paper was actually set up in the press! My servant having had directions to preserve the least scrap enriched with my invaluable lucubrations, had found and brought it to me for orders, and on my pettishly exclaiming that he might throw it to the devil, the blockhead mistaking my meaning, conveyed it, as he had done many others, to the printer's devil. I have only had time to give it the title it now bears, and to add this explanatory postscript, which enables it to make its own apology.

THE BIRD'S RELEASE AT THE GRAVE.

"Lorsqu'elle fut arrivée au lieu de sa sépulture,

.... des Indiennes

PAUL et VIRGINIE.

du Bengale et de la côte Malabare, apportèrent des cages pleines d'oiseaux, auxquels elles donnèrent la liberté sur son corps."

Go forth, for she is gone!

With the golden light of her wavy hair,
She is gone to the fields of the viewless air,
She hath left her dwelling lone!

Her voice hath passed away!

It hath pass'd away, like a summer-breeze,
When it leaves the hills for the far blue seas,
Where we may not trace its way.

Go forth, and like her be free!

With thy radiant wing and thy joyous eye,
Thou hast all the range of the sunny sky,
And what is our grief to thee?

Is it aught e'en to her we mourn?
Doth she look on the tears by her kindred shed?
Doth she rest with the flowers o'er her gentle head,
Or float on the light winds borne?

We know not, but she is gone!

Her step from the dance, and her voice from the song,
And the smile of her eye from the festal throng!
-She hath left her dwelling lone.

When the waves at sunset shine,
We may hear thy voice, amidst thousands more,
In the citron-woods of our glowing shore,
But we shall not know 'tis thine!

Ev'n so with the loved one flown:

Her smile in the starlight may wander by,
Her breath may be near in the wind's low sigh,
Around us-but all unknown.

Go forth-we have loosed thy chain!
We may deck thy cage with the richest flowers
Which the bright day rears in our eastern bowers,
But thou wilt not be lured again.

Ev'n thus may the summer pour

All fragrant things on the land's green breast,
And the glorious Earth like a bride be drest,
But it wins her back no more!

F. H.

THE PHYSICIAN.-NO. VII.

Of the Tooth-ache.

ZACUTUS Lusitanus relates, that a soldier, after overheating himself in summer, was afflicted with such violent tooth-ache in three teeth of the upper jaw, that he ran out of the house with hideous cries, in a state resembling raving madness. He adds, that all sorts of drawingremedies were first applied, and afterwards opiates and opium itself, to the teeth; but they had no other effect than that of increasing the pain. At length, he chanced to put into his mouth some of the snow that was used for cooling the water in very hot weather; and having repeated this several times, the aching ceased in about an hour. Several others, according to the same writer, received relief from a similar application.

No instance can prove more decidedly how great and essential a difference there is between the different species of tooth-ache, and how much it behoves a medical man to enquire into the real cause of the complaint and to apply remedies accordingly for nothing is more certain than that the application which relieved this soldier, so far from giving ease in many other species of tooth-ache, would only serve to aggravate the evil.

In the present case, an inflammation occasioned by overheating was the cause of the tooth-ache; and had the doctor been aware of this circumstance, he would not have attempted a cure by drawing-remedies or opiates. The poor patient, who this time escaped from his method, should have been treated in the manner that I am about to prescribe for that kind of tooth-ache which arises from inflammation of the nervous parts, or the membrane that envelopes the tooth.

It is first necessary to ascertain the symptoms by which this species of tooth-ache manifests itself. The constitution, age, and way of life of the patient, furnish the first general data. Young persons of a plethoric habit, who overheat themselves, either by bodily exertion, by stimulating food or drink, by late hours, or other irregularities; persons who have been accustomed to lose blood, and have neglected to continue the practice; or who have been disposed to abundant natural hemorrhages, which have ceased, are most liable to this species of tooth-ache. In such cases the pain usually comes on suddenly, and in general after the patient has been greatly heated. The pulse is hard and full, the face red, and the mouth uncommonly hot. It is accompanied with high fever and violent head-ache; the gums are swollen and inflamed, and biles are sometimes formed in them. The humours are sometimes determined to the external parts, when the cheek swells and the pain abates; hence, in such cases, when the cheek begins to swell, it is generally considered as a sign that the pain will soon subside. It happens, however, sometimes, that, notwithstanding the swelling, the pain continues, and then this may be called rather an aggravation than an alleviation of the complaint. If it is not the nerve of the tooth that is inflamed, but only the membrane covering that part of the tooth which is fixed in the socket, the tooth may be exposed to heat or cold without any increase of the pain, as the above-quoted example of the soldier demonstrates; and in this case all spirituous remedies are pernicious. This complaint should rather be treated as

