Bradstreet, was successful. He was soon superseded by Amherst, who the next year recovered Ticonderoga and Crown Point and captured Quebec.-Marshall, 1. 4326; Holmes, 11. 82; Mante, 59, 107, 144, 161.

ticulars. Some distrust seems to have fallen upon his statements, although he says, that his account is "neither disfigured by fable nor prejudice." Dr. Boudinot in his "Star in the West" has adopted the opinions of Adair.

those of the Jews. His arguments to prove them descended from the Jews are founded on their division into tribes; their worship of Jehovah; their festivals, fasts, and religious rites; their daily sacrifice; their prophets & high priests; their cities ACKLAND, maj., a British officer, was of refuge; their marriages and divorces; at the head of the grenadiers on the left their burial of the dead and mourning for in the action near Stillwater Oct. 7, 1777. them; their language and choice of names He bravely sustained the attack, but ov-adapted to circumstances; their manner erpowered by numbers the British were of reckoning time; and various other parobliged to retreat to their camp, which was instantly stormed by Arnold. In this action major Ackland was shot through the legs and taken prisoner. He was discovered and protected by Wilkinson. His devoted wife, in the utmost distress, sought him in the American camp, favored with a letter from Burgoyne to Gates.-After his return to England major Ackland, in a dispute with lieut. Lloyd, defended the Americans against the charge of cowardice and gave him the lie direct. A duel ADAMS, Eliphalet, an eminent minisfollowed, in which Ackland was shot ter of New London, Connecticut, was through the head. Lady Harriet, his graduated at Harvard college in 1694. He wife, in consequence lost her senses for was ordained Feb. 9, 1709, and died in two years; but she afterwards married April 1753, in the 77th year of his age. Mr. Brudenell, who accompanied her Dr. Chauncy speaks of him as a great Hebfrom the camp at Saratoga in her perilous rician. He published a sermon on the pursuit of her husband. When will there death of Rev. James Noyes of Stoningcease to be victims to private combat and ton; election sermons, 1710 and 1733; a public war? It will be, when the meek discourse, occasioned by a distressing and benevolent spirit of the gospel shall storm, March 3, 1717; a thanksgiving seruniversally reign in the hearts of men.-mon, 1721 ; a sermon on the death of gov. Remembrancer, for 1777, p. 461, 465; Saltonstall, 1724; at the ordination of Wilkinson's memoirs, 269, 376.

ADAIR, James, a trader with the Indians of the southern states, resided in their country 40 years. From 1735 he lived almost exclusively in intercourse with the Indians, cut off from the society of his civilized brethren, chiefly among the Chickasaws, with whom he first traded in 1744. His friends persuaded him to publish a work, which he had prepared with much labor, entitled, the History of the American Indians, particularly those nations adjoining the Mississippi, E. &W. Florida, Georgia, S. & N. Carolina, and Virginia, London, 4to. 1775; in which book he points out various customs of the Indians, having a striking resemblance to

ADAMS, William, the second minister of Dedham, Mass., graduated in 1671, was ordained Dec. 3, 1673, as successor to Mr. Allen, and died Aug. 17, 1685. He published an election sermon, 1685.

William Gager, Lebanon, May 27, 1725; of Thomas Clap, Windham, 1726; and a discourse before a society of young men, 1727.

ADAMS, JOHN, a poet, was the only son of Hon. John Adams of Nova Scotia, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1721. He was settled in the ministry at Newport, Rhode Island, April 11,1728, in opposition to the wishes of Mr. Clap, who was pastor. Mr. Clap's friends formed a new society, and Mr. Adams was dismissed in about two years. He died at Cambridge in January, 1740, at the age of 36, deeply lamented by his acquaintance. He was much distinguished for his learning, genius, and piety. As a

field, and Limerick, till his death, June 4, 1792, aged 60. He was subject occasionally to a deep depression of feeling; and at other times was borne away by a sudden excitement, which gave animation to his preaching. A fine letter from Durham to the town of Boston in 1774, with a donation, was written by him.-Eliot: Greenleaf, eccl. hist. Maine, 118.

