advice (i. 3. 233), judgment, consideration. O. F. avis; < Late L. Lat. *ad-visum. Written ad-vis in 15th century through influence of Latin. Originally, "the way a thing is looked at, opinion, judgment' (Murray). Similarly, advised (i. 3. 188), 'with judgment'.

allow (v. 2. 40), recognize, sanction. O. F. alouer represents both L. allaudare, 'commend', and allocare, 'place'; the notions of approval and of granting being sufficiently near to help the identification. In M. E. and Ê. E. the former predominates, in Mod. E. the latter. The ll is due to the influence of Latin.

amazing (i. 3. 81). See note. annoyance (iii. 2. 16), what produces hatred, injury. Formed from the simple annoy (subst.). O. F. anoy, probably from Lat. in odio in the phrase 'est mihi in odio', 'it is to me hateful'; O. Venet. contains the full form inodio, dislike'. The word is thence far more forcible than in Mod. E. The M. E. anoy was often shortened to noy; was hence interpreted as if from a-noy, and the n doubled in 15th century by form association with words like announce (Murray).

antic (iii. 2.162), grotesque figure. Apparently from Ital. antico, 'old', but from the first applied in England in the sense of Ital. grottesco, i.e. bizarre', 'odd' (from the fantastic representations of forms found in underground caverns (grottoes) of Rome; hence used in 16th and 17th

centuries in all the senses of the later-borrowed word 'grotesque' (Murray), being applied e.g. to gargoyles, grotesque pageants or antimasks, and, as here, to the skele

ton which symbolized Death. So Donne, elegies

"Name not these living Deaths-heds unto me, For these not ancient but antique be";

and 1 Henry VI. iv. 7. 18, "Thou antic Death, which laugh'st us here to scorn".

appeach (v. 2. 79), impeach. Represents an earlier anpeche, M. E. or O. F. form of empêcher. < L. impedicare, 'catch by the feet', entangle ' (Murray). Colloquially shortened to peach.

approved (ii. 3. 44), tried, attested by experience. Approve <0. F. aprover, Lat. ad-probare, 'to make good'; hence 'show', 'demonstrate'. The Mod. E. use refers rather to the result of demonstration, i.e. 'assent'; an instance of the frequent development of meaning from cause to effect. See

inherits below.

atone (i. 1. 202), reconcile; from M. E. at oon ('at one'), the pronunciation of which was preserved through the isolation of the compound from its parts in meaning, even when one came to be pronounced, as now, wan.

attach (ii. 3. 156), arrest; O. F. atachier, from a root probably cognate with English tack; hence probably 'to tack to'. "The... sense of 'arrest' arose in Ang. Fr. and

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Eng. as an elliptical expression for | 'attach by some tie to the jurisdiction of a court', i.e. so that it shall have a hold on the party. A man might thus be attached' or nailed 'by his body', 'by his goods and chattels, or by sureties for his appearance'. In the first two cases 'attachment' consisted of arrest and detention" (Murray).

attainder (iv. 1. 24), dishonouring accusation; a figurative use of the legal term, which meant the legal consequences of judgment of death or outlawry', i.e. the forfeiture of estate, extinction of all civil rights. <O. F. ateindre, 'to attain', used as a substitute; hence to strike, seize, condemn'; 'subsequently warped by association with F. teindre, 'to stain', and thus defined by lawyers as the stain or corruption of blood of a criminally condemned", i.e. his inability to inherit or bequeath (Murray).

"

baffling (i. 1. 170), disgracing. The immediate source was the Northern dialectic bauchle, originally used of a punishment inflicted on recreant knights. The further history of the word is very obscure. Cf. Murray s.v.

band (i. 1. 2), bond. M. E. band, bond, from *band, the stem of O. E. bind-an, 'to bind', but not itself found in O. E. In M. E. the a before nd was variously treated in different dialects; in Langland it is a, in Chaucer g (Sweet, Hist. E. Sounds, 646). Bond and band thence passed into E. E. in senses which then partly overlapped, but have since served to differentiate the two words: 'band' having now reference chiefly to physical, 'bond' chiefly to moral, or legal, ties.

