Staffs don't make three mistakes. They have made two on that line, and they are not going to make a third, for the war, the next war, when it comes, is going to be directed at the United States before we are ready, unless we are ready all the time.

I wish to mention only one point in regard to military training on the Air Service, in which I served during the last war: It is perfectly obvious, of course, that 1 year's military training won't produce the pilot personnel or the highly technical flying personnel, air personnel, or perhaps some of the highly technical men required for the service, but it is also evident that the greatest factor in the success of a campaign is the close cooperation between the air and the ground, and if every man in the air service has had some training on the ground, I think you don't have to be a military expert to see that that cooperation will be helpful.

There is another point. For your flying personnel, and your highly trained personnel, you will have to rely on a regular establishment. That establishment will have to have ground forces, but it is inconceivable that you will have the ground forces of your regular establishment, which will be your first line of defense, of course-that you will keep those ground forces up to the point to enable the air force to function on a war basis.

Therefore, granted that you have an adequate regular establishment of flyers, mechanics, gunners, whatever you need, and war breaks out, you will have to enormously expand the ground forces of the air service in order to permit your trained forces to function as it should, and it is for that reason that, from the point of view of the air force, I say that we have to have this general military training, so that those men, in time of emergency, can be recruited with the least delay.

I have tried to keep an open mind on this question, but, frankly, today, I have seen no valid argument against the training proposed. Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you very much, Mr. Carroll. Mr. May?

Mr. MAY. No questions.

Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Allen?

Mr. ALLEN. You stated, Mr. Carroll, that you were in the air service in the last war. What outfit were you in?

Mr. CARROLL. I went over with the-in acting command of the First Reserve Air Squadron.

Mr. ALLEN. Of the United States?

Mr. CARROLL. Of the United States Army, and then I have chargeI was at the headquarters, connected with the training in Europe, and was executive officer for 8 or 9 months to the chief of training in Europe, just before the war, and was left in charge of the training in Europe.

Mr. ALLEN. You are a director in this organization. Can you tell me how many members belong to your organization?

Mr. CARROLL. I can't answer that any more than Mr. Cooke can; we have made no count.

Mr. ALLEN. I have noticed here that most of your witnesses are from New York City. Can you tell me where the Illinois or Wisconsin or Ohio headquarters of the organization are the address of those organizations?

Mr. CARROLL. No; I can't tell you that.
Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Andrews.

Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. Carroll, you spoke of the program as though it would be all ground training. My understanding that even under the year's program, some of the young men will take that training in the Navy and some in the Air Corps

Mr. CARROLL. But they will all go through a basic training.

Mr. ANDREWS. Yes; they will go through a basic training, but the training won't limit itself only to ground troops in the Army.

Mr. CARROLL. No; I didn't mean that; I meant that when you are recruiting, extending, expanding your ground force, which will have to be, of course, enormously expanded, you will get troops who have been disciplined-and not civilians as we got in the last war.

Mr. ANDREWS. But the Air Corps will be the first benefactor, as it is proposed.

Mr. CARROLL. I think so.

Mr. ANDREWs. The same as the National Guard?

Mr. CARROLL. Exactly.

Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you very much, Mr. Carroll.

Now, as the committee has scheduled their hearing, they have endeavored to group the persons who were to appear as far as possible on days on which certain citizens would be heard who were favorable, and certain opposed.

In order to accommodate some of the citizens who were to appear, it has been necessary to deviate somewhat from that policy and we have present today a very distinguished member of the clergy, who could not appear on another date, Dr. Franklin Clarke Frye, president of the United Lutheran Church of America.

Dr. Frye, the committee is delighted to have you with us today.

STATEMENT OF DR. FRANKLIN CLARKE FRYE, PRESIDENT, UNITED LUTHERAN CHURCH OF AMERICA

Dr. FRYE. I appreciate your courtesy, and further your taking me out of order, and also for taking me at all sir.

I shall not impose on your time.

I am here primarily to present a resolution which was unanimously adopted by the Annual Electorate of the Conference of the United Lutheran Church of America, which met in Minneapolis, Minn., last October.

