Notes of North America: Agricultural, Economical, and Social - James Finlay Weir Johnston - Knihy Google

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town.-Speculators in land. — Iron ore and iron smelting.-

Itinerant lecturers.—Mouths of the Tobique and Aroostook

rivers.—Potato breakfasts and meals in common.-Mellicete

Indians on the Tobique.-Irish settlement and thriving settlers.

-Grand Falls and town of Colebrook,

UP THE ST JOHN TO LITTLE FALLS, AND ACROSS THE PROVINCE FROM

FREDERICTON TO MIRAMICHI.

Upper St John.-Colonel Coomb's farm.-Growth and consump-

tion of buckwheat. --Valley of the Madawaska.—Edmonston,

or Little Falls.—Houses of the Acadian farmers.—Tea dinners.

-Ascent of the river Tobique.—Rich upper lands of the

river.-Why buckwheat is unfavourable to good husbandry -

Terraces of the St John River.-Autumnal tints of North

America.—Time of growth of grain-crops in New Brunswick.-

Sumach trees.-Apple-orchards.-Scotch settlement.-Making

land at Fredericton.—Rising of stones under the influence of

the frost.–Fire-weeds and Canada thistle.-Stanley, the settle-

ment of the New Brunswick Land Company.—Price of farms.

-Running fire in the fields.—Bilberry swamp.-Farm and

opinion of an Aberdonian.-— Raspberry hay.—Mare's-tail cut for

hay.—Boistown.—Great fire of 1825.-Gloomy landscape.-

Fires in the forest.-Nakedness of the cleared land.—Success

of farmers in New Brunswick.-Price of farms on the Mira-

michi River.-Increasing consumption of oatmeal,

FROM THE MIRAMICHI RIVER TO THE CITY OF ST JOHN, BY

Douglastown. — Great heat. — Mode of reclaiming forest land.-

Plague of grasshoppers-Average produce, prices and wages.

-Chatham.-Golden rod, a troublesome weed.-North Ameri-

can oaks.—European weeds on the cleared lands.—History of

an Annandale settler. — Bay-du-Vin schoolmaster. — Richi-

bucto.-Buctouche River -Sweet fern soils.-Patience and

contentment of the French settlers.—Shediac, famed for its

oysters.—The Bend-Bore of the river Petitcodiac.—Height of

high water above that of the Bay.- Case of Mr Nixon.-Use of

river mud.-Greater industry of new settlers.—Burned Bridge.

Page

- Beauty of Sussex Vale.—Mr Evanson's home-farm. - Mr

Aiton's farm.-Hampton, and its conglomerate soils.-Fine-

looking yeomen of New Brunswick.—Price of farms.-A dis-

contented Irishman.-Dyked marshes of St John · and the

Atlantic border.-Rate of wages for agricultural labour in the

several counties of the province,

FROM ST JOHN IN NEW BRUNSWICK TO SYRACUSE IN WESTERN

Steamboat from St John to Portland, in Maine. Railway to

Newhaven, in Connecticut.-Alleged rudeness of American

manners.--Farming in Connecticut and Massachusetts.--Yale

College.—Number of Students.—Expense of residence.-Infe-

rior position of professional men.—Estimation of lawyers and

1.–Favouring of quacks.—Medical schools in the

United States.-Elm-trees of Newhaven.-Tree-toad.- Fair-

haven; its oyster-trade.—Two species of American oysters of

large size.— Railway to Albany up the Housatonic Valley.-

Post-tertiary clays and sands of the upper valley of the

Hudson River and of Lake Champlain. Natural forests

which grow upon them.-Schenectady.—Valley of the Mo-

hawk.-Rich bottoms of this valley.—Broom corn, (Sorghum

saccharatum,) its extensive cultivation.—German flats.-Utica.

-German population.—Change in the meaning of familiar

words.—Choice of judges by popular election.— Titular judges

and generals.—Popped corn.-Flour of Indian corn; varieties

in its colour.—City of Rome.—Mr Clay.- Verona.--Arrival

THE CITY OF SYRACUSE AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Syracuse. Its rapid growth.-Popularity of Mr Clay.—Show of the

New York State Agricultural Society. — Agricultural imple-

ments.-What they teach.—Law against long leases.—Breeds

of stock in New England, and in the Western States.—Merino

sheep. — Trotting horses.-Condition of agriculture.- Fruit

region of Western New York.--Profits of apple-growing.--

Quantity of fruit exported.-Varieties of apples in the

United States and in Normandy.--Apple-trees producing a

crop every year-Gout de terrain.-Mr Geddes's farm.-Rich

soils of the Onondaga salt group.— Rotation followed.-

Exhausting effects of this rotation. Average produce of the

State and of its richest western counties.-Profits of farm-

ing.- Property confers no political privilege. — Experiments

with gypsum.— Wages of farm-servants.— Section of the

wheat region of western New York.- Beautiful relation of

the soils to the rocks.—Quantity of salt manufactured at

Syracuse.—Consumption of salt in the United States and in

Great Britain.-Revenue from the salt springs.—Method of

extracting the salt,

FROM SYRACUSE TO BUFFALO AT THE FOOT OF LAKE ERIE.

