in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day
(See Congress, n. 43, for the act fixing sessions.)
SESSION. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall,
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two houses shall be sitting.....
SESSION. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases except
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their re-
spective houses, and in going to and returning from the

same..

(See Arrest--Privilege.)

SESSION of the Senate. The President shall have power to fill up
all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the
Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at
the end of their next session..

SEWARD, WILLIAM H. Secretary of State, n. 274. p. 272.
SHERMAN, WILLIAM T. Lieutenant-General in the United States
Army, n. 124.

SHIPS of war. No State shall, without the consent of Congress,
keep ships of war in time of peace .

SIGNED. Every bill, resolution, order, or vote, approved, shall be
signed by the President...

SIGNED. Any bill, resolution, &c., not returned within ten days,
to become a law as if it had been signed by the President.
SIGNERS of the Declaration of Independence, pp. 7, 8; of the
Articles of Confederation, p. 21; of the Constitution of
the United States, pp. 41, 42, 252, viz.:-George Washing-
ton, President and Deputy from Virginia. John Lang-
don, Nicholas Gilman, New Hampshire. Nathaniel Gor-
ham, Rufus King, Massachusetts. William Samuel John-
son, Roger Sherman, Connecticut. Alexander Hamilton,
New York. William Livingston, David Brearley, William
Paterson, Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey. Benjamin
Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer,
Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson,
Gouverneur Morris, Pennsylvania. George Reed, Gun-
ning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson. Richard Bassett, Jacob
Broom, Delaware. James McHenry, Dan. of St.
Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, Maryland. John Blair,
James Madison, Jr., Virginia. William Blount, Richard
Dobbs Spaight. Hugh Williamson, North Carolina. John
Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce
Butler, South Carolina. William Few, Abraham Bald-
win, Georgia. Attest: William Jackson, Secretary.
SILVER. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin
a tender in payment of debts.
SLAVERY. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction. Amendments...

SLAVES.

This amendment trenches directly upon the power of
the States and the people of the States, n. 274, p. 273. It
changed the government to one of freedom, Id., and pp.
276, 277, 285. It gave the right to pass the civil rights bill, Id.
p. 273. And made citizens of those who before were slaves,
ld. p. 275. What the several States only could have done,
Congress has done by this amendment, Id. p. 276. Its
effect was to abolish slavery wherever it existed in the
United States, n. 274, p. 277. And it carried along the
right to protect the freedmen by all necessary legislation,
p. 277. It did not affect obligations given for slaves be-
fore the manumission, Id. pp. 277, 278..

Three-fifths of all slaves included in representative
numbers
SLAVES. The migration or importation of such persons as any of
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall

not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808,
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation,
not exceeding ten dollars for each person

SLAVES. No person held to service or labor in one State, under
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse-
quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
due
SLAVES. No amendment made prior to 1808 shall prohibit the
importation of persons (or slaves)

SOLDIER.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of
war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amend-

ments....

Soldier and quartered defined, n. 250. Collections of
them into armies, n. 125. The right to enlist minors, Id.
Limitation of the power to vote supplies for them, n. 127.
The militia are the national soldiers, n. 130. The power of
martial law over them, n. 134. The right to try them by
military law, n. 255,

SOUTH CAROLINA. Signed the Declaration of Independence, p. 8.
One of the Confederation, p. 9. Signed the articles thereof,
p. 21. Signed the Constitution of the United States,
pp. 42. 252. Rule of suffrage in, n. 17, p. 64.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Entitled to five representatives in first Congress.
To four by the census of 1860, n. 24, p. 69. Population
through each decade, n. 24, pp. 69-70. Attempted nullifi-
cation by, Pref. p.viii, and n. 144. Did not vote in the Presi-
dential election of 1864, n. 167. Assigned to fifth judicial cir-
cuit, n. 197, p. 192. Ratified the thirteenth constitutional
am.ndment, n. 274. Refused to ratify the fourteenth,
n. 275. Declared one of the rebel States, n. 276, pp. 282, 286.
Its provisional government defined, n. 276, p. 286. Regis-
tered voters of, n. 278, p. 259.

SPAIGHT, RICHARD DOBBS, of North Carolina. Signed this Con-
stitution, pp. 42, 252.

SPEAKER and other officers. The House of Representatives shall
choose their Speaker and other officers..

Speaker defined, n. 26. List of Speakers, n. 26, p. 73.
When the Speaker becomes President, n. 172, § 8.

SPEECH. Senators and representatives, for any speech or debate in
either house, shall not be questioned in any other place..
Limitation of this privilege, n. 61.

SPEECH. Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of
speech. Amendments

"Freedom" defined, n. 246.

........

STANBERY, HENRY. Attorney-General of the United States,
n. 197, p. 192.

STANDARD. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of
weights and measures

"Fix" defined. "Standard" defined, n. 101. Weights
and measures; metric system; act of Congress authorizing
metric system, n. 102. (See Weights and Measures.)
STATE of the Union. The President shall, from time to time, give
to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient...