The resolution reads as follows:

Since the future military needs of our country will be known better after the war and when peace plans have been adopted, be it resolved that the Church petition the Governmetnt to postpone action until after the war on universal military training of males between the ages of 17 and 21 years, for 1 year.

This action was adopted as a substitute for one previously proposed by the Board of Social Missions of our United Lutheran Church in America, which read as follows:

That the Church protest the adoption at the present time by our National Government of any measures providing for the universal military conscription of males between the ages of 17 and 21 years for 1 year, as being inimical to the securing of peace among the nations, detrimental to the best interests of our country, and as constituting a militarization of national life from which European nations have long suffered.

That, I repeat, was not adopted. The resolution that I read first was adopted.

I want to make it plain that the attitude of our church was expressed unanimously through its delegated conferees and was for the first, which, as I say, was an appeal for the postponement for a period of one year at the conclusion of hostilities.

Thank you.

Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you, Dr. Frye. We are very glad to have had you.

Capt. Paul Hammond, a member of the Citizens Committee for Military Training of Young Men.

Chairman WOODRUM. Will you state your address, Captain.
Captain HAMMOND. 90 Broad Street, New York City.

Chairman WOODRUM. And your business?

Captain HAMMOND. Industrial financing.

Mr. ALLEN. What was that?

Captain HAMMOND. Industrial financing.

Chairman WOODRUM. The committee is glad to hear from you, briefly, Captain.

STATEMENT OF CAPT. PAUL HAMMOND, DIRECTOR, THE CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR MILITARY TRAINING FOR YOUNG MEN, INC.

Captain HAMMOND. Gentlemen, I have been asked to explain that I am a Reserve captain, just gone on inactive duty, and have been in four theaters of war-Europe, the Caribbean, and 2 years on Admiral Nimitz's staff in charge of rockets, and 6 months at sea with a division of destroyer escorts.

Chairman WOODRUM. Will you pull the microphone closer to you, please, sir?

Captain HAMMOND., Closer?

Chairman WOODRUM. Yes; please sir.

Captain HAMMOND. Since returning to inactive duty, I have heard many civilians say that the war will soon be over and that what the men at the fronts most want is to get home and forget it.

Having served in both the Atlantic and Pacific areas, and having discussed the war of the future with many officers and enlisted men, I know that this is not the case. The men at the front disagree on many subjects, but without exception they agree on one: it must not happen again. They realize that it will happen again unless our Nation, at the apex of its power and prestige, assumes the responsibilities that accompany world leadership.

Today's air-minded, fast-striking Navy is the symbol of that power and leadership.

Our task group commanders know that heroism is not enough to win a war. It takes two years to train a combat flier. It takes a year to train a radio technician. An aircraft carrier is the greatest example of teamwork in history. Everyone who has played on a high school or college team of any sort knows how long it takes to weld a winning team.

Pearl Harbor woke the Nation up, but a year of tragic defeats ensued before our team was even ready to hold the line, and thoughtful

citizens were all too slow in taking steps to prepare. As an example, early in 1940, in New York, a group of former Naval Reserves assured the naval officer in charge of Reserves, in the Third Naval District, that they could procure on each coast two or three thousand prospective officers, if they could be sent to sea on a naval craft for a month, and be given an indoctrination course on the beach.

They were informed that only 400 officers would be trained on the Atlantic coast and that none of them would be permitted to go to sea on a Navy ship. The next week a group called at the White House, and also on Admiral Nimitz and Admiral Jacobs, and a plan for training 7,500 officers was produced in 48 hours. And it has been estimated that the Navy procured only 5,000 useful officers out of 7,500 trained. I mention this chiefly to show that it was hurried.

Almost every man who has served in the armed forces agrees that he has been benefited by the training and discipline received. That his judgment has matured, his outlook broadened, his understanding of men ripened.

