bers proclaimed in the last burst of vanquished patriotism.

Thus the title of Napoleon III is not one of the dynastic superanuated pretensions, but seems to be the result of good sense and truth. It is the homage rendered to a Government which was legitimate, and to which we owe the brightest page of our history. My reign does not date from 1815, it is dated from this very moment, when you announced the satisfaction of the nation.

Receive, then, my thanks, gentlemen of the Chamber of deputations for the eclat you have given to the manifestation of the general will, by rendering it more evident by your supervision, and imposing by your declaration. I thank you, also, gentlemen of the Senate, for having been the first to address congratulations to me, as you were the first to give expression to the popular wish. Aid me, all of you, to settle firmly, in the land upset by too many revolutions, a stable government, which shall have for its basis, religion, protection and love, for the suffrage classes. Receive here my oath that no sacrifice shall be wanting on my part, to elevate the prosperity of my country, and whilst I maintain peace, I will yield in nothing which may touch the honor or the dignity of France. The Empire will be proclaimed in all the departments on Saturday, the 25th.

By a decree recently issued by Baez, President of the Republic of St. Domingo, it seems that Sante Domingo, Puerto, Plato, and Azua, are the only ports now open in that country to a foreign vessel.

The National Intelligencer of Washington, the official organ of the American Government, now publishes, for the first time, certain correspondence which took place between the American and Spanish Governments, relative to the purchase of the Island of Cuba, by the former, from the latter power. The correspondence occurred when Mr. Buchanan was American Secretary of State, and during the time that Mr Saunders was American Minister in Spain. It seems that Mr. Saunders stated to the Spanish Government, that the Government of the United States, was determined to enforce the Monroe doctrine, and not allow any European interference on American soil, and that the possession of Cuba, by any European Power, especially by England, would not be tolerated. In reply, Mr. Saunders was informed by the Spanish Government, that Spain would prefer to see the island sunk in the ocean, rather than part with it to any other country.

PRESIDENT FILLMORE'S MESSAGE.

We give such extracts from the President's message as are likely more particularly to

interest our readers :

which the three powers should severally and collectively disclaim, now and for the future, all intention to obtain possession of the island of Cuba, and should bind themselves to discountenance all attempts to that effect, on the part of any power or individual whatever. This invitation has been respectfully declined, for reasons which it would occupy too much space in this communication to state in detail, but which led me to think that the proposed measure would be of no doubtful constitutionality, impolitic and unavailing. I have, however, in common with several of my predecessors, directed the Ministers of France and England to be assured that the United States entertain no designs against Cuba; but that, on the contrary, I should regard its incorporation into the Unlon at the present time as fraught with serious peril. Were this island comparatively destitute of inhabitants, or occupied by a kindred race, I should regard it, if voluntarily ceded by Spain, as a most desirable acquisition. But, under existing circumstances, I should look upon its incorporation into our Union as a very hazardous measure. It would bring into the Confederacy a population of a different national stock, speaking a different language, and not likely to harmonize with the other members."

Coming to the question of the Nicaragua Canal he states nothing new, and hopes that future negotiations will lead to more satisfactory results respecting the port of San Juan de Nicaragua and the controversy between the republics of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in regard to their boundaries.

"Our settlements on the shores of the Pacific have already given a great extension, and in some respects a new direction, to our commerce in that ocean. A direct and rapidly increasing intercourse has sprung up with Eastern Asia. The general prosperity of our estates on the Pacific requires that an attempt should be made to open the opposite regions of Asia to mutually beneficial intercourse. It is obvious that this attempt could be made by no power to so great an advantage as by the United States, whose constitutional system excludes every idea of distant colonial dependencies. I have accordingly been led to order an appropriate naval force to Japan, under the command of a discreet and intelligent naval officer of the higest rank known to our service." remonstrate in the strongest language against the "JAPAN.-He has been directed particularly to cruel treatment to which our shipwrecked mariners have often been subjected, and to insist that they shall be treated with humanity. He is instructed, however, at the same time, to give that Govern ment the amplest assurances that the objects of the United States are such and such only as I have indicated, and that the expedition is friendly. and peaceful."