barbed (iii. 3. 117), armed or caparisoned with a barb or bard, i.e. a covering for the breast and flanks of a war-horse, made of metal plates, or of leather set with metal spikes or bosses. Properly barded,

from bard, <F. barde, 'horsearmour', probably from Arabic (Murray).

bay (ii. 3. 128), to the bay. See note. "Two different words seem to be here inextricably confused. Originally to hold at bay seems < O. F. tenir a bay, where bay means the state of suspense...indicated by the open mouth (late Lat. badare, to open the mouth'. But to stand at bay...corresponds to Mod. F. être aux abois, to be at close quarters with the barking dogs'; and bay is here aphetically formed from O. F. abai, 'barking" (Murray).

beholding (iv. 1. 160), obliged, indebted; an E. E. corruption of the part. beholden of M. E. beholden <O.E. be-healdan, 'to obtain, hold; behold, attend to'. The sense of oblige, engage, is not found except in the partic., but arises easily out of the sense to hold'. Mur

"

ray suggests that the general acceptance of beholding may have been due to a notion that it meant

looking' (e.g. with respect or dependence)".

beshrew (iii. 2. 204), a mild imprecation, often playful. M. E. beshrewen had the stronger and older sense, 'to make evil, corrupt'; <M. E. shrewe, 'evil' (the shrewe was often the devil'). The O. E. screáwa has only the sense 'shrew(or barn-) mouse', but this was doubtless the same word, meaning the destructive one'. The word mouse its f means 'stealer'.

bespeak (v. 2. 20), O. E. besprecan, to speak of (about)'. In M. E. it acquired also the sense of speaking with, to. This is the

commonest sense in E. E. as here. The Mod. E. sense to order' is a

specialization of the original sense. It also occurs in Shakespeare.

betid (v. 1.42), happened. M. E. be-tiden, 'happen', a synonym of tiden <O. E. tid-an, happen.

boot (i. 1. 164), 'help, redress'. O. E. bót, (1) advantage, profit; (2) amends. The legal sense of atonement for an offence arose from the general one of 'profit', as in the Germ. Busse, 'fine', 'penance'.

caitiff (i. 2. 53), captive (fig. as being vanquished). <Norm. F. caitif, 'captive, weak, miserable', Lat. captivum. Note that its Norm. origin is marked by the retention of Lat. c before a; which most French dialects turned to ch (cf. cattle and chattel, castle and F. château; caitiff itself and F. chétif.) The words catch and chase have come to us, the one from the Picard dialect, the other from some dialect of central France.

chopping (v. 3. 124), changing. This sense is clearly attested in 16th

-17th centuries. Cotgrave gives 'chop' as an equivalent of F. troquer, changer. Not found in M.E. Skeat's account of it as a 'weakened' form of M. E. (< Du.) copen, 'barter', is hardly tenable; but it is probably connected with the purely English form of the same root seen in cheap.

climate (iv. I. 130), region. O. Fr. climat, < Lat. clima, Gk. λía. Properly a zone of the earth, "contemplated in its slope or inclination from the equator toward the pole". So in astrology, 'a region of the sky'. In E. E. it means (1) a region of the earth (as here), and especially (2) with reference to its atmospheric conditions (as in Md. E.).

"The mathematical geographers of antiquity were wont to run imaginary parallel lines to the equator; and the successive climates of the earth were the regions between these lines" (Trench, Select Glossary).

commend (iii. 3. 116), hand over, commit; < Lat. commendare through O. F. The Latin word (from mandare) means (1) to 'put

in the care of', 'commit to'. (2) through the praise natural in thus putting a person in the care of another, 'to praise'. In E. E. sense (1) preponderates.

complexion (iii. 2. 194), appearance. (1) The word (< Lat. complexion-em, through O. F. and M.E.) meant in M. E. constitution', 'temperament', and referred like the latter word to the four Humours

mixed, in varying proportions, in each human body; so Chaucer, "of his complexion he was sanguin". Thence it denoted, as now, (2) the outer appearance of the face, as an index of temperament, and then (3) outer appearance in general, as here. All three meanings are common in Shakespeare.

complices (ii. 3. 165), accomplices. The form, still preserved in complicity, was common in E. E. < F. complice, Lat. complic-em: prop. 'one engaged in, concerned in' (a plot, &c. ).

