the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces-
sary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice
shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of March next
following, then the Vice-President shall act as President,
us in the case of the death or other constitutional disability
of the President. Amendments..

The old Constitution, n. 168. The contingency of four
candidates and a tie vote met, n. 168, p. 166.

HOUSES. The right of the people to be secure in their houses
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated. Amendments

The people defined, n. 251. Searches and seizures, when
unreasonable, n. 251. Warrants defined, n. 252.

HOUSES of Congress. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments
to this Constitution..

What is the Congress, n. 275. All the amendments have
been proposed to the legislatures, n. 236. The history of
the first twelve, n. 244. Of the thirteenth, n. 274. Of the
fourteenth, notes 275-285.

HOUSES of Congress. The President may, on extraordinary occa-
sions, convene both houses of Congress, or either of them.
The exercise of this power, n. 188.

HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL, of Connecticut. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7.
Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.

HUTSON, RICHARD, of S. C. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.
HYDROMETERS to be procured, n. 102, p. 117.

Population during the dif-
Assigned to the seventh
Admitted into the Union,

ILLINOIS. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 60. Fourteen
representatives in 1860, n. 24.
ferent decades, n. 24, pp. 69. 70.
judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192.
n. 230. Ratified the 13th amendment, n. 274; and the 14th,
n. 275.
IMMIGRANTS from Europe, with six years' residence, allowed to
vote in South Carolina, n. 17, p. 64. And in Wisconsin, Id.
IMMIGRATION. The proper term in, Art. I. Sec. 9, cl. 1, n. 139.
IMMUNITIES. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
Citizens defined, and their classification. (See Citizens,
notes 220, 274.) Privileges and immunities defined, n. 221.
Immunities are rights of exemption only, n. 221.
IMPEACHMENT. The House of Representatives shall have the sole
power of impeachment..

We look to the common law for the definition of im-
peachment, n. 27. Defined, notes 27, 191. Discussed as
to what are high crimes and misdemeanors, n. 194. How
tried, and trials where found, n. 39. Oath of senators on
trial, n. 39, p. 82. Questions to senators, Id. Judgment
in cases of, n. 40. History of, n. 194.

IMPEACHMENT. The Senate of the United States shall have the

sole power to try all impeachments
For the doctrine and precedents, n. 39.

IMPEACHMENT. When sitting to try an impeachment, the Senate
shall be on oath or affirmation..

The oath of the senators, and the question propounded
to them, n. 39.

IMPEACHMENT. When the President is tried, the Chief-Justice
shall preside...

History and failure of the effort to impeach President
Johnson n. 194. Charges against, and law arguments, n. 194.
IMPEACHMENT. No person shall be convicted without the con-
currence of two-thirds of the members present

IMPEACHMENT. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not
extend further than removal from office, and disqualifica-
tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit,
under the United States..

Judgment defined, n. 40. Whether it can be less than
removal and disqualification, n. 40. It can be no more, Id.
IMPEACHMENT. But the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun-
ishment, according to law...........
IMPEACHMENT. The President shall have power to grant reprieves
and pardons for offenses against the United States, except
in cases of impeachment..

The power to pardon is unlimited, with this exception,
n. 176, p. 173.

IMPEACHMENT.

All civil officers of the United States shall be
removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction
of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde-

meanors...

None but civil officers, n. 191. Impeachment defined,
notes 27, 191. For treason and bribery, n. 192. High
crimes defined, n. 193. Misdemeanors defined and distin-
guished from felony, n. 194. No case yet tried rests upon
statutable misdemeanors, n. 194, p. 187. Charges against
President Johnson. Argument of the minority that they
are not crimes or misdemeanors, n. 194, p. 185. Chase's
trial, notes 27, 194. Blount's trial, n. 194. The charges,
Id. Peck and Humphries, n. 194, p. 188. "Good beha-
vior" cannot apply to the President.

IMPEACHMENT. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach-

ment, shall be by jury

Trial and crimes defined, n. 212.

IMPORTATION. No amendment made prior to 1808 shall affect the
1st and 4th clauses of the 9th section.

IMPORTATION of persons. (Slaves.) The migration or importation of
such persons as any of the States now existing shall think
proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by Congress prior
to the year eighteen hundred and eight, but a tax or duty
may be imposed on such importation not exceeding ten
dollars for each person...

Migration or importation defined and discussed. Migra-
tion is voluntary; importation involuntary, n. 139. Im-
migration the proper word, Id.

IMPOSTS. Congress shall have power to lay imposts......

IMPOSTS. All duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform
throughout the United States

Imposts defined, notes 76, 144.

Taxes must be by the rules of uniformity or apportion-
ment, notes 22, 81, 144, 145.

It here means that the same

duties shall be paid at all the ports.