preacher he was much esteemed. His der of his life, preaching and practising uncle, Matthew Adams, describes him physic in Newfield, Limington, Parsonsas master of nine languages," and conversant with the most famous Greek, Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish authors, as well as with the noblest English writers. He also speaks of his "great and undissembled piety, which ran, like a vein of gold, through all his life and performances." He published a sermon on his ordination, 1728, and a poem on the love of money. A small volume of his poems ADAMS, Amos, minister of Roxbury, was published at Boston in 1745, which Mass., was graduated at Harvard college contains imitations and paraphrases of in 1752. He was ordained as successor to several portions of scripture, translations Mr. Peabody Sept. 12, 1753, and died at from Horace, and the whole book of Dorchester Oct. 5, 1775, in the 48th year Revelation in heroic verse, together with of his age, of the dysentery, which preoriginal pieces. The versification is re- vailed in the camp at Cambridge and Roxmarkably harmonious for the period and bury, His son, Thomas Adams, was orthe country. Mr. Adams' productions dained in Boston as minister for Camden, evince a lively fancy and breathe a pious South Carolina, where, after a residence strain. The following is an extract from of 8 years, he died Aug. 16, 1797. his poem on Cotton Mather :

"What numerous volumes, scattered from his hand,
Lightened his own, and warmed each foreign land?
What pious breathings of a glowing soul
Live in each page, and animate the whole ?
The breath of heaven the savory pages show,
As we Arabia from its spices know.-
Ambitious, active, towering was his soul,
But flaming piety inspired the whole."

-Massa. mag. for Apr. 1789; Backus'
hist. abr. 158; Pref. to his poems; Spe-
cimens of Amer. poetry, I. 67.

Mr. Adams in early life devoted himself to the service of his Redeemer, and he continued his benevolent labors as a preacher of the gospel with unabating vigor till his death. He was fervent in devotion, and his discourses, always animated by a lively and expressive action, were remarkably calculated to warm the heart. He was steadfast in his principles and unwearied in industry.

He published the following sermons; on the death of Lucy Dudley, 1756; at the artillery election, 1759; on a general ADAMS, Matthew, a distinguished thanksgiving for the reduction of Quebec, writer in Boston, though a mechanic, or 1759; on the ordination of Samuel Kings"tradesman," yet had a handsome col-bury, Edgartown, Nov. 25, 1761; at the lection of books and cultivated literature. ordination of John Wyeth, Gloucester, Dr. Franklin acknowledges his obliga- Feb. 5, 1766; the only hope and refuge tions for access to his library. He was of sinners, 1767; two discourses on reone of the writers of the Essays in the ligious liberty, 1767; a concise and hisNew England Journal. He died poor, torical view of New England in two disbut with a reputation more durable than courses on the general fast April 6, 1769, an estate, in 1753.-His son, Rev. John which was republished in London 1770; Adams, a graduate of 1745, was the min- sermons at the ordination of Jonathan ister of Durham, N.H. from 1748 to 1778. Moore, Rochester, Sept. 25, 1768, and of By a grant of 400 acres of land he was Caleb Prentice, Reading, Oct. 25, 1769. induced to remove to the small plantation He preached the Dudleian lecture of Haryof Washington or Newfield, county of ard college in 1770, entitled, diocesan York, Maine, having only 5 families, in episcopacy, as founded on the supposed Feb. 1781. Here he passed the remain-episcopacy of Timothy and Titus, sub

1772; the election sermon, 1782; on the 19th of April, 1783; at the ordination of Enoch Whipple, 1788.-Whit.fun serm.

verted. This work is a specimen of the learning of the writer. It is lodged in manuscript in the library of the college. ADAMS, Joseph, minister of New- ADAMS, Andrew, LL.D., chief justice ington, N. H., was graduated at Harv- of Connecticut, was appointed to that ard college, in 1710, was ordained in 1715, place in 1793, having been upon the and died in 1783 aged 93. He preached bench with reputation as a judge from till just before his death. He published 1789. He was a native of Stratford, a a sermon on the death of John Fabian, graduate of Yale college in 1760, and a 1757; and a sermon on the necessity of member of congress about the year 1782. rulers civil and ecclesiastical exerting He resided at Litchfield, and died Nov. themselves against the growth of impie-26, 1797, aged 61 years. ty, 1760.

