one instance, by various accidents, before man can enjoy on his table a thing so trifling as a pinch of salt.—Esquiros.

meanders, winds.

crystallize, form crystals. petrified, turned to stone. subsoil, under soil.

terrestrial revolutions, the different changes that the earth's surface has undergone in the course of ages.

Northwich, a town in Mid Cheshire, on the river Weaver. pell-mell, in confusion.

shaft, entrance to the pit.

oscillated, moved backward and

forward.

monotonous, without variety. momentarily, every moment. venerable, old-looking. excavation, digging out. architecture, style of building. subterranean, underground. dislocating, separating. inexhaustible, cannot be exhausted.

extracting, getting out.

In whose reign were the salt-mines of Cheshire first worked? What does tradition say about them? Who discovered these mines? In what year? What is the thickness of the two masses of salt rock found at Northwich? Describe the pit's mouth. How deep was the pit? In what respect does a salt-mine differ from a coal-mine? What is there to admire in a salt-mine? Describe the appearance and

colour of the salt. How is the salt detached from the measures? What reflections does a visit to a salt-mine suggest? How is the salt purified? Describe a boiling-pan. What shape are the blocks of salt when they are put into the drying-house? What thoughts are likely to be suggested by a sight of the works?

PREFIXES DERIVED FROM THE LATIN.

Prefixes modify the meaning of the words to which they are joined: thus pro means before, and retro means behind: hence the word prospect signifies a looking forward, and retrospect, a looking backward.

The final consonant of a prefix is frequently changed in order to avoid an unpleasant sound: thus instead of saying ad-cuse, ad-firm, ad-tend, the prefix ad is changed to ac, af, or at, as will be seen in the following list.

A, ab, or abs, away, from: a-vert, ab-use, abs-tain.

Ad (ac-, af-, al-, an-, ap-, as-, at-), to, towards: ad-monish, ac-cuse, af-firm, al-lude, an-nihilate, ap-ply, as-sent, at-tend.

Ante (anti-), before: ante-diluvian, anti-cipate.

Circum (circu-), around: circum-ference, circu-it.

Con (col-, com-, co-), together: con-sent, col-lect, com-pare, co-equal. Contra (counter-), against, in opposition to: contra-dict, counter-act. De, down from: de-grade, de-scend.

Dis (dif-, di-), apart, in different directions: dis-sent, dif-ference, dilute.

Ex (ef-, e-), out of: ex-pel, ef-fect, e-ject.

Extra, beyond: extra-ordinary.

In (il-, im-, ir-), in, into: in-tend, il-lusion, im-pel, ir-rigate.

In (il-, im-, ir-), not:* in-activity, il-legal, im-possible, ir-regular. Inter, between: inter-fere.

Intro, within: intro-duce.

Ob (oc-, of-, op-), in front of, ajainst: ob-ject, oc-cur, of-fer, op-pose. Per (pel-, pur-), through: per-suade, pel-lucid, pur-sue.

Post, after: post-pone, post-script.

Præ (pre-), before, over: pre-side, pre-fix.

Præter, past, beyond, except: præter-natural.

Pro, onward, forth: pro-pose, pro-duce, pro-spect.

Re, back: re-pel, re-mit.

Retro, backwards, behind: retro-spect, retro-grade.

Se, apart: se-duce, se-clude.

Sub (suc-, suf-, sup-, su-), under: sub-scribe, suc-cour, suf-fer, support, su-spect.

Subter, under: subter-ranean.

Super (sur-), abore: super-sede, sur-mount.

Trans (tra-), beyond, across: trans-act, tra-dition.

* Un- has the same meaning, but it is strictly an English prefix, as un-kind. This prefix, in, or un, is called a privative, because it takes away the meaning of the simple word: e.g. "unkind," means "not kind," Compare "a," among the Greek prefixes.

PREFIXES DERIVED FROM THE GREEK.

Amphi, both, two: amphi-bious.

An or a, not: an-archy. (A privative like the Latin in.)
Ana, up: ana-tomy.

Anti (ant-), against, opposite to: anti-pathy, ant-arctic.
Apo, from: apo-state.

Auto, self: auto-biography, auto-graph.

Cata (cat-), down: cata-strophe, cat-echism.

Dia, through: dia-logue.

En (em-), in, on: en-thusiasm, em-phasis.

Epi, upon epi-taph.

Ex (ec-), out of: ex-odus, ec-stasy.

Hyper, over: hyper-critical.

Hypo, under: hypo-crite.

Meta, besides: meta-morphose, meta-phor.

Para, alongside of: para-ble, para-phrase.

Peri, round: peri-phrasis, peri-od.

Syn (sym-, syl-), together with: syn-tax, sym-pathy, syl-lable.

DERIVATIONS OF SOME OF THE WORDS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK.

I. DERIVATIVES FROM THE LATIN.

Suggestive Notes.

1. Latin nouns are generally given in the nominative and genitive cases, in order to show the root of the word more clearly: as rex, reg-is.

2. Latin verbs are generally given in the infinitive and past participle, so that the two forms of the word may be expressed: as ag-ere, act-um.