IMPOSTS. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any
imposts or duties on imports or exports, &c. (See Duties.)
Imposts defined, n. 162.

INABILITY. In case of the inability of the President to discharge
the powers and duties of that office, the same shall de-
volve on the Vice-President; and in case of the inability
of both President and Vice-President, Congress shall by
law declare what officer shall then act as President.
The law of, n. 172, § 8. The President pro tem, to act
as President when; Speaker of the House, n. 172.

INDEPENDENCE. Declaration of, pp. 1-8.

INDEPENDENCE. All who adhered to the cause of, became citizens
of the United States, n. 220, §§ 1, 6. And those who ad-

hered to the independence of Mexico how far, Id.
INDEPENDENT. That these United States are, &c., p. 6. Texas
was before annexation, Pref. p. viii. Its rights, as such, how
far surrendered, Id.

Population during the dif-
Assigned to the seventh
Admitted into the Union,

INDIANA. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61. Eleven
representatives in 1860, n. 24.
ferent decades, n. 24, pp. 69-71.
judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192.
n. 230. Ratified the 13th amendment, n. 274; and the
14th, n. 275.

INDIAN tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.....
The power is absolute, without reference to the locality
of the tribe, n. 91. As long as their tribal relations exist,
n. 91. It extends to prohibiting intercourse with the
Indians and punishing crime in their country, n. 91. Their
ownership of land defined, n. 91. A white man adopted
by the Indians is not an Indian, n. 91. The tribes are not
subject to the internal revenue tax, n. 91, pp. 110, 111. Nor
to the State laws of taxation, n. 91, p. 111, § 1. Commerce
with the Indians is regulated by treaties and intercourse
laws, n. 92, § 2. Not embraced in acts of Congress unless
named, n. 92, § 3. Not foreign States, nor States of the
Union, n. 208. Slaves among them might be apprehended
by the President, n. 257.

INDIANS.

Were citizens of Mexico, and thus became citizens of
the United States, n. 220, § 6. Portions of them declared
citizens of the United States by treaty, n. 220, § 11.
INDIANS not taxed, excluded from representative numbers.

Same provision in the 14th amendment, pp. 50, 279, § 2.
INDICTMENT. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in-
dictment of a grand jury, &c. Amendments.

Accusa-

Presentment and indictment defined, n. 253. Grand
jury defined; regulated by act of Congress, Id.
tion means a copy of the presentment or indictment, n.
260. This amendment secures a presentment or indict-
ment before there can be a jury trial, n. 213.

INDICTMENT. Persons convicted on an impeachment, shall never-
theless be subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and
punishment, according to law....

(See Impeachment.)

INFERIOR Courts. Congress shall have power to create tribunals
inferior to the Supreme Court....

To constitute and tribunals defined, n. 109. This affords
no pretext for abrogating any established law of property,
n. 109. Or overruling State decisions as to, Id.

INFERIOR Courts. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts
as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall
hold their offices during good behavior

INFERIOR officers. (See Appointment, notes 179-184)..

INGERSOLL JARED, of Penn. Signed this Constitution, pp. 42, 252.
INHABITANT. A representative in Congress shall be an inhabitant

Congress may also define the jurisdiction of inferior
courts; Territorial courts are inferior, n. 196. The tenure
is for life or until impeachment, n. 197.

of the State in which he shall be chosen.....
Inhabitant defined, n. 20. Of the District of Columbia
does, a foreign minister does not, lose his character of, n. 20.
INHABITANT. A senator in Congress shall be an inhabitant of the
State in which he shall be chosen..
INHABITANT. The electors shall meet in their respective States,
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same
State with themselves. Amendments...

INHABITANTS. Treated as citizens under the Articles of Confeder-

ation, Art. IV. p. 10. Of Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Cali-
fornia, and Arizona became citizens, n. 220, § 3, 4, 5.
Corporations are, for the purpose of suits, n. 206. The rela-
tions of the, of the loyal States during the rebellion, notes
117, 215.

INSPECTION laws. No State shall, without the consent of Congress,
lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except
what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspec-
tion laws...

Inspection defined, n. 164. Absolutely necessary de-

fined, n. 62. They are component parts of the power of a
State, n. 89, p. 108.

INSTRUMENT. The Constitution must be construed like any other,
n. 170.

INSTRUMENTS. The right to regulate commerce carries along the
right to regulate the instruments of intercourse and trade,
notes 85, 274.

INSTRUMENTS. Secretary of the Treasury to procure for weighing
and gauging, n. 102, p. 118.

INSURGENT States. During the rebellion did not become foreign,
and their inhabitants alien enemies, n. 213. (See Rebel
States.)
INSURRECTION. The United States shall, on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can-
not be convened), protect each State against domestic
violence or insurrection..

Acts of the Congress upon the subject, n. 235. The
President must decide upon the facts of the case, Id. p. 246.
INSURRECTIONS. Congress shall have power to provide for calling
forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, and repel invasions.....