an inflammatory disorder, and recourse had forthwith to bleeding, which commonly affords immediate relief. This is, indeed, the safest and almost the only resource; but scarifying the gums may also prove beneficial. After losing blood, the patient should observe a cooling diet, with occasional foot-baths and cathartics. Though the pain arising from this cause may not be very violent, yet it lasts a long time, and returns with every fresh occasion, when a person overheats himself either by vehement exercise, or by eating highly seasoned food, or drinking wine, spirits, coffee, &c. On such a recurrence of the complaint, the first remedy to be resorted to is letting blood; for without it all others would be unavailing. Bathing the feet every night in hot water; half a dram of saltpetre, taken in water at going to bed, or even several times a day; and total abstinence from animal food and wine, especially in the evening, are means by which many people have got rid of the most obstinate tooth-aches.

In this species of tooth-ache all heating medicines are detrimental; and opium, treacle, and the like, instead of alleviating, have frequently been found to increase the pain.

As to external remedies, I have already observed that spirits and essences are not adapted to this case. Cooling and emollient applications alone must be employed. To the first class belonged the snow used by the soldier; but snow and ice are not absolutely necessary. Medical men will know, and I have frequently seen, that in this species of tooth-ache, but in this alone, a bit of saltpetre put to the aching tooth, or a little Epsom salt held in the mouth, drives away the pain as speedily as the snow did in the case quoted above. To the emollients belong warm water, milk, figs boiled in milk, barley-water, and the like, which many practitioners prefer in this instance to any other remedies. Emollient poultices may also be applied with benefit to the cheek on the ailing side. I have known a dentist make a speedy cure of this kind of tooth-ache, by a poultice of crum of bread boiled in water, and applied to the cheek as hot as it could be borne. At first the pain is increased by it, but presently it is completely dispelled.

If the complaint is attended with gum-biles, it is advisable to keep milk, or figs boiled in milk, constantly in the mouth, to bring them to maturity. When ripe, they should be opened-an operation which is not productive of any pain.

Pregnant females and nurses are subject to this species of toothache, because they are plethoric, and liable to overheat themselves. The same mode of cure must be followed in regard to them; and though the patient may at the same time have one or more hollow teeth, I should not recommend extraction during pregnancy.

I now proceed to the catarrhal tooth-ache, the diagnostics of which are as follows:-The pain is commonly occasioned by taking cold and by obstructed perspiration, whether the teeth be decayed or not. It is not a single tooth that aches, but the whole side of the jaw; and when this side swells, the aching in general ceases. The gums are somewhat swollen, and there is a copious secretion of saliva, attended with the usual symptoms of catarrh and cold, cough, stoppage of the head, sore throat, &c. The aching is commonly less violent than in the species already described. The pulse is neither strong, full, nor quick; and the mouth is not particularly hot.

For this complaint I should prescribe a cathartic composed of a scruple of jalap, senna, and cream of tartar, which operates with sufficient effect, and afterwards a diet-drink to purify and sweeten the blood. By these means alone the most obstinate tooth-ache of this kind is sometimes cured: but should it not be dispelled by them recourse must be had, after purging, to sedatives, such as mithridate, styrax pills, and opium, which are admirably adapted to this particular case. All that can be done besides to promote the cure, consists in the administration of such medicines as are either calculated to restore the obstructed perspiration, or to carry off the catarrhal humours by other channels,—for instance, by the saliva, by blisters, and by the topical perspiration of the affected part. For the better information of the reader, I shall take some notice of each of these kinds of remedies. Mr. Renström saw, in Sweden, a violent tooth-ache, proceeding from catarrh, cured in the following manner:-About ten gallons of pure fresh spring-water were boiled in a tinned pot and then poured into a deep pan set on a chair, before which the patient placed himself, opening his mouth, and holding his head down over the pan. Over his head, neck, and the vessel, was thrown a cloth so large and thick as to prevent the escape of the vapour. It was of course received by the mouth of the patient, whose face was immediately dripping with perspiration. The ailing tooth felt quite cold, and from his mouth, which he was required to keep constantly open, ran a great quantity of water. After this operation had lasted about a quarter of an hour, the perspiration was carefully wiped off, and his mouth and chin were muffled up with a cloth for some time to keep out the cold, and the cure was accomplished. The perspiration, the copious secretion of saliva, and the emollient vapour, produce this effect, which has been verified by repeated experiments.