ADAMS, Samuel, governor of MassaADAMS, Zabdiel, minister of Lunen-chusetts, and a most distinguished patriburg, Mass., was born in Braintree, now ot in the American revolution, was born Quincy, Nov. 5, 1739. His father was in Boston of a reputable family Sept. 27, the uncle of John Adams, late president 1722. He was graduated at Harvard colof the United States. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1759, having made, while in that seminary, great proficiency in learning, and much improved the vigorous powers of mind, with which he was endued. He was ordained Sept. 5, 1764, and died March 1, 1801, in the 62nd year of his age, and 37th of his ministry.

lege in 1740. When he commenced master of arts in 1743, he proposed the following question for discussion, Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved? He maintained the affirmative, and thus early showed his attachment to the liberties of the people.

Mr. Adams was eminent as a preacher Early distinguished by talents as a of the gospel, often explaining the most writer, his first attempts were proofs of important doctrines in a rational and scrip- his filial piety. By his efforts he preservtural manner, and enforcing them with ed the estate of his father, which had plainness and pungency. His language was been attached on account of an engagenervous, and while in his public peform- ment in the land bank bubble. He was ances he gave instruction he also impar-known as a political writer during the adted pleasure. In his addresses to the ministration of Shirley, to which he was throne of grace he was remarkable for per- opposed, as he thought the union of so tinency of thought and readiness of ut- much civil and military power in one man terance. Though by bodily constitution was dangerous. His ingenuity, wit, and he was liable to irritation, yet he treasur- profound argument are spoken of with ed no ill will in his bosom. His heart the highest respect by those, who were was easily touched by the afflictions of cotemporary with him. At this early others and his sympathy and benevolence prompted him to administer relief, when in his power. About the year 1774 he wrote a pamphlet maintaining, without authority from the platform of 1648, that a pastor has a negative upon the proceedings of the church. Some ministers, who embraced his principles, lost by consequence their parishes. He preached the In 1765 he was elected a member of the Dudleian lect. on presbyterian ordination general assembly of Massachusetts in the in 1794.—He published a sermon on the place of Oxenbridge Thacher, deceased. nature, pleasures, and advantages of He was soon chosen clerk, and he graduchurch music, 1771; on christian unity, ally acquired influence in the legislature.

period he laid the foundation of public confidence and esteem. His first office of tax gatherer made him acquainted with every shipwright and mechanic in Boston, and over their minds he ever retained a powerful influence. From this employment the enemies of liberty styled him Samuel the publican.

In 1776 he united with Franklin, J. Ad

worthies in declaring the United States no longer an appendage to a monarchy, but free and independent.

This was an eventful time. But Mr. | ica." He deemed the blow to be struck, Adams possessed a courage, which no which would lead to independence. In dangers could shake. He was undismay- the last act of state of the British governed by the prospect, which struck terror ment in Massachusetts he was proscribed into the hearts of many. He was a mem-with John Hancock, when a general parber of the legislature nearly ten years, and don was offered to all, who had rebelled. he was the soul, which animated it to the This act was dated June12, 1775, and it most important resolutions. No man did teaches Americans what they owe to the so much. He pressed his measures with denounced patriot. ardor ; yet he was prudent; he knew how to bend the passions of others to his pur-ams, Hancock, Jefferson, and a host of pose. Gov. Hutchinson relates, that at a town Meeting in 1769 an objection having been made to a motion, because it implied an independency of parliament, Mr. Adams, then a representative, concluded his speech with these words: "Independent we are, and independent we will be." He represents too, that Mr. Adams by a defalcation as collector had injured his character; but he adds: "The benefit to the town from his defence of their liberties he supposed an equivalent to his arrears as their collector." As a political writer he deemed him the most artful and insinuating of all men, whom he ever knew, and the most successful in "robbing men of their characters," or "calumniating governors and other servants of the

crown."

When the constitution of Massachusetts was adopted, he was chosen a member of the senate, of which body he was elected president. He was soon sent to the western counties to quiet a disturbance, which was rising, and he was successful in his mission. He was a member of the convention for examining the constitution of the United States. He made objections to several of its provisions, but his principal objection was to that article, which rendered the several states amenable to the courts of the nation. He thought this reduced them to mere corporations; that the sovereignty of each would be dissolved; and that a consolidated government, supported by an army, would be the consequence. The constitution was afterwards altered in this point and in most other respects according to his wishes.

