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and selection strains of field crops more resistant to drought; and studies the physiology of drought resistance. Special attention is given to the development of long staple cotton in the Southwest. In charge of the work is a Physiologist.

Office of Cotton, Rubber, and Other Tropical Plants. The work of this Office is directed chiefly to the acclimatization in the South and Southwest of varieties of cotton, corn, and other crop plants of tropical origin, including the breeding of superior varieties of cotton and the development of cultural methods to meet boll-weevil conditions. It also conducts the rubber-producing investigations recently authorized by Congress. It is directed by a Botanist.

Office of Fiber-Plants. The Office of Fiber-Plants is concerned with the fiber-producing plants which are likely to prove of value and with the encouragement of fiber-plant industries in the United States. At the head of the work is a Botanist.

Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases. The Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases deals with the genetics, culture, adaptation, and uses of cereal crops, the prevention of cereal diseases, the cultivation of seed-flax, and the production and improvement of broom corn. An Agronomist is in charge. There is a large number of field stations.

Office of Forage Crops. The forage-crop investigations include methods of production, development, and dissemination of seeds of new and rare varieties of value; extension of forage crops, including plants used for green manuring and soil binding, into regions to which they are adapted; and coöperation in the introduction and extension of new crops. An Agrostologist is in charge of the Office.

Office of Drug, Poisonous, and Oil Plants. The investigations conducted by this Office include the commercial culture and production of drug, oil-seed, volatile-oil, and related crops; the utilization of waste materials of the canning and fruit-packing industries as sources of oils and other valuable products; the improvement of the active-principle content of drug plants; and the properties and geographic distribution of poisonous plants. The Office is in charge of a Physiologist.

Office of Plant Geography and Physiology. This Office is concerned with the investigation of the physiological processes in plants, including the carbohydrate metabolism of vegetables during growth and in storage; the nitrogen metabolism and protein syn

thesis of plants; the pigment and surface coverings of plants; natural vegetation as an indicator of environmental conditions of soil and climate; the effect of low temperature on plants; the cell sap of plants and the relation of changes therein to certain plant diseases and to physiological behavior; and the absorption of salts by plants. A Physiologist is in charge.

Office of Sugar Plants. The Office of Sugar Plants is concerned with all factors affecting the production and improvement of sugar plants. This includes the study of diseases as well as breeding, selection, and importation of varieties, cultural methods, the handling and utilization of the raw material and by-products, and the relation of sugar crops to other farm activities. A Pathologist is in charge of the work.

Office of Dry-Land Agriculture. This Office aims to determine the possibilities and limitations of agriculture in the semi-arid regions of the West, the cultural methods necessary for profitable production, and the fundamental principles of dry-farming. An Agriculturist is in charge.

Office of Western Irrigation Agriculture. In coöperation with the Bureau of Reclamation this Office is engaged in the development of agriculture on irrigated lands in the West and in testing various crops that may be grown under irrigation. The work is directed by an Agriculturist.

Office of Botany. This Office maintains collections of cultivated plants and makes systematic studies of grasses and other plants of economic importance. It compiles for publication information on native plants, identifies and tests wild and little known plants, devises methods for the control and eradication of weeds, and conducts experiments with a view to improving the grazing areas on the public lands. A Botanist is responsible for this work.

Office of Nematology. The work of this Office is divided between investigations of the nematodes, or threadworms, which infest the roots of important crops, such as the sugar beet, and technological investigations dealing with the improvement of methods of crop production. A Nematologist is in charge.

Biophysical Laboratory. This Office studies physical problems connected with the work of the Bureau, especially those in relation to dry-land agriculture, including the water requirements and

nutrition of crop plants and the influence of the physical environment-heat, light, moisture, etc., on the growth of crops and the development of special varietal characters. The work is under a Botanist.

Pathological Laboratory. This is the central working laboratory for all of the pathological investigations conducted by the Bureau. A Pathologist is in charge.

Office of Mycology and Disease Survey. This Office maintains a large collection of specimens of all plant parasites and other fungi, systematically arranged, records the geographical distribution, annual prevalence, and rate of spread of diseases of economic plants, and estimates the amount of loss resulting therefrom. It studies epidemics in relation to environment, and gathers and publishes information on the appearance of new or dangerous diseases, resistance and susceptibility of varieties to disease, and the effectiveness of measures of control. It is under a Mycologist.

Office of Fruit Diseases. The Office of Fruit Diseases is concerned with the diseases of nuts, fruits, and fruit and nut trees and methods of control or prevention. It studies the decay and spoilage of fruits in transit, storage, and on the market, and, in coöperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, it makes pathological inspections of fruit during marketing. In charge is a Pathologist.

Office of Citrus Canker Eradication. Under the Associate Chief of the Bureau coöperative work is being done in the South to eradicate citrus canker through inspection, soil treatment, spraying, and the destruction of diseased trees.

Office of Vegetable and Forage Diseases. This Office is concerned with the diseases of garden vegetables, forage plants, and ornamental plants, including methods of prevention and control, and diseases of cotton and of forage and related plants. In coöperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics it studies the problem of deterioration of vegetables in storage and in transportation. It is in charge of a Pathologist.

Office of Forest Pathology. The investigations in forest pathology cover diseases affecting forest and shade trees, shrubs, and timber. They are conducted in coöperation with the Forest Service under the direction of a Pathologist.

Office of Blister-Rust Control. The Office conducts a coöperative campaign against the white-pine blister-rust, with the aim of

controlling it in the Eastern States and preventing or retarding its spread into the West. A Pathologist directs the work, and the coöperators are state officers in infected areas.

Office of Gardens and Grounds. The scientific work of this Office has to do with the inspection and fumigation of plants, seed testing and propagation of ornamental plants, and experiments with florists' crops. It is also charged with the maintenance of the greenhouses and plant collections in Washington and also of the grounds of the Department of Agriculture. An Assistant is in charge.

Arlington Experimental Farm. The farm at Arlington is the main field laboratory for the Bureau of Plant Industry and also for other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture. Its operations are directed by a Superintendent.

APPENDIX I

OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION

EXPLANATORY NOTE

The purpose of Outlines of Organization in this series of Monographs is to show in detail the organization and personnel of the several services of the national government to which they relate. They have been prepared in accordance with the plan followed by the President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency in its outlines of the organization of the United States government.' They differ from those outlines, however, in that whereas the Commission's report showed only organization units, the presentation herein has been carried far enough to show the personnel embraced in each organization unit.

These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means of making known the organization of the several services. If kept revised to date, they constitute exceedingly important tools of administration. They permit the directing personnel to see at a glance the organization and personnel at their disposal. They establish definitely the line of administrative authority and enable each employee to know his place in the system. They furnish the essential basis of plans for determining costs by organization division and sub-division. They afford the data for a consideration of the problem of classifying and standardizing personnel and compensation. Collectively they make it possible to determine the number and location of organization units of any particular kind, such as laboratories, libraries, blue-print rooms, or other plants, to what services attached and where located, or to determine what services are maintaining stations at any city or point in the United States. The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified statement of the technical and other facilities at the

162 Cong., H. doc. 458, 1912, 2 vols.

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