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conceit (ii. 2. 33), imagination, anything conceived. M. E. conceit, 'notion', <O. F. conceit, < Lat. concept-um. In Shakespeare it refers mostly to inventive power, mental capacity, and never alone

has the modern sense of 'a vain conceit of oneself'.

convey (iv. 1. 317), accompany, escort, convoy. <M. E. conveien, < O. F. conveier, L. Lat. conviare. (1) Properly to bring on the way', 'accompany', of persons; but also said in M. E., where they were carried, or in the Mod. E. sense, conveyed; hence (2) used also of inanimate things (which could not be 'conveyed' otherwise), and especially (3) of secret carrying, e.g. an onion which is a napkin being close conveyed", Taming of the Shrew, Ind., and so (4) of stealing. Richard plays upon senses (1) and (4).

"

cozening (ii. 2. 69), cheating, beguiling. F.cousiner, <cousin,“to claime kindred for advantage...;

In

as he who, to save charges in travelling, goes from house to house, as cosin to the honour of everyone" (Cotgrave, quot. Skeat). E. E. the word means simply 'cheat', especially by wheedling or cajolery, an easy development of sense: it was not felt to be a derivative of 'cousin'; the incessant coupling of the two words is witticism, not etymology.

defend. See note i. 3. 18.

determinate (i. 3. 150), set a limit to. A verb formed from the p. part. of L. determinare (> O. F. determiner) determinate, found in M. E. as a part. adj. determinat. The conversion of participles into verbs, without change of form, was one of the most striking features of English word-making in the 15th-16th century. Few, if any, clear cases of verbs in -ate are older than the 16th. Dr. Murray, in his admirable article on this suffix (Eng. Dict. -ate3) has shown that it arose through the existence in 15thcentury English of other classes of verbs with identical p. part. and infin., e.g. 'confuse' (Fr. confus, from L. part. confusum).

disparked. See note to iii. 1. 22.

eager (i. 1. 49), sharp, biting. M. E. egre, O. F. egre, Lat. acrem (acer).

ear (iii. 2. 212), plough. M. E. erien, O. E. erian. The ea, which in Mod. E. commonly represents O.E. and M. E. e beforer (cf. swear, M.E. | swerien; spear, M. E. spere; bear, M. E. beren, &c.), probably expressed in E. E. two varieties of e since diphthongated to ea (swear, bear) or ia (spiar). See word lists in Sweet, Hist. Eng. Sounds, p. 306. envy (i. 2. 21), hatred, ill-will. M. F. envie, O.F. envie, L. invidiam. The meaning fluctuates in E. E. between this and the special ill-will provoked by another's excellence or success.

exactly (i. 1. 140), in set terms. Lat. exactum; exigere, 'weigh'; hence 'accurately measured', 'definite, distinct, explicit'.

expedient (i. 4. 39), prompt. expedience (ii. 1. 287), rapidity, haste. 16th-century formations through French, from Lat. ex-pedire, properly 'to disengage the feet', hence to remove obstacles', 'enable to act freely, and so promptly'. Cf. Mod. E. expedite, expedition. Thence, a course which tends to remove or avoid obstacles is 'expedient'; a sense also common in E. E., now exclusive.

favour (iv. 1. 168), features, faces. M. E. favour, not from O. F. faveur, as Skeat says (an impossible sound change), but from a Norm. F. favor, Lat. favor-em, 'kindliness', 'favour'. The transition of meaning is the common one from a mental disposition to the face which expresses it; cf. countenance, and the inverse transition in cheer (< cara, 'head').

foil (i. 3. 266), 'setting', used technically of the metal surface or ground in which jewelry was inlaid and which served to throw it off. Like the last, anAnglo-Norm. word, <O. F. foil, Lat. folium, 'leaf'.

fond (v. I. 101; 2. 95, 101), foolish. An adjective from the M. E. p. part. fonned of fonnen, 'to be foolish', 'play the fool', from M. E. fon, 'foolish', 'fool'. The modern sense arose from the association of warm feeling with intellectual feebleness: cf. the inverse transition in Mod. E. silly <O. E. sæl, 'happiness', 'bliss'.

