river.-Quisconsing.—Mississippi. -Illinois. -Missouri.-Arkansas.-Great rejoicings in Quebec on the discovery of the Mississippi.

EMERY DE CAEN was despatched, with a copy of the treaty, to Quebec. His principal object in bringing it, was the recovery of the property he had left in Canada, for the restoration of which, provision had been made by an article of the treaty. With the view of yielding to him some indemnification for the loss of his privilege, Louis the thirteenth had granted him the exclusive commerce of New France, in furs and peltries, for one year.

Kertz surrendered the country to de Caen.

Charles the first, on the twenty-eighth of June, granted to Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, a large tract of country, between the settlements of Virginia and the river and bay of Delaware. It was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, sister to Louis the thirteenth of France. Lord Baltimore, soon after sent thither two hundred colonists. They were all Roman catholics, and chiefly from Ireland.

The company of New France resumed its rights in 1633, and Champlain, who on its nomination, had been appointed governor of Canada, returned to Quebec, bringing with him a few Jesuits.

Acadie was granted to the commander of Razilly, one of the principal members of the company. He bound himself to settle it, and began a small establishment at la Haive. A party of his people, attacked a trading house of the colony of New England on Penobscot river. In the following year, he erected a small military post there. It was attacked by an English ship and barque, under Captain Girling; but it successfully defended itself.

The Plymouth company, dividing its territory

among its members, the land between Merrimack and Piscataqua rivers, was granted to Mason. It now constitutes the state of New Hampshire. That to the north east, as far as Kennebeck river, was allotted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, another member. It is now the state of Maine.

Roger Williams, a popular preacher, and a Mrs. Hutchinson, being banished from Massachusetts, purchased each a tract of land from the Naraganset Indians, on which they settled, with a few of their adherents, and laid the foundations of Providence and Rhode Island. Nearly about the same time, Hooker, a favourite minister in Boston, with leave of the government, led a small colony farther southerly, and laid in the towns of Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield, the foundation of the present state of Connecticut.

In December 1635, a college was established by royal authority at Quebec, and in the following year, Champlain died, and was succeeded by the Chevalier de Montmagny.

The piety of the Dutchess d'Aiguillon procured to the colony two useful establishments-that of the Sisters of the Congregation, who came from Dieppe in 1637; and that of the Ursuline Nuns from Tours, in 1538, to devote themselves to the relief of suffering humanity in the hospital, and the education of young persons of their sex.

With the view of checking the irruptions of the Iroquois, who greatly distressed the upper settlers, and came down the river, that falls into the St. Lawrence on its right side, at a small distance from the town of Montreal, Montmagny had a fort erected on its banks; it was called Fort Richelieu, in honor of the Cardinal, then prime minister, and afterwards communicated its name to the stream.

Justice had hitherto been rendered to the colonists, by the governor and commandants; in 1640, provision was made for its more regular administra tion, by the appointment of judges at Quebec, Montreal and Trois Rivieres, and a grand seneschal of New France. The former had original, and the latter appellate jurisdiction.

Louis the thirteenth, on the fourteenth of May 1643, the forty-second year of his age, transmitted his sceptre to his son, Louis the fourteenth.

The English settlements, near the French, suffering as much from the Indians as Canada, the colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island: and Connecticut, sought protection in the union of their efforts. They entered into a league of alliance, offensive and defensive, and gave to five commissioners, chosen by each colony, the power of regulating the affairs of the confederacy. Accordingly the governor of Massachusetts, in behalf of the united colonies, in the following year, concluded a treaty of peace and commerce, with Monsieur d'Antouy, governor of Acadie; it was laid before, and ratified by, the commissioners.

In 1646, d'Aillebout succeeded Montmagny, in the government of New France.

The Indians continuing to distress the back settlers of New England, the commissioners of the united colonies sent a deputy to Quebec; who, in their behalf, proposed to d'Aillebout, that the French and New England colonies should enter into a perpetual alliance, independent from any rupture between the parent countries. D'Aillebout, approving the measure, sent father Deuilletes, a Jesuit, to meet the commissioners in Boston. The envoy, it appears, was instructed not to agree to any treaty, unless the aid of New England was afforded to New France,

d

against the Iroquois. Time has destroyed every trace of the final result of this mission.

Democracy now prevailed in England, over the monarch and its nobles. The House of Lords was abolished, and Charles the first lost his head on the scaffold, on the 30th of January 1648, in the fortyeighth year of his age. Oliver Cromwell, under the title of protector, assumed the reins of government. During the struggle, that preceded the king's fall, the northern colonies spiritedly adhered to the popular party; Virginia remained attached to the royal cause, which did not cease to prevail there, till the arrival of a fleet, with the protector's governor. Some resistance was even made to his landing.

The commissioners of New England resumed their negociations to induce the governor of New France, to enter into an alliance with them. The English and French colonies were now much distressed by irruptions of the Indians. The French had sent among the latter, a considerable number of missionaries, who proceeded, in their efforts to propagate the gospel, much in the same manner as methodists now do, in new and thinly inhabited countries. Besides travelling missionaries, who performed regular tours of duty, among the more distant tribes, they had stationed ones in the nearer. The stationed missionary was generally attended by a lay brother, who instructed young Indians in their Catechism. The father had often around him a number of his countrymen, who came to sell goods and collect peltries. His dwelling was the ordinary resort of the white men, whom necessity, cupidity or any other cause, led into the forests. A number of Indians gathered near the mission, to minister to the wants of the holy man, and his inmates or visitors. His functions gave him a great ascendency over his

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flock, amused and increased by the pageantry of the rites of his religion. His authority often extended over the whole tribe, and he commanded, and directed the use of its forces. As he was supported by, and did support, the government of the colony, he soon became a powerful auxiliary, in the hands of its military chief. The union, which existed among the travelling and stationed missionaries, all appointed and sent or stationed, and directed by their superior in the convent of Quebec, had connected the tribes who had received a missionary, into a kind of alliance and confederacy, the forces of which government commanded, and at times exerted against the more distant tribes. In return, it afforded the confederates protection against their enemies. The Iroquois, Eries and other nations, not in this alliance, considered the members of it as their foes, made frequent irruptions in their villiages, and at times captured or killed the missionary and the white men around him. The parties, engaged in these expeditions, did not always confine the violence they thus exercised to Indian villages; they often attacked the frontier settlements of the whites, and at times approached their towns. These circumstances rendered it desirable to New France, to secure the aid of New England against the Indians. Accordingly, in June 1651, d'Aillebout, calling to his council the head of the clergy and some of the most notable planters, who recommended that Godefroy, one of the latter, and father Dreuillettes, should proceed to Boston, and conclude the alliance, which the commissioners of the New England colonies had proposed. Charlevoix has preserved the resolutions of the notables, the letter they wrote to the commissioners, and the passport or letter of credence, which the governor gave to the envoys; but he was not able to transmit us the result of the mission.