose, a characteristic popularly attributed to the loss of a much-beloved wife, but in reality his manner was the natural habit of a singularly absorbed and self-contained man. His brevity of speech was the expression of a ruthless temper. In the severity of the demands he made on all who came under his will, as well as in his cold and concentrated silence, he was reminiscent of Kitchener. Miracles were performed by soldiers and civilians during his advances, not because of affection for him, but because of fear.25

PEYTON CONWAY MARCH, CHIEF OF STAFF, UNITED STATES ARMY

General March was born December 27, 1864, at Easton, Pa. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1888, and from the Artillery School at Fort Monroe in 1898. He was in command of the Astor Battery during the Spanish-American War, 1898, and of the American forces in action at Tilad Pass, Luzon, P. I., December 2, 1899, during which engagement General Gregorio del Pilar was killed. During this expedition General March received the surrender of General Venancio Concepcion, chief of the staff to Aguinaldo.

March was appointed Military and Civil Governor of the district of Lepanto-Bontoc and the southern half of Ilocus Sur in 1900, and the province of Abra till February, 1901. He then served as Commissary-General of Prisoners until June 30, 1901. He was appointed member of the General Staff, 1903-1907, and Military Attaché with the Japanese Army in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904. As Army Artillery Commander of the American Expeditionary Force, he went to France in 1917, and was appointed Acting Chief of the Staff of the United States Army, February, 1918.

General March has been cited several times for distinguished gallantry in action from 1898 to 1902. He was promoted to rank of major-general January 4, 1918, and on his return from France asked for modification of the censorship that then prevailed. He

25 Compiled from articles in The Public Ledger (Philadelphia), The Times and The Tribune (New York) and one in The Atlantic Monthly by A. C. Gardiner.

assumed his duties as Chief of the Staff March 4, and allayed the alarm in the United States that followed the battle of Picardy in March, 1918, pointing out that there was really little cause for it. He was nominated to the rank of General May 20, 1918, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate May 24. On June 22, 1918, in an interview with newspaper men, he announced that 900,000 American troops were in Europe and that 100,000 more were being transported weekly. Whether in active service or in office, General Peyton March had shown himself to be eminently capable as an organizer and commanding officer.26

SIR STANLEY MAUDE, BRITISH GENERAL IN MESOPOTAMIA More than a year after Maude recovered Kut-el-Amara, captured Bagdad, and then suddenly died in Mesopotamia, Lloyd George rose in the House of Commons and told how he had "died a victim of his own inbred courtesy." Maude was visiting a plague-stricken area at the invitation of its inhabitants who wished to thank him for many kindnesses and he knew the peril so well that he "forbade any soldier of his escort to eat or drink during the visit." But when the ceremonial cup was offered to Maude, as a part of the welcoming festivity, "he ran the risk himself rather than hurt the susceptibilities of people who had asked him to come. There was cholera in that cup, and he died in a few days." Maude, said Lloyd George, would be remembered as one of "the great figures of this war." While he did not know what destiny was in store for the land Maude had conquered, he was certain that "the whole course of its history will be changed for the better as a result of his victory and rule." He would always be cherished by its inhabitants as "the gentlest conqueror who ever entered a city's gates." The House of Commons then voted £25,000 to Maude's widow.

Bagdad was a long way from Belgium, and it was much easier to form an idea of Haig or Pétain, because we had seen so many photographs of them, and read so many stories about them; but in Maude England had a general about whom a legend soon grew up very like the one about Kitchener. The Kitchener comparison suggested itself because of the striking parallel between the Bagdad campaign and Kitchener's Nile campaign to Omdurman and Khartoum. As Kitchener had been, so Maude was faced by the problem of advancing into a desert along a river which had to furnish his line of communication. Maude had to create transport, hospitals, housing, sanitation, and water-supply. He was obliged to rely for munitions and supplies on bases far overseas, with the additional menace of a 26 Compiled from "Who's Who, 1918-1919" and The Times (New York).

hostile sea-power. He had to contend with an alien climate in which white troops could work only in the cool months of the year.

Maude's story was that of a six months' offensive campaign which resulted in the recapture of Kut-el-Amara and the taking of Bagdad, the reestablishment of British prestige in the East, and the defeat of the German threat toward India. Before he advanced a foot he had to have every contingency, provided for, and every precaution taken against failure. He had the strength of the man who is sure of himself, the ability to bide his time, to keep his own counsel, to drive men unmercifully, and yet to inspire all about him with his own indomitable spirit. The Tommies adored him. He was a silent man with a face clean-cut and strong. He drove his staff terribly, and when an officer made a blunder he gave punishment. At the same time his men had implicit confidence in him.

Maude reached the British base in Mesopotamia, sixty miles up the Shatt-el-Arab, the stream formed by the junction of the Tigris and the Euphrates, in August, 1916. From then until December 13 he devoted himself entirely to the work of organizing the campaign he had in mind. During his preparations Maude left only a few troops on the fighting-line just below Kut, where the Turks held the apparently impregnable Sunniyatt position, between the left bank of the Tigris and a small lake. The British Army had been reinforced until it was much larger than the army under Townshend that had tried unsuccessfully to get to Bagdad. Including coolies, transport, commissariat, base troops, boatmen, and other units behind the line, the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, as it was called, must have numbered 300,000 men. Of fighting troops he had four complete divisions and part of three others. Townshend's force was almost inconsiderable compared with this.

Maude did not rest with the recapture of Kut. He followed up the Turks by land and water. The greatest fighters in his army who had been marching up the right bank of the Tigris arrived in the suburb of Bagdad in the early morning of March 11. Among the troops in this division were battalions of the Black Watch, Seaforths, and Leicesters. The Seventh Division claimed that they entered Bagdad first, but the Lancashire battalions of the Thirteenth Division said they had entered at the same time or earlier from the south. The British casualties in the whole campaign were about 30,000. The only flag found flying in Bagdad was an American one, and the American Consul, Oscar Heiser, was about the only check to the lawlessness that prevailed during the evacuation. The British kept on after reaching Bagdad, and by May 1 were fighting about 100 miles north of the city, 32 miles above Samara. Not long after this achievement Maude came to his untimely end.