"DISCRIMINATING PROTECTIVE DUTIES.-Without repeating the arguments contained in my former message, in favor of discriminating protective duties, I deem it my duty to call your attention to one or two other considerations affecting this subject. The first is, the effect of large importations of foreign goods upon our currency. Most of the gold of California, as fast as it is coined, finds its way directly to Europe in payment

is richly deserved-two new books for the winter's school. He tells his father how the other boys of his class are to have them, how he shall fall behind them without this assistance-how he will study, and work harder next summer if he can have them, and that they will only cost one dollar. But his imploring looks and earnest language avail nothing with the father. He says not an encouraging word, but simply mutters-"I did't have books-I am too poor to buy them; you must wait another year."

An agent for the Anglo-American, seeing the forlorn appearance of the premises, and thinking ignorance must have caused such bad management, presents the work, asking for his name and fifteen shillings. "O, it's no use," exclaims the farmer, "I don't believe in books; I am too poor; you must wait another year."

much labor expended under the light of science, as has been done in the dark, and the balance may fall on the other side of the account.

BONE MANURE.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. WE, the undersigned, learn with much pleasure that Mr. Peter R. Lamb, of this city has been the first that has had sufficient enterprize to erect the necessary machinery for grinding bones for manure, at an expense of about £250.

It has been known for a number of years, by experienced agriculturists, as well as by chemists, that bones contain several fertilizing substances, more or less requird by all cultivated crops, and that by the mere mechanical operation of crushing or grinding, they can readily be made available to the wants of vegetation, and thus constitute one of the richest and most permanent kinds of manure.

SCIENCE AND EXPERIMENTS.

We are glad to observe a determination with some farmers to settle disputed points by a resort to actual experiments, in connection with the suggestions of science. Performing experiments without the guiding light of science, is like trying to make money without keeping any accountsthe man may sometimes get considerable sums, but he cannot for the life of him tell by what operation he has made it, nor how he is likely to be successful again. So, in a random experiment, the farmer may succeed finely, but he cannot guess which of the dozen operating causes has had the most influence; which is essential, and which useless, nor why he has succeeded. It is true, he may find out after repeated trials, like the blind man who goes over a piece of ground, till he becomes familiar with all its parts, which the light of vision would have revealed to him at a glance. On the other hand, science not corroborated by experiment, is but little better, being not unlike that of the ancient philosophers, who preferred to shut themselves up in the closet, and by profound abstract reasoning for a life time, found out what they could at once ascertain by a few minutes of manipulation. Both are as needful and as useful as the two rails of a railroad-we should make rather sorry work in trying to run the train upon one alone. It is true, we know more at present through the teachings of experiment than of science; but this is because we have the practice of many thousand people through many centuries, which quite overbalances the scientific investigations of the few who have labored in the present day. Wait till we have as

years been effected both in the breeding and fattening of stock, and the cultivation of root and grain crops, must have been greatly impeded. In England, so high is the repute of this manure, that bones are carefully collected, not only in the larger towns, but also in villages and farm houses, and such is the present demand for them, notwithstanding the heavy importations of guano, and the large manufacture of different kinds of artificial manures, that some thirty or forty thousand tons, amounting in value to upwards of £200,000 sterling, are annually imported, chiefly from the countries of northern Europe.

Although bones vary considerable in their composition, according to the age and character of the animal, they may all, however, be considered as consisting of two essentially distinct parts; the mineral or earthly and the organic. The former, amounting to about 60 per cent, consists chiefly of the phosphate of line, together with small quantities of the phosphate of magnesia, fluoride of calcium, carbonate of lime, and common salt. The organic portion amounting to about 40 per cent, is made up of cartilage and fatty matters. Cartilage by being boiled in water is converted into glue or jelly, and is a substance rich in nitrogen, forming by decomposition much ammonia, together with carbonic acid and a small quantity of sulphur compound. Hence it is obvious that bones contain the most important materials for producing the living structure of plants.

As bones in their natural state are very slow in decomposing, it becomes necessary to break them up in minute fragments, or what is better, when immediate effect on vegetation is desired, to grind them into powder. In this state they can be most effectually applied to the soil, where by the action of rain water, which always contains

more or less of carbonic acids, their phosphates are readily dissolved, and are thus brought into a fit state for assimilation by the plant. Whilst these changes are proceeding, the organic portion of bones are being acted on by the air, and its decay accelerated, carbonic acid and ammonia are the results, which, with the phosphates, now reduced to a fluid state, become available as food to the growing crop.