Railway to Buffalo.—The Americans a clever people.—Joe Smith,

founder of the Mormons.—His removal to Missouri, to Ohio,

and Illinois.—Progress of his sect.—New State of Utah, on

the Salt Lake.-Character of the book of Mormon.–Canan-

dagua.- City of Rochester.—Genesee flour.- Value of farms

on the Genesee River.-Profits of farming in this valley.--Mr

Wadsworth's farms and farming. — Inducements to invest

money in land in New York State. Relative values of rural

produce and of human labour. Average produce of the

Genesee country.—New York does not produce wheat enough

for its own consumption.—North-east America not a danger-

ous competitor in the English wheat market.—Duty upon

Canadian wheat.-Importance of the direct trade to Europe

by the St Lawrence.—Erie Canal ; its traffic and revenue.-

Number of emigrants from different countries.-- Influence of

New England on the development of the new States.—Demo-

cratic party.-Principles of the Old Hunkers and the Barn-

CHAPTER VIII.

BUFFALO AND THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES.

City of Buffalo ; causes of its rapid rise.-Influence of the growth

of the Western States on the agriculture of western New

York and Upper Canada.—Home ideas as to these new

States.—Cheap wheat does not imply rich land.-Michigan.-

Average produce of this state, and of its several counties.-Can

the export of wheat from these new States continue !-Quantity

of seed-corn per acre sown in the several States.--Copper

mines of Lake Superior.-Immense masses of native copper.

- How they occur.--Ancient Indian workings.—State of

Wisconsin.—Popular feeling in regard to the several new

States.-Land sold in each in 1847.-Minnesota, the New

England of the West.-Influence of these new States on the

future traffic of the St Lawrence. — Wonders of the hog

crop of Ohio.—Indian corn the staple of Ohio.-Hogs killed

in the western States. — How they are fed. —“ Packing

business” at Cincinnati.—Various marketable products of this

business at Cincinnati,

FROM BUFFALO TO THE FALLS, AND DOWN LAKE ONTARIO TO KINGSTON

IN LOWER CANADA.

Case of American cleverness.-Butcher in Buffalo.-Influence of

Europe on the progress of American cities.—Cause of dif-

ference in the progress of Canadian and New York cities.-

Lake Erie.-Supposed periodical rise and fall in the level of

the great lakes.—Water discharged by the Niagara River.-

Hotel at the Falls.-Coloured waiters.-Geological Section at

the Falls.-Wearing action of the water.-Influence of the

winds on Lake Erie.--Influence of the noise of the Falls

on their impression upon the mind. Railway to Lewis-

town. View from the mountain ridge. Voyage on

Lake Ontario. — Profits of New York farming by a New

York farmer.-City of Oswego.-Sackett's Harbour.—Railway

to Canada.—Kingston in Upper Canada.-Character of the

Upper Canadians.—Difference between a Canadian and a New

York wife to a working man,

KINGSTON AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Kingston. — Show of the Upper Canada Agricultural Society.-

Implements in the show-yard. — Canadian coffee. — British

sympathy with colonial grievances.-Alleged pusillanimity of

the Governor-general. — Wheat the surest crop in Canada

West.—Total produce of Canada West, and average yield per

acre.-Diminished productiveness of the wheat-crop.-Social

position of the farming class in Upper Canada. — United

Empire Loyalists.-Indian-corn whisky.- Extensive manufac-

ture of it at Cincinnati in Ohio. — Whisky from pease.-

Prospects of Kingston.—The Thousand Isles of the River

St Lawrence.—Descending the rapids. — The Sault St Louis.

- Approach to Montreal. – Metamorphic limestone rich in

phosphate of lime.-Agricultural value of this rock.—Deposits

of mineral phosphate in the State of New York.

this mineral phosphate, and of garnet, graphite, &c. found in

crystalline limestones.-Singular contortions exhibited by this

MONTREAL AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Montreal.-New churches.—Ruins of the Parliament House.

Scotch farmers in the Island of Montreal.—Cultivation of

hops.-Price of land.-French Canadian farms and farming.

-Clerical obstacles to the settlement of Protestant farmers.

Importance of a better husbandry in Lower Canada.- Instruc-

tion in agricultural principles.—Excursion to St Hilaire.—St

Lawrence and Atlantic railroad.—Maple sugar manufacture

in Canada and the adjoining States. Soil of the valley of St

Lawrence. — Pigeon or stone weed, its prevalence. — What its

history teaches.—Belloil Mountain.- Beautiful view of the St

Lawrence flats.—Exhaustion of this formerly fertile region.-

Seignorial tenure of land.—Reserved rights of the seigneur.-

Sherbrooke.—Lands of the “ Canadian Land Company,” in the

eastern counties. Their progress.—Voyage to Quebec.—The

Ottawa River and District. Its rising importance.

and French in Montreal. – Parties in the city. – Why

British members from Upper Canada voted for the Rebellion

Losses Bill.—Explanation of one of their number,

CHAPTER XII.

FROM QUEBEC DOWN THE ST LAWRENCE TO THE MITIS RIVER.

Land opposite Quebec. - Its quality and value.-Few immigrants

into this region.—Roman Catholic seminary.-Self-sacrifice of
the teachers.-Falls of Montmorenci.-Sun-setting on Quebec.
– Proportions of the different sects.-Comparative prosperity
of Montreal and Quebec. — Fires in the latter city.—Journey
down the St Lawrence.-Flat lands of St Thomas.-St Roque

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