When the charter was dissolved, he was chosen a member of the provincial convention. In 1774 he was elected a member of the general congress. In this station, in which he remained a number of years, he rendered the most important In 1789 he was chosen lieutenant govservices to his country. His eloquence ernor, and was continued in this office till was adapted to the times, in which he liv-| 1794, when he was elected governor, as ed. The energy of his language corres- successor to Mr. Hancock. He was annuponded with the firmness and vigor of ally replaced in the chair of the first maghis mind. His heart glowed with the istrate of Massachusetts till 1797, when feelings of a patriot, and his eloquence his age and infirmities induced him to rewas simple, majestic, and persuasive. He tire from public life. He died Oct. 2d, was one of the most efficient members of 1803, in the 82d year of his age. His oncongress. He possessed keen penetration, ly son, of the same name, was born in unshaken fortitude, and permanent deci- 1751, graduated at Harvard college in sion. Gordon speaks of him in 1774 as 1770, and after studying under Dr. Joseph having for a long time whispered to his Warren served his country as a surgeon confidential friends, that this country during the war. Returning home with must be independent. Walking in the a broken constitution, he at length died fields the day after the battle of Lexing-Jan. 17, 1788. The avails of his claims ton, he said to a friend, "It is a fine day:- for services in the army gave his father a I mean, this day is a glorious day for Amer- 'competency in his declining years.

and had not a decent competency fallen into his hands by the very afflicting event of the death of an only son, he must have depended for subsistence upon the kindness of his friends, or the charity of the public.

The leading traits in the character of Mr. Adams were an unconquerable love of liberty, integrity, firmness, and decision. Some acts of his administration as chief magistrate were censured, though all allowed, that his motives were pure. A division in political sentiments at that time To a majestic countenance and dignifiexisted, and afterwards increased. When ed manners there was added a suavity of he differed from the majority, he acted temper, which conciliated the affection with great independence. At the close of of his acquaintance. Some, who disap the war he opposed peace with Great proved of his political conduct, loved and Britain, unless the northern states retained revered him as a neighbor and friend. He their full privileges in the fisheries. In could readily relax from severer cares and 1787 he advised the execution of the con- studies to enjoy the pleasures of private dign punishment, to which the leaders of conversation. Though somewhat reservthe rebellion in 1786 had been sentenced. ed among strangers, yet with his friends It was his settled judgment, that in a re- he was cheerful and companionable, a lovpublic,depending for its existence upon the er of chaste wit, and remarkably fond of intelligence & virtue of the people, the law anecdote. He faithfully discharged the should be rigidly enforced. Attached to duties arising from the relations of social the old confederation, he often gave as a life. His house was the seat of domestic toast,-"The states united and the states peace, regularity, and method. separated." He was opposed to the treaty Mr. Adams was a christian. His mind with Great Britain, made by Mr.Jay1794, was early imbued with piety, as well as and he put his election to hazard by avow-cultivated by science. He early approaching his dislike of it. The three topics, on which he delighted to dwell, were British thraldom, the manners, laws, and customs of New England, and the importance of common schools.

Mr. Adams was a man of incorruptible integrity. Gov. Hutchinson, in answer to the inquiry, why Mr. Adams was not taken off from his opposition by an office, writes to a friend in England, "Such is the obstinacy and inflexible disposition of the man, that he never can be conciliated by any office or gift whatever."

ed the table of the Lord Jesus, and the purity of his life witnessed the sincerity of his profession. On the christian sabbath he constantly went to the temple, and the morning and evening devotions in his family proved, that his religion attended him in his seasons of retirement from the world. His sentiments were strictly calvinistic. The platform of the New England churches he deemed an ample guide in all matters of ecclesiastical discipline and order. The last production of his pen was in favor of christian truth. He was poor. While occupied abroad He died in the faith of the gospel. in the most important and responsible pub- He was a sage and a patriot. The inlic duties, the partner of his cares suppor-dependence of the United States of ted the family at home by her industry. America is perhaps to be attributed as Though his resources were very small; much to his exertions, as to the exeryet such were the economy and dignityof tions of any one man. Though he was his house, that those, who visited him, called to struggle with adversity, he was found nothing mean, or unbecoming never discouraged. He was consistent his station. His country, to whose inter- and firm under the cruel neglect of a ests he devoted his life, permitted him to friend and the malignant rancor of an enremain poor; but there were not wanting emy; comforting himself in the darkest a few friends, who showed him their re-seasons with reflections upon the wisdom gard. In this honorable poverty he con- and goodness of God. tinued to a very late period of his life;

Mr. John Adams speaks of him in the