forfend (iv. I. 129), forbid, prohibit. M. E. forfenden, 'ward off', from fenden, often used in M. E. for defenden, Lat. defendere. The resemblance of meaning between de in this word and the Eng. for in for-bid (enjoin off, away, de-precate) caused the formation of this hybrid compound.

fretted (iii. 3. 167), worn away. O.E. fret-an, 'consume', 'devour', not 'contracted from for-etan" (Skeat), but from fra-etan (with syncope of a), < Goth. fra, usually represented in O. E. by for. So O. E. fræfele, 'wild', 'senseless', (Germ. Frevel) fra, combined with root of O. N. afl-s, strength'; and Germ. fr-essen, 'devour'. (Kluge, s.v. 'fressen'.) The verb, though strong in O. E., is commonly weak in E. E.; but the p. part. freten lingers in the form fretten once found in Shakespeare (Merchant of Venice, iv. 1. 77 Quartos).

gage (i. 1. 60), pledge. See note. <O.F. gage, formed, not "from Lat. vadi-, vas" (Skeat), but from a Germanic stem wadjo- preserved in Goth. wadi, O. E. wedd ('wed-| lock'), Germ. wette, 'pledge'. (Kluge, s.v. wett.)

glose (ii. 1. 10), flatter, speak insincerely or idly, babble; < M.E. glosen, O. F. gloser, from glose, <L. glossa, 'explanation', 'gloss', 'comment', and so any misleading presentation of truth, especially with a view to please, 'flattery'. The word had already been borrowed in O. E. glésan (with imutation).

gnarling (i. 3. 292), snarling, growling. "Gnarl is the frequentative of gnar, 'to snarl', with the usual added 7; an imitative word. Cf. Ger.knurren, 'growl'" (Skeat). Used by Shakespeare only once elsewhere, "where wolves are gnarling" (2 Henry VI. iii. 1. 192).

gripe (iii. 3. 80), seize, clasp. O. E. grip-an, whence also grope and grip. Unlike these words 'gripe' has now passed out of the literary language.

haught (iv. 1. 254), haughty; a form of haughty used by Shakespeare only in the early plays (Henry VI., Richard III.).

Haughty is an Anglicized form of Fr. hautain, < Lat. alt-us.

haviour (i. 3. 77), bearing, deportment. A shortened E. E. form of be-haviour, an anomalously formed subst. from M. E. be-habben, behave, O. E. be-hæbban (from hæbban, ‘to have, hold'). Properly, the 'holding or conducting oneself well'. Skeat (s.v. behaviour) suggests that the French suffix may have been due to confusion with aver, havoir (< Lat. habere), 'property'.

imp (ii. 1. 292), piece out', a technical hawking term; see note. <M. E. ymp-en, O. E. imp-ian, 'graft'. This was probably a very early loan-word from Latin (before 7th century), but cannot be taken directly from Lat. imputare. Kluge (s.v. Impfen) suggests an intermediate link, * impo(d)are; Pogatscher (382), a link, *impetan, which, by the analogy of the O. E. verbs in -et(t)an, may have led to the coinage of the simple imp-ian. The word is also discussed by Franz, Lat. Elem. im A.H.D. p. 17. The word prop (< Lat. propago, a cutting') has a partly parallel history. See ap

impeach (i. 1. 170). peach, above.

imprese (iii. 1. 25), device, emblem on an escutcheon. The Quartos read imprese in this passage, the Folios impress, indicating the growing naturalization of the word. < Ital. impresa, 'heraldic device', as being impressed or engraved upon a shield. For the meaning cf. emblem < Gk. έμβλημα (βάλλω).

incontinent (v. 6. 48), forthwith. < F. incontinent, 'immediately' (lit. 'without holding oneself in', so 'with the utmost speed, instantly'.

inherits (ii. 1. 83), possesses. M. E. inheriten, enheriten, <O. F. en-heriter, < L. hereditare, 'to become heir to'. Current in poetry,