Insurrections defined and discussed, n. 132. Invasions
defined, n. 133.

INTERIOR waters. The admiralty jurisdiction over defined, n.

203.

INTERCOURSE cannot be restricted by the States, n. 87, p. 106.
INVADED. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage
in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger
as will not admit of delay..

The States may repel invasions upon emergencies, n. 164.
INVASION. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not
be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva-
sion, the public safety may require it..

(See Habeas Corpus, note 141.) The President sus-
pended the writ, Id. n. 141, p. 143.

Invasion defined, notes 133, 234.

Extends to domestic

INVASION. The United States shall protect each State against
invasion

as well as foreign hostility, n. 234. A political question,
n. 234. History of, during the rebellion, Id.

INVASIONS. Congress shall have power to provide for calling
forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, sup-
press insurrections, and repel invasions

This is coupled with the guaranty to protect against,
n. 133. It may be by State authority, n. 133.

Inventors defined, n. 108.

INVENTORS may secure exclusive rights to their discoveries for a
limited time...

Iowa. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61. Six representa-
tives in 1860, n. 24. Population during the different
decades, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Assigned to the eighth judicial
circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into the Union, n. 230.
Ratified the 13th amendment; n. 274, and the 14th, n. 275.
IREDELL, JAMES. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, n. 197
IZARD, RALPH. President of the Senate, n. 88, p. 78.

JAY, JOHN. Chief-Justice, n. 197, p. 192.

JACKSON, ANDREW. Views upon nullification, Pref. p. v. n. 144.
President of the United States, n. 166. Vetoes, n. 67.
JACKSON, WILLIAM. Attested the Constitution, pp. 42, 252.
JEFFERSON, THOMAS, of Virginia. Signed Dec. of Ind. p. 7; Presi-
dent, n. 166.

JENIFER, DAN: OF ST. THOMAS, of Maryland. Signed the Constitu-
tion, pp. 42, 252.

JEOPARDY. Nor shall any person be subject, for the same offense,
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Amendments.
Jeopardy defined and discussed, n. 255.

JOHNSON, ANDREW. Vice-President, n. 37, p. 77. President,

n. 166. His differences with Congress, n. 46, p. 85. His
notable vetoes, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. The grounds and failure
of his impeachment, n. 194. His views as to the supre-
macy of law, n. 239. His views as to resolutions propos-
ing constitutional amendments, n. 236. His views upon
the 14th constitutional amendment, n. 275. His condi-
tions imposed upon the rebel States, n. 246. His recom-
mendation to Congress to retrace its steps, n. 281.
Disbanded the militia of the District of Columbia,
n. 249.

JOHNSON, RICHARD M. Vice-President, n. 37, p. 77.
JOHNSON, THOMAS. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.

JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, of Connecticut. Signed the Consti-
tution, pp. 42, 252.

JOURNAL. Each house of Congress shall keep a journal of its
proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,
excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either
house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of
those present, be entered on the journal

JOURNAL. When the President shall return a bill, with his objec-
tions, to the house in which it originated, those objections
shall be entered at large on their journal, and the votes,
by yeas and nays, on the reconsideration of such bill, shall
be entered on the journal of each house respectively.
(See Bill.)..
JUDGES of the Supreme Court. The President shall nominate,
and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
appoint the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United
States
JUDGES of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices
during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive
for their services a compensation which shall not be
diminished during their continuance in office...
During good behavior defined, n. 197. Those who hold
their offices for a term of years are not constitutional
judges, n. 197. The court in 1868, n. 197. Since the
foundation of the government, n. 197, p. 193. The com-
pensation, n. 198.

JUDGES. The judges in every State shall be bound by the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties-any thing in the Constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding...

The courts will declare State Constitutions and laws
which violate the paramount law, void, n. 241.

JUDGMENT, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and
enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United
States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun--
ishment, according to law...
Judgment defined, n. 40. Can neither go beyond nor
fall short, Id. Touches neither person nor property, Id.
JUDGMENTS. (See Acts-Authentication-Credit-Faith-Judi-
cial Proceedings.) Where the jurisdiction has attached,
the judgment is conclusive, n. 218, p. 214. If there has
been service or defense, nothing is open (not even fraud
between the parties and privies) save the question of
jurisdiction, Id. But they are subject to limitation,
n. 218, p. 215. They are conclusive evidence, Id. They are
not foreign, but domestic, n. 218, pp. 215, 219. They can
be controverted for want of service, Id. p. 217. The
courts will notice the local laws under which they were
rendered, n. 219. The rule only applies to judgments of
courts of record, Id. Not to judgments of the courts of
the United States, n. 219, p. 219. How they must be cer
tified, Id. Nil debet is not a good plea, n. 219, p. 220,