3. Words derived from the Latin are of two kinds: the first kind consists of those which have come directly from the Latin language, which generally are easily recognized; as from rex, reg-is comes regal; from lex, leg-is comes legal.

4. The second kind consists of those which have come into our language through the Norman-French, introduced at the time when William the Conqueror and his Norman descendants ruled in England. The French language is called a Romance language, like the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, because all these languages were derived from the Latin spoken by the Roman soldiers. These NormanFrench words were therefore for the most part taken from Latin,

but they have been much more altered from their original form. Thus we have royal, as well as regal, from rex; and loyal, as well as legal, from lex; we also have diurnal and journal from the Latin dies, a day.

5. Sometimes we have the same Latin word used in two or more different forms in English. Royal and regal, loyal and legal, have been already mentioned. But there are many more. Thus

From the Latin word de-struo, de-structum, we have destruction, destroy;

and many others. The latter form is derived from the Latin through the Norman-French. But probably in every case the Norman-French form was introduced into our language before the direct Latin form. Thus pursue is an older word than persecute. (Trench, English Past and Present, Lecture 1.)

6. Only a very few of the derivatives are here given, chiefly those used in this book. From one root alone, pon-ere, posit-um, we have about 250 words. One hundred and fifty-four Greek and Latin primitives yield nearly 15,000 words. (Angus, Handbook of the English Language, p. 46.)

7. The same root-word is often repeated in different forms for the sake of convenience: thus ag-ilis will be found, as well as ag-ere, though both come from the same root, ag.

8. The same English word will often be found in connection with two Latin words: thus manufacture is derived partly from manus, the hand, and facere, to make.

9. References to well-known books are inserted occasionally, showing where the teacher may find additional hints and illustrations.

Aequus, level, fair, just: equal, equivocate (vocare), iniquity.
Ager, agri, a field: agriculture (see colere), agricultural.
Ag-ere, actum, to put into motion, to drive, to do: act, action, active,
actual, agency, in-active, exact, navigate, transact, transaction.
Ag-ilis, one that is put into motion, quick, nimble: agile, agility.
Ango, anxi, to strangle, to twist: anguish, anxiety, anxious.

Animus, mind, spirit, courage: animate, inanimate, unanimous (unus).

Antiquus, old, out of dute: antique, antiquity, antics.
Aperi-re, apertum, to open: aperture.

Aqua, water: aquatic, aqueduct (ducere).

Ara-re, to plough: arable. (Taylor's Words and Places, p. 66, 2d Edit., and Max Müller's Science of Language, i. 239.)

Arde-re, arsi, to burn: ardent, ardour.

Ars, art-is, skill, art: artificial (facere), artisan, artist.

Auge-re, auctum, to cause to grow: augment, author, authority,

autumn.

Auxilium, help: auxiliary.

Brevis, short: brevity, abbreviate.

Caballus, a little horse: cavalry, chivalry.

Cad-ere, casum, to fall: accident, case, casual, occasion. Cæd-ere, cæsum, to cause to fall, to strike: decide, decision. Cande-re, to glow, to be bright or white: candour, candid, candle, candidate (because in Rome such persons wore a white garment). Cap-ere, captum, to take, to seize: accept, acceptance, anticipate, capable, incapable, captive (caitiff), captivate, conceive, deceive, deception, except, exception, perceive, perceptible, receive, reception.

Caput, capit-is, the head, source: cape, capital, captain, chapter, chief, achieve, precipitate, precipitous.

Cave-re, cautum, to be on one's guard, to beware: cautious, incautiously, precaution.

Cavus, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, concave, excavate.

Ced-ere, cessum, to go, withdraw, yield: accede, accession, ancestor, exceed, excessive, procedure, proceed, procession, succeed, successive.

Cern-ere, cretum, to judge, select: concern, decree, discern, discreet,

secret.

Civis, a citizen: civil, civilize, citadel, city, citizen.

Claud-ere, clausum, to shut in: clause, close, closet, conclude, conclusion, include, seclude, seclusion.

Cohors, cohort-is, an inclosed place: court, courtly, courtesy. (Max Müller's Science of Language, ii. 252).

Col-ere, cultum, to till: culture, cultivate, agriculture (ager), colony. Cor, cord-is, the heart: cordial, concord, discord, discordant, record. Corpus, corpor-is, the body: corporate, corpse, incorporate.

Cred-ere, creditum, to believe: creed, credit, credible, incredible,

creditable.

Cura, care accurate, cure, curate, curious, curiosity, curative, incurable, procure, secure, security.

Curr-ere, cursum, to run: course, current, cursory, concourse, excursion, incur, intercourse, recourse, recurring, succour.

Dic-ere, dictum, to say, speak: contradict, ditto (as said), index, indicative.

Dies, a day dial, diary, diurnal, journal, journey. (Max Müller's Science of Language, i. 46, note.)

Dignus, worthy: dignity, disdain, indignity, indignant.

Da-re, datum, to put, to give: add, addition, condition, date, edition, pardon.