Mr. Gardner P. Lloyd, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, with whom Solicitor General Mitchell, Mr. Chauncey G. Parker, General Counsel, U. S. Shipping Board, and Mr. I. V. McPherson, Assistant Counsel, U. S. Shipping Board, were on the brief, for respondent. MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court. Petitioner sued in the district court for eastern Michigan for the decedent's breach of contract to purchase a quantity of lumber. The defense relied on was that the lumber was to be used by the intestate in the performance of contracts he had made with the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation for the construction of a number of ocean-going tugboats; that acting under the President's Executive Orders of July 11, 1917, and December 3, 1918, and the Emergency Shipping Fund provisions of the Urgent Deficiencies Appropriation Act of June 15, 1917, c. 29, 40 Stat. 182, 183, the Fleet Corporation in 1919, before delivery of all the lumber, had cancelled the contract with decedent for building the tugs and directed him " to make no further commitments or expenditures"; and that this action or the decedent's subsequent order to petitioner to stop delivery of the lumber, or both, amounted to a cancellation of petitioner's contract also.. By written stipulation a jury was waived and the case was tried to the court, which made special findings, among others, that petitioner, at the time of entering into its contract with decedent, knew that the lumber was to be furnished for the building of tugs, but did not know that decedent was building the tugs for the Fleet Corporation. The court also found that decedent had stopped deliveries of the lumber but there is no finding that this was done or purported to be done under the authority of the Fleet 471 Opinion of the Court. Corporation. It was found that petitioner's damage was $647.65, the difference between the contract price of the lumber ready for delivery when the decedent ordered performance stopped and its market price when recut into saleable lengths, but that if the ordinary rule of damages. should be applied petitioner's loss of bargain on the whole contract would bring its damages up to $42,789.96. The court gave judgment for the smaller amount, 6 Fed. (2d) 471, and this was affirmed by the court of appeals for the sixth circuit, 13 Fed. (2d) 581. This Court granted certiorari. 273 U. S. 684. The Urgent Deficiencies Appropriation Act of 1917 authorized the President "(b) To modify, suspend, cancel or requisition any existing or future contract for the building, production or purchase of ships or material." It provided that the United States "shall make just compensation" for any contracts cancelled or requisitioned, and authorized the President to delegate the powers conferred upon him. His powers, so far as material here, were delegated to the Fleet Corporation by Executive Orders of July 11, 1917, and December 3, 1918. The statute authorized the cancellation of the government's own contracts, made after its enactment, and just compensation for such cancellation does not include anticipated profits, ordinarily recoverable in an action of assumpsit. Duesenberg Motors Corp. v. United States, 260 U. S. 115; Russell Motor Car Co. v. United States, 261 U. S. 514. It authorized also the expropriation or requisition of private contracts, and in computing the just compensation for these the value of the anticipated performance of the contract may be considered. BrooksScanlon Corp. v. United States, 265 U. S. 106, 125. The court below ruled that the petitioner's contract was cancelled by the action of the Shipping Board but upheld Opinion of the Court. 275 U.S. the judgment for $647.65 in favor of petitioner. Although the suit was for breach of contract against a private person and not against the government, the court purported to apply the rule of "just compensation," which by the statute is made the limit of the government's liability, and denied a recovery for anticipated profits on the supposed authority of Duesenberg Motor Corp. v. United States, supra. The question principally argued here was whether there was power in the Fleet Corporation to cancel the petitioner's contract. No such question is presented by the record. There is no finding that in fact the petitioner's contract was either modified, suspended, cancelled or requisitioned, nor does the record disclose evidence which would support such a finding. Since a jury was waived in writing, appellate review is limited to the sufficiency of the facts specially found to support the judgment and to rulings excepted to and presented by a bill of exceptions. Rev. Stat. §§ 649, 700; Lewellyn v. Electric Reduction Co., ante, p. 243; Fleischmann Co. v. United States, 270 U. S. 349; Tyre & Springs Works Co. v. Spalding, 116 U. S. 541; Boogher v. Insurance Co., 103 U. S. 90. The special findings already stated establish the right of petitioner to recover damages for breach of contract, including compensation for loss of bargain, in the sum of $42,789.96. As petitioner's contract was framed without reference to or knowledge of decedent's contract with the Fleet Corporation, its rights under its own contract were not dependent on the continued existence of the other. Guerini Stone Co. v. Carlin, 240 U. S. 264. The judgments of the district court and of the circuit court of appeals are accordingly reversed and set aside and the judgment of this Court will be for the petitioner in the amount stated, with costs. Reversed. Counsel for Parties NAGLE, COMMISSIONER, v. LOI HOA. NAGLE, COMMISSIONER, v. LAM YOUNG. CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT. Nos. 115 and 116. Argued December 5, 1927-Decided January 3, 1928. 1. Under § 6 of the Chinese Exclusion Act, as amended, which provides that Chinese entitled to enter the United States shall be identified by the Chinese Government or "such other foreign Government of which at the time such Chinese person shall be a subject," the term "subject" is used in its narrower sense and includes only those who by birth or naturalization owe permanent allegiance to the government issuing the certificates. P. 477. 2. Therefore, Chinese cannot enter on a certificate of a government other than China to which they owe only temporary allegiance, though residing and transacting business within its territory. P. 477. 3. Reënactment of a statutory provision without change is a legislative approval of the practical construction that it had received. P. 481. 13 F. (2d) 80, reversed. CERTIORARI, 273 U. S. 682, to judgments of the Circuit Court of Appeals which reversed judgments of the District Court dismissing petitions in habeas corpus brought by the above-named respondents against an immigration officer. Solicitor General Mitchell, with whom Assistant Attorney General Luhring and Messrs. Harry S. Ridgely and. F. M. Parrish, Attorneys in the Department of Justice, were on the brief, for petitioner. Messrs. George W. Hott and Joseph P. Fallon were on the brief for respondents. MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court. Respondents, Chinese merchants born in China and never naturalized elsewhere, applied at the port of San Francisco for admission into the United States. They had resided in French Indo-China and been engaged in business there for a number of years. They presented to the immigration authorities certificates of identification issued by officials of French Indo-China with visas by the American Consul at Saigon, French Indo-China. They were denied admission on the ground that the certificate of identification required by § 6 of the Chinese Exclusion Act, Act of May 6, 1882, c. 126, 22 Stat. 58, 60, as amended by the Act of July 5, 1884, c. 220, 23 Stat. 115, 116, 117; U. S. C., Title 8, § 265, was a certificate of the government of which respondents were subjects, in this case the Chinese government, and not a certificate of the government of French Indo-China, where respondents merely resided. Their petitions for writs of habeas corpus were denied by the district court for northern California. On appeal the two cases were consolidated in the court of appeals for the ninth circuit, and the judgments of the district court reversed. 13 Fed. (2d) 80. This Court granted certiorari. 273 U. S. 682. Article II of the treaty of November 17, 1880, between the United States and China, 22 Stat. 826, 827, provides for the admission of Chinese subjects "proceeding to the United States as . . . merchants." Section 15 of the Exclusion Act, as amended, makes the act applicable "to all subjects of China and Chinese, whether subjects of China or any other foreign power." Section 6 as amended (the relevant portions are in the margin1) requires "Sec. 6. That in order to the faithful execution of the provisions of this act, every Chinese person, other than a laborer, who may be entitled by said treaty or this act to come within the United States, and who shall be about to come to the United States, shall obtain the |