STATE. A representative in Congress shall be an inhabitant of
the State in which he shall be chosen..
66 Inhabitant of the State" defined, r. 20.
STATE. Each State shall have at least one representative in Con-
gress...

STATE.

When vacancies happen in the representation from a
State, the executive thereof shall issue writs of election to
fill them....

STATE. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof

STATE. If vacancies happen in seats of senators, by resignation or
otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments,
until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
fill such vacancies..
STATE. A senator in Congress shall be an inhabitant of the State
for which he shall be chosen.
STATE. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each
State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except
as to the places of choosing senators..

STATE. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
State...

STATE. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of com-
merce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of
another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another...
STATE. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder-
ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money;
emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver
coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of at-
tainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation
of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
STATE No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid
by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall
be subject to the revision and control of the Congress....

STATE.

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any
duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of
peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not
admit of delay.

(For the extent of these inhibitions on the States, see
Articles of Confederation, Art. VI. p. 11.)
STATE. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legis-
lature thereof may direct, the electors of President and
Vice-President of the United States. (See Election.)....
STATE. The judicial power shall extend to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; to controversies
between two or more States; between a State and citizens
of another State; between citizens of different States;
between citizens of the same State claiming lands under
grants of different States; and between a State, or the
citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or sub-
jects.

(See Judicial Power.)

STATE. In all cases in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme
Court shall have original jurisdiction..

STATE. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,

shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State
where the said crimes shall have been committed; but
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed..

(See Crimes.)

STATE. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress may, by general laws,
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro-
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof

STATE. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several States

(See Citizens-Privileges-Immunities, notes 220, 221.)

STATE. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in
another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority
of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be re-
moved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime....
STATE. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence
of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such
service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the
party to whom such service or labor may be due....
(See Fugitives-Escape.)

STATE. The Congress snall have power to dispose of, and make
all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory
or other property belonging to the United States; and
nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claim of the United States, or of any par-
ticular State...

STATE. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect
each of them against invasion, and, on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can-
not be convened), against domestic violence....
State defined, n. 233, p. 242.

STATE No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its
equal suffrage in the Senate.

STATE. The judges in every State shall be bound by the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties of the United States, any thing
in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding...

STATE legislatures. The members of the several State legislatures,
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affirmation to support this Constitution...

(See Oath, n. 242.)

STATE. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
arms shall not be infringed Amendments

STATE. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed; which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law. Amendments....

STATE. In choosing the President (by the House of Representa-
tives), the vote shall be taken by States, the representa-
tives from each State having one vote: a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
be necessary to a choice. Amendments...

STATE. The electors shall meet in their respective States and
vote, by ballot, for President and Vice-President, one of
whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
State with themselves. Amendments...

STATES. Declared free and independent, p. 6. Articles of per-
petual union between, pp. 8-9. Each retained its sove-
reignty, Art. I. p. 9. Entered into a firm league, Art.
III p. 9. The rights of the people of the different States,
Art. IV. p. 10. Rendition and records, Id. To choose
delegates, Art. V. p. 10. Inhibitions upon, Art. VI. p. 12.
To supply a common treasury, Art. VIII. p. 13.

STATES. Representatives in Congress to be chosen every two
years by the people of the States....

STATES.

The people defined and discussed, n. 16. The qualifica-
tions of voters in each, alphabetically arranged, n. 17.
Representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned
among the several States according to their respective
numbers.

STATES entitled to representatives in the first Congress were:
New Hampshire, 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; New York, 6;
New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland,
6; Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5;
Georgia, 3. Whole number, 65..

STATES. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce among
the several States and with the Indian tribes.....
(See Commerce.)

STATES. Congress shall have power to provide for organizing,
arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the service of
the United States, reserving to the States respectively the
appointment of the officers, and the authority of training
the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con-
gress....
STATES. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legisla-
tion in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceed-
ing ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular
States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
the government of the United States; and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the
legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other
needful buildings...

The District was ceded by Virginia and Maryland, n. 137.
(See District of Columbia.)
STATES. The migration or importation of such persons as any of
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall
not be prohibited by Congress prior to the year 1808, but a
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation not ex-
ceeding ten dollars for each person..

STATES The President shall not receive, during the time for
which he shall have been elected, any emolument from
any of the States...

STATES. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the
militia of the several States when called into the actual
service of the United States..

STATES New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the
States concerned, as well as of the Congress..

(See New States, notes 229, 230.) For a list of the new
States, with dates of admission, see note 230.

STATES. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con-
stitution, or, on the applications of the legislatures of two-
thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be
valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitu-
tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of
the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths
thereof..

(See Amendments, notes 236, 244, 274, 275-286.)
STATES. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution
- between the States so ratifying the same......
(See Ratification, n. 243.)

STATES. The Constitution adopted in convention by the unani-
mous consent of the deputies from all the States present,
the 17th day of September, A. D. 1787, and of the Inde-
pendence of the United States of America the twelfth;
the following States being represented:-New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, Georgia.

STATES. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re-