Blisters of Spanish flies are also serviceable for drawing off part of the sharp catarrhal humour. It has been observed that it is astonishing how the abduction of so small a quantity of humour as passes off in this manner, or through the secretion of saliva, can dispel such a severe pain: we know, however, that it does produce this effect, and it is of little consequence whether we comprehend the manner in which it takes place. Possibly the renewal of the perspiration which it effects, and perhaps also the continued pain which it occasions, and which draws away the humours from the teeth, may be a co-operating cause of the rapid cure accomplished by this remedy. A blister may be placed on the nape of the neck, or any other part: and instead of Spanish flies the other stimulants recommended in my last paper may be used.

To promote the secretion of saliva and thereby procure an outlet for the catarrhal matter, various stimulants are employed with great benefit. The roots of pellitory (radix pyrethri) and of master-wort (rad. imperatoria), are serviceable for this purpose; likewise tobacco, pepper, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, chewed and kept in the mouth, the root of wild marjoram (rad. origani) boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth as warm as it can be borne, and a decoction of equal parts of rosemary and ivy in vinegar diluted with water, held lukewarm in the mouth. Tobacco smoke itself has a good effect in these cases, partly because it promotes saliva, and partly because it possesses a narcotic quality.

To promote the transpiration in the neighbouring parts, warm wrappers and bags of herbs applied to the cheeks are exceedingly serviceable in this species of tooth-ache. For this purpose, fumigate flannels with amber, sugar, frankincense, and the like, and wrap them about the face or apply small bags containing bean-meal, chamomile, and elderflowers, violet and iris-root, reduced to powder, and mixed together. Some add camphor and gum animæ. There is a great number of such compositions to choose from. I merely mention some of each sort of remedies, to indicate more precisely in which species of tooth-ache they are respectively beneficial.

Catarrhal tooth-ache is frequenly occasioned by weakness of the stomach; and Tissot states, from manifold experience, that the severity of the complaint is often increased by the use of cooling applications. This causes the patient to be more assiduous in the employment of them, and thereby the pain is only rendered more and more acute. In this case he should abstain from all cooling remedies and adhere only to such as strengthen the stomach and tend to restore perspiration. Here the use of bark is very efficacious; and sometimes persons not accustomed to drink wine, obtain relief from their pain by beginning to take it; but nothing eases this species of tooth-ache proceeding from the stomach so speedily as an emetic; nay, spontaneous vomiting has frequently been known to cure it immediately, even when most

severe.

Tooth-ache occasioned by the stomach may be known by the following diagnostics. This complaint is commonly catarrhal, and is attended with the symptoms of disorders of that class. With these are associated the signs of a weak stomach and imperfect digestion. In many instances it is accompanied with head-ache, want of appetite, and a feeling of general illness. Patients who pay particular attention to their state, have a disposition to vomit. The surest sign is, that such tooth-ache is periodical, and returns regularly like the paroxysms of the ague. In all such cases, to effect a thorough cure, recourse must first be had to emetics, or digestives and cathartics of a warming nature, and afterwards to tonics and Peruvian bark.

Scorbutic tooth-ache, which proceeds from a peculiar depravation of the juices in general, but perhaps originates more frequently than it is imagined, solely in an obstruction and corruption of the humours in the gums, is painful and of long duration, and requires a peculiar

treatment.

In this disorder, the gums become itchy, swell and bleed at the slightest touch, and the breath grows offensive. The gums soon turn livid, soft, spongy, full of blisters, and putrid; and other symptoms of scurvy manifest themselves. The teeth are left bare by the gums, become black, loose, and sometimes drop out without pain. Sometimes the jaw itself is attacked; ulcers appear on the gums, and the intolerable itching is frequently accompanied with violent tooth

ache.

When the great mass of the humours is really scorbutic, the mode of treatment for scurvy must be adopted, in order to effect a radical cure of this species of tooth-ache. This is not the proper place for entering into the details of that treatment. So much, however, may be observed, that, in regard to diet, the use of horse-radish, cress,