They want their sons to have the benefit of this experience. The point of view of employers, many of whom will be veterans of this war, is greatly liberalized toward military duties; and these men will be willing, for many years, to devote a month, yearly, to active duty. And they would permit a similar duty to their employees, paying them part, or whole wages while absent. The Federal and State Governments will also permit and encourage this type of duty.

Every discussion of future military organizations must include scientists and the operational research groups. It is not enough to maintain a staff of experts. Their staffs must be constantly refreshed with promising young men.

Universal military training will locate such talent, and they can then be instructed in the ways of military forces, thereby saving friction and loss of time in war. Perhaps the greatest and most important task at the beginning of any war is the mobilization of personnel. A fundamental reason for universal military training is that modern methods of personnel classification make it possible to put square pegs in square holes.

We shall never again have time to mobilize our fighting forces of 11,000,000 men in slow motion. A rocket war, or attack by controlled missiles, would be over before draft boards had time to begin selection; on the other hand, no power on earth can resist the impact of the combined skill of America's fighting forces, plus her industrialists, if we keep in fighting trim. The world has sensed this. And those of us in the services are convinced of it.

Gentlemen, the Minute Man of 1776 knew how to aim his rifle, and had only to wait until he saw "the whites of their eyes," but the Minute Man of World War III will have to launch a 5-ton rocket and aim it by radar-at a target across an ocean that once we relied on as our greatest protection.

Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you very much, Captain Hammond. Captain HAMMOND. Thank you, sir.

Chairman WOODRUM. The committee will recess until 2 o'clock. (Whereupon, at 11:10 a. m., the committee recessed until 2 p. m. of the same day.)

AFTERNOON SESSION

(The select committee met, pursuant to the recess, at 2 p. m.) Chairman WOODRUM. The committee will be in order.

Mrs. John Weinstein, president, New York City Federation of Women's Clubs, is the first witness.

Mrs. Weinstein, if you have a statement for the committee, we will be very glad to hear you.

STATEMENT OF MRS. JOHN WEINSTEIN, PRESIDENT, NEW YORK CITY FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

Mrs. WEINSTEIN. I would like to say that on February 2, 1945, a resolution was passed by the New York City Federation of Women's Clubs, which is as follows:

Whereas training is a fundamental factor for the success of any endeavor; and Whereas it is generally conceded that to be prepared for war is one of the most effective ways of preserving peace: Therefore, be it

Resolved, That the New York City Federation of Women's Clubs in convention assembled on February 2, 1945, approves the principle of universal military training for young men in peacetime, and favors having the United States adopt such a policy, making the schedules of military training flexible enough to insure minimum dislocation in the educational and business life of young men, and upon the completion of the required military training, that trainees who do not enlist in the regular organizations shall be enrolled in reserve components; be it further Resolved, That copies of this declaration be sent to the President of the United States, and to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives.

I would like to say at this time that there were about 500 delegates present when this particular resolution was passed. The only note against it was from a woman who spoke against it and she wanted to have the resolution held up until men came home from overseas.

She thought that the men overseas should have something to do about it. That was the only opposing note. Otherwise it seemed everybody was in favor of it.

I would like to say, too, that the federation is composed of 250,000 women and it has several large federations connected with it. We are very happy, indeed, to work aong with you in this work because we are most in favor of it.

Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you very much, Mrs. Weinstein.
Any questions of Mrs. Weinstein by the committee?

If not, thank you very much.

I have a letter from a man who is overseas and I think for the information of the committee I shall read it into the record.

I will state that there are other letters that will be read as the hear

ings progress.

This letter is dated May 25, 1945, and was sent from Liege, Belgium. Attached to this letter is a little notice that came out in the Stars and Stripes to the effect that this committee would have hearings on universal military training and it was through that medium that this veteran received the information.

DEAR SIRS: I am not a General Eisenhower or a General Marshall; neither am I another Pvt. "Sad Sack." I am just annother infantryman, with the same thoughts, ideas, and ideals as most doughfeet. Unlike most of the foot soldiers, however, I have an opportunity to express those thoughts and ideals. I don't,