Chairman WOODRUM. Thank you very much, Admiral Jacobs. Are there any questions? Mr. Andrews would like to ask you a question, Admiral. Militia. As I understand it, that whole idea has been absorbed within Mr. ANDREWs. Admiral, there is no mention made here of the Naval the Naval Reserve. Admiral JACOBS. YES. Mr. ANDREWS. What would be the future in that respect? Admiral JACOBS. Well, the Navy has had no Naval Militia, as such, for several years. MILITARY TRAINING SOURCES OF TRAINING Those who were members of the State militias had membership in the State militia but they were also members in the organized Reserve of the Navy. Mr. ANDREWS. Is it your understanding that the State Militia might be continued and contribute units of that type? Admiral JACOBS. Yes; that should be up to the States themselves. Mr. ANDREWS. Under a legislative policy by the State? Admiral JACOBS. That is correct. Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Wadsworth. Mr. WADSWORTH. Could you give us, in round figures, the number of Reserve officers now on duty in the greatly expanded Navy, as compared to the number of regular officers? Admiral JACOBS. It is in the ratio of 10 to 1. I would like to expand further on that. We count, in our regular officers, those enlisted men who have been promoted as temporary officers in the Regular Navy. If you are referring to Naval Academy graduates, the ratio is probably more nearly 30 to 1. Mr. WADSWORTH. 30 to 18 Admiral JACOBS. Yes. Mr. WADSWORTH. In other words, generally speaking, 30 officers out of every 31 are really citizen-sailor officers! Admiral JACOBS. Either from the Reserve or from the enlisted ranks-that is correct, sir. Mr. WADSWORTH. And is it your belief that that situation would prevail in the future, in the event of a major emergency? Admiral JACOBS. I think the training, in an expanded Navy, would require more regularly trained-more trained regular officers, and we are working to that end now. Mr. WADSWORTH. I mean, in proportion. Admiral JACOBS. No; the proportion-I should say, if war were to occur in another 10 years and we have in effect the plan which we are working on, the proportion then probably would be more in the ratio of 5 or 6 to 1. Mr. WADSWORTH. In other words, the procurement of Reserve officers is obviously of enormous importance. Admiral JACOBS. It is. Mr. WADSWORTH. And, as I understand it, you adhere to the belief that, with some possible exceptions, very few in number probablythat no person should become a Reserve officer in the naval service until he has had that 1 year of training? Admiral JACOBS. Yes, and no one should go to the Military or Naval Academy until he has had that 1 year. Mr. WADSWORTH. I was going to ask you that. Admiral JACOBS. That is my firm belief. Mr. WADSWORTH. In other words, they all start from scratch. Mr. WADSWORTH. And you think that that should apply to the nominations to the Naval Academy? Admiral JACOBS. Yes. Mr. WADSWORTH. Only young men who have gone through the training can be nominated by a Congressman? Admiral JACOBS. Yes. Mr. WADSWORTH. I agree with you; but it opens up a very interesting vista—that problem of producing officers. You expect, of course, to use and expand the Naval ROTC? Mr. WADSWORTH. Is it your idea that of course it is obviousthat no youngster can take a Naval ROTC course until he has had that year of training? Admiral JACOBS. That is right. Mr. WADSWORTH. And is it your view that during that period of training his competency should be carefully observed, and at or near the time of his completion, he should be certified as eligible for ROTC? Admiral JACOBS. Either that, or we would have his record, and when his application came in, we would go over his record-it probably would be better to have him certified during his training period. Mr. WADSWORTH. You would open the door for every youngster if he is working to earn a commission in the Reserve? Admiral JACOBS. That is correct, sir. Mr. WADSWORTH. Without limitation as to future rank? Admiral JACOBS. Well, the future rank of course depends on his application to training after he becomes a member of the Reserve. Mr. WADSWORTH. Yes, of course; but I mean, if he should earn his way upward, there would be no artificial barriers to his promotion? Admiral JACORS. None. Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Snyder. Mr. SNYDER. Admiral, did I understand you to say that no young man should be eligible for West Point or Annapolis until he has had 1 year of this training? Admiral JACOBS. Yes, sir. Mr. SNYDER. Then, during this year which you say there should be some course in this military training-do you think there should be a course of instruction along the line of mathematics and science, English especially, that would keep his mentality alert? Admiral JACOBS. No, sir, he should take the same training as everyone else. Mr. SNYDER. Thank you; that is all. Chairman WOODRUM. Admiral, I was told, a day or two ago, in a very interesting statement, that a large proportion of the new classes going into West Point-and that is probably true of the Naval Academy-in this next class, are men who have had considerable active military service. Admiral JACOBS. That is true, sir. I don't know the percentage. Chairman WOODRUM. Some of them are already officers, are they not? Admiral JACOBS. Some of them have given up their Reserve commissions to go into the Academy. Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Andrews. Mr. ANDREWS. Following Mr. Wadsworth's questions, the ratio of 30 out of 31-it is reasonable to assume that you probably will have a very large number of applications from Reserve officers to become permanent officers? Admiral JACOBS. We hope so. Mr. ANDREWS. It is a good possibility, at the present time? Mr. ANDREWS. So, carrying the matter further, it is possible that within a reasonably short time there would be a question of whether or not, with universal military training, you will enlarge the regular officer personnel? Admiral JACOBS. There is legislation on its way to Congress now, proposed by the Navy Department, to take care of that problem. Mr. ANDREWS. On the other hand, the Academies-I have been interested in that. I have withheld a bill which would make it mandatory for any young man, in order to be eligible for admission to Annapolis or West Point, to have first served a year in the service, in the Navy or any other branch, before his nomination to Annapolis or West Point, but it seems to me that that bill might well be withheld until we know whether or not we are going to get universal military training. Admiral JACOBS. I think it would be wise. Mr. ANDREWS. If we get universal military training, it is only natural to suppose that practically every man nominated for an Academy would have had this training. Admiral JACOBS. Yes. Chairman WOODRUM. Are there any more questions? Mr. Cole? Mr. COLE. May I supplement Mr. Wadsworth's questions as to the ratio of Regular and Reserve officers in the Navy? What is the ratio between the Regular Navy, Annapolis officers, and the Regular officers who have been commissioned from the ranks would it be 3 to 1? Admiral JACOBS. About 3 to 1-between 4 and 3 to 1-and they are all temporary officers. Mr. COLE. Three or four-to-one Admiral JACOBS. Three or four from the ranks to one Annapolis graduate. Mr. WADSWORTH. One other point: In the event we have universal military training, following the policy you are arguing that no youngster should go to either West Point or Annapolis until he has had that year of training-of course that would result in youngsters entering the Academies on an average of a year older than is now the case. Admiral JACOBS. I would be willing to accept that, for a better product. Mr. WADSWORTH. That occurred to me, and I wondered what your reaction was. Admiral JACOBS. I would be willing to accept that, for a better end product. I feel it would be better. Mr. WADSWORTH. In other words, that year of training is not a year lost, for Annapolis or West Point? Admiral JACOBS. No, sir. Chairman WOODRUM. Mr. Sparkman? Mr. SPARKMAN. Admiral, in the Navy prior to the war did you have any civilian officers, I mean officers that had come up from civilian life, or were they all from the Academy? Admiral JACOBS. The ranks of the Regular Navy prior to the beginning of the Second World War were made up of Naval Academy graduates; that is, the ranks of the naval officers, men who had come in after the First World War from the Naval Reserve, men who had |