The action of bones as manure greatly depends on the state of fineness to which they are reduced. What are usually called "half-inch bones" consist of a number of smaller fragments with a considerable amount in a state of mere powder; and in this condition they are best adapted to agricultural purposes; readily yielding a portion of their organic and mineral coustituents to the wants of the first crop, provided the soil be sufficiently moist and porous. Coarse bones being extremely slow in decomposing, their use is not economical, and whenever any decided effect is desired to be produced on the first crop, they should be reduced to as minute a state of division as possible. In turnip culture this is absolutely essential, as the very existence of the crop will frequently depend on the immediate action of the manure pushing forward the growth of the plant during its early stages, beyond the reach and destructive ravages of the fly.

Several methods of accelerating the decomposition of bones, with a view to insure their full and immediate action, have been, within these few years, proposed and tried. Steaming them, has in some instances been found advantageous; but the surest and by far the most economical mode is that of dissolving them by the application of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), a practice which has now become general in the United Kingdom. Several methods have been practised, but the simplest at present known, and therefore the best adapted to this country, may be briefly stated as follows:

Form a circular wall of ashes about two feet high, of sufficient diameter to contain the bones to be dissolved, which should be crushed as small as practicable, and the finer portions, obtained by passing the whole through a sieve, should then be placed around the inside of the wall; forming a thick lining to the barrier of ashes. The coarser bones are placed in the centre, and the surface may be left slightly convex. Pour evenly over the lump sufficient water to originate decomposition, and turn the whole over thoroughly several times during the day, and when the bones are sufficiently and evenly saturated, apply the neces sary quantity of sulphuric acid, taking care to continue the stirring of the mass till all the materials are thoroughly incorporated. In a day or two the ashes of the wall shonld be mixed with the bones, and the whole thrown into a heap for a week or ten days, when the mass should again be thoroughly stirred, and, if necessary, more ashes added, and the mixture in a few days will be sufficiently dry for use. It may be applied either broadcast or by the drill. The amount of sulphuric acid, at the strength at which it is ordinarily obtained in commerce, required for this operation, is from one-fourth to one-sixth of the weight of bones. It has been proved by most satisfactory trials, that eight or ten bushels of bones per acre,

treated in this way, produce as much, if not greater effect, than twice that amount applied in a dry state.

Bone manure is peculiarly adapted to exhausted arable land, and upon poor unproductive pastures, its application has been attended with the most striking results. The soil in such cases having been exhausted of its phosphates by repeated cropping, or, as in the case of pasture, by the gradual deprivation of these materials by the milk, cheese, and bones of animals, that have been sold off through a long series of years without any adequate return in the form of manure; a liberal dressing of bone-dust speedily restores the equili brium, by returning to the weakened soil, the very ingredients of which it had been deprived.

Bones have been used with great economy and success in connection with farm-yard manure, rape cake, guano, &c.; and mixtures of such kinds, when judiciously combined, have generally, advantages over single fertilizers. Bones have been applied with marked success to sickly or decayed fruit and forest trees; in such cases it is not necessary to reduce then to powder, as in a coarser state they continue to act for a greater number of years. For root crops, especially turnips, this manure is of all others the best adapted; and turnips dressed with bones, have uniformly a greater specific gravity than when manured with other substances, and consequently contain a larger amount of nutritive matter, and keep longer in sound condition. In England 15 to 20 bushels of bones per acre, are considered a liberal dressing for turnips, and when they are dissolved in acid, half the quantity will suffice, manure are deposited in rows by a single operation of the drill, an implement which has lately been so far improved, as to prevent the seed from coming into immediate contact with the manure, by causing the intervention of a little soil, thereby preventing guano, and such like substances, from endangering the germination of the seed. Large quantities of bones in the cotton districts of England, are boiled for making size, a glue substance, which is extensively employed in calico-printing. Such bones, however, being deprived of a portion of their organic substance only, the phosphates remaining undisturbed, are found to produce the most marked improvements on the deteriorating pastures of Cheshire; they operate more quickly even than bones unboiled, their duration must be brief, and consequently their value diminished, when a series of years or an entire rotation is

taken into calculation.

The seed and

As the highly fertilizing properties of bones have now been fully tested, both by scientific research and practical demonstration, every effort to collect and reduce them to a proper state for the purposes of manure is deserving of encouragement; and in a country like Canada, where thousands of acres formerly highly productive, have become almost sterile by the practice of repeated cropping and non-manuring, bones unquestionably rank among the most powerful and economical means of a restoration.

HENRY CROFT, Professor of Chemistry. GEO. BUCKLAND, Prof; of Agriculture. Toronto, Nov. 1, 1852.