Canada. The Indians had grown turbulent and intractable, on the approach of the English. The ill will, which a difference of religious opinions often creates, was greatly excited, and the Huguenots, whom the de Caens had introduced, refused obedience to the constituted authorities. Champlain had need of all his firmness and energy to suppress the disorder. In this state of affairs, he thought the best measure he could adopt was to march against the Iroquois, who of late had given him great cause of complaint, attack them and seek subsistence for his men in their country. But he was without ammunition, and could not reasonably expect any for many months. Brule, his brother-in-law, whom he had sent to France, to lay the distressed situation of the colony before the king, had sailed but a few weeks before.

Towards the middle of July, he was informed that a number of English vessels were behind Pointe Levy. This intelligence, which at any other time would have been very unpleasant, received a different character, from circumstances. He viewed the English less as enemies than as liberators, who came to put an end to the horrors of famine. A few hours after, a boat, with a white flag advanced and stopped in the middle of the port, as if waiting for leave to approach. A similar flag was hoisted in town, in order to intimate a wish that it might come to shore.. An officer landed, and brought to Champlain a letter from Louis and Thomas Kertz, brothers to David, the Commodore. One of them was destined to the command of Quebec, the other had that of the fleet, which was at Tadoussac. The vessel that carried Brule, had fallen into their hands, and the distressed situation of the colony had become known to them, from the report of some of her sailors. Champlain

was offered to dictate the terms of the capitulation; the place was yielded.

On the twentieth, the English cast anchor before it. They had but three ships; the largest was of one hundred tons, and had ten guns; the other two were of fifty tons, and had six guns each.

The conquest of Canada added but little to the wealth or power of England. Quebec, the only part of it, which could be said to be settled, was a rock on which one hundred individuals were starving. It contained but a few miserable huts. All the wealth of the place consisted in a few hides, and some peltries of inconsiderable value.

Thus, one hundred and twenty years after the French first visited the northern continent of America, notwithstanding a great waste of men and money, they were without one foot of territory on it.

The English colonies, were in a more prosperous condition. The sturdy pilgrims, who had landed but a few years before, in the north, had already wrested from the metropolis the government of their colony; and spreading their population along the sea shore, had laid the foundation of the towns of Plymouth, Salem and Boston.

The settlements in Virginia were extended to a considerable distance along the banks of James and York rivers, to the Rapahanoc, and even the Potomac. They had subdued the neighbouring tribes of Indians, who had attempted a general massacre of the whites. They enjoyed already, the privilege of making their own laws. Regular courts of justice were established among them, and they had victoriously stood a contest, which terminated in the dissolution of the company, at whose costs the country had been settled; too spirited to submit to the arbitrary sway of Sir John Harvey, whom the king had

sent to govern them, they had seized and shipped him to England.

On the thirtieth of October, Charles the first granted to Sir Robert Heath, his attorney-general, all the territory between the thirty-first and thirtysixth degrees of northern latitude, not yet cultivated or planted, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, with the islands of Viaries and Bahama. This immense tract, including all the country now covered by the states of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Mississippi, with parts of that of Louisiana, the territory of Arkansas, with a considerable portion of New Mexico was erected into an English province, by the name of Carolana. This is the largest grant of a king of England, to an individual. Sir Robert does not appear to have made an attempt to occupy any part of it. In 1637, he transferred his title to Lord Maltravers, who some time after, on the death of his father, became Earl of Arundel and Surry, and Earl Marshal of England. This nobleman is said to have been at considerable expense in an attempt to transplant a colony there, but the civil war which began to rage soon after, prevented his success. The province afterwards became the property of Dr. Coxe of New Jersey, whose right, as late as the 21st of November 1699, was recognised by the attorney-general of king William, and reported by the lords commissioners of trade and plantations as a valid one. The Virginia company loudly complained of the grant to Sir Robert, as an encroachment on their charter.

While a new government was thus sought to be established in the south, by the king's authority, new establishments were formed by the northern company, in the neighbourhood of the French: Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason, two members of

that corporation, built a house at the mouth of Piscataqua river, and afterwards others erected cabins along the coast, from Merrimack eastwardly to Sagadehoc, for the purpose of fishing. In 1631, Sir Ferdinando and Mason sent a party, under one Williams, who laid the foundation of the town of Portsmouth, in the present state of New Hampshire.

By the treaty of St. Germain, which put an end to the war, between France and England, on the twentyninth of March 1632, the latter restored to the former, Canada and Acadie, without any description of limits; Quebec, Port Royal and the island of Cape Breton were so by name.

Robertson.-Charlevoix.-Marshall.

CHAPTER III.

Emery de Caen.-Maryland.-Acadie.-Commandeur de Razilly-New Hampshire.-Maine.-Rhode Island and Providence plantations.-Connecticut.-College of Quebec.-Montmagny-The Dutchess of Aiguillon. Ursuline Nuns-Sisters of the Congregation.-Fort Richelieu.-Louis XIV.-Union of the New England colonies.-Their treaty with Acadie.-D'Aillebout.Offer of a treaty to Canada.-Oliver Cromwell.-Commissioners of New England.-Indians-Missionaries among them.-Godefroy and Dreuillettes sent to Boston. De Lauson.-Irruption of the Iroquois-Swedish colony abandoned.-D'Argenson.-Bishop of Petrea.Vicar General.-Seminary of Montreal-The English from Virginia, discover the Ohio.-Charles II. proclaimed in Virginia.-Irruptions of the Iroquois near Quebec.-Epidemic.-Meteors.-D'Avaugour.Dissentions among the chiefs.-Sale of ardent spirits to the Indians.-Earthquake.-Vision of a Nun.-The Charter of the Company of New France surrendered.De Gaudais.-Superior and inferior courts of Justice. Grant to the Duke of York.-The Dutch driven from New Belgica.-New York.-Albany-New Jersey.Fresh dissentions among the chiefs.-De Courcelles.De Tracy.-Viceroy of New France.-Regiment of Carignan Salieres.- New colonists.-Horses, oxen and sheep brought from France to Canada.-Fort Sorel. Fort St. Theresa.-Expedition against the Iroquois.Another earthquake.-Carolina.-Charles II. of Spain. West India Company.-Quebec erected into a Bishop's See.-French and English Plenipotentiaries in Boston. Frontenac.-Fort at Catarocoui.-Salem.- Father Marquette.-Joliet. -Lake Michigan.-Outaganais