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a third," Poison for the king." Having made this provision for the royal family of France, he laid his papers so that his landlord, who was an inquisitive man, and a good subject, might get a sight of them.

The plot succeeded as he desired. The host gave immediate intelligence to the secretary of state. The secretary presently sent down a special messenger, who brought up the traitor to court and provided him at the king's expense with proper accommodations on the road. As soon as he appeared, he was known to be the celebrated Rabelais, and his powder upon examination being found very innocent, the jest was only laughed at; for which a less eminent droll would have been sent to the galleys.

Trade and commerce might doubtless be still varied a thousand ways, out of which would arise such branches as have not yet been touched. The famous Doily is still fresh in every one's memory, who raised a fortune by finding out materials for such stuffs as might at once be cheap and genteel. I have heard it affirmed, that had not he discovered this frugal method of gratifying our pride, we should hardly have been able to carry on the last war.

I regard trade not only as highly advantageous to the commonwealth in general, but as the most natural and likely method of making a man's fortune: having observed, since my being a Spectator in the world, greater estates got about 'Change, than at Whitehall or St. James's. I believe I may also add, that the first acquisitions are generally attended with more satisfaction, and as good

a conscience.

never to think; there is something so solemn in reflection, they, forsooth, can never give themselves time for such a way of employing themselves. It happens often that this sort of man is heavy enough in his nature to be a good proficient in such matters as are attainable by industry; but, alas! he has such an ardent desire to be what he is not, to be too volatile, to have the faults of a person of spirit, that he professes himself the most unfit man living for any manner of applica tion. When this humor enters into the head of a female, she generally professes sickness upon all occasions, and acts all things with an indisposed air. She is offended, but her mind is too lazy to raise her to anger, therefore she lives only as actuated by a violent spleen, and gentle scorn. She has hardly curiosity to listen to scandal of her acquaintance, and has never attention enough to hear them commended. This affectation in both sexes makes them vain of being useless, and take a certain pride in their insignificancy.

Opposite to this folly is another no less unreasonable, and that is, the "impertinence of being always in a hurry." There are those who visit ladies, and beg pardon, before they are well seated in their chairs, that they just called in, but are obliged to attend business of importance elsewhere the very next moment. Thus they run from place to place, professing that they are obliged to be still in another company than that which they are in. These persons who are just a-going somewhere else should never be detained; let all the world allow that business is to be minded, and their affairs will be at an end. Their vanity is to be importuned, and compliance with I must not, however, close this essay without their multiplicity of affairs will effectually disobserving, that what has been said is only in-patch them. The traveling ladies, who have half tended for persons in the common ways of thriv- the town to see in an afternoon, may be pardoned ing, and is not designed for those men who from for being in a constant hurry; but it is inexcusalow beginnings push themselves up to the top of ble in men to come where they have no business, states, and the most considerable figures in life. to profess they absent themselves where they My maxim of saving is not designed for such as have. It has been remarked by some nice observ these, since nothing is more usual than for thrift ers and critics, that there is nothing discovers the to disappoint the ends of ambition; it being al- true temper of a person so much as his letters. I most impossible that the mind should be intent have by me two epistles, which are written by two upon trifles, while it is at the same time forming people of the different humors above-mentioned. some great design. It is wonderful that a man cannot observe upon himself when he sits down to write, but that he will gravely commit himself to paper the same man that he is in the freedom of conversation. I have hardly seen a line from any of these gentle but spoke them as absent from what they were doing, as they profess they are when they come into company. For the folly is, that they have persuaded themselves they really are busy Thus their whole time is spent in suspense of the present moment to the next, and then from the next to the succeeding, which, to the end of life is to pass away with pretense to many things, and execution of nothing.

I may therefore compare these men to a great poet, who, as Longinus says, while he is full of the most magnificent ideas, is not always at leisure to mind the little beauties and niceties of his art.

I would, however, have all my readers take great care how they mistake themselves for uncommon geniuses, and men above rule, since it is very easy for them to be deceived in this particular.-X.

No. 294.] FRIDAY, JANUARY 25, 1711–12.

Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo.*
VIRG., Eel. vii, 17.
Their mirth to share, I bid my business wait.

AN unaffected behavior is without question a very great charm; but under the notion of being unconstrained and disengaged, people take upon them to be unconcerned in any duty of life. A general negligence is what they assume upon all occasions, and set up for an aversion to all man ner of business and attention. "I am the carelessest creature in the world, I have certainly the worst memory of any man living," are frequent expressions in the mouth of a pretender of this sort. It is a professed maxim with these people

*The motto of the original paper in folio was what is now the motto of No. 54. "Strenua nos exercet inertia."-HOR,

men,

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Ne, quicunque Deus, quicunque adhibebitur heros,
Regali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro,
Migret in obscuras humili sermone tabernas;
Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet.
HOR., Ars. Poet., ver. 227.
But then they did not wrong themselves so much,
To make a god, a hero, or a king,
(Stript of his golden crown, and purple robe)
Descend to a mechanic dialect;

ever, though I have drank the waters, and am | No. 285.] SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1711-12 told I ought not to use my eyes so much, I cannot forbear writing to you, to tell you I have been to the last degree hipped since I saw you. How could you entertain such a thought, as that I could hear of that silly fellow with patience? Take my word for it, there is nothing in it; and you may believe it when so lazy a creature as I am undergo the pains to assure you of it, by taking pen, ink, and paper in my hand. Forgive this; you know I shall not often offend in this kind.

"I am very

much Servant,
your
"BRIDGET EITHERDOWN."

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"MR. SPECTATOR,

Jan. 24, 1712.

as

Nor (to avoid such meanness) soaring high, With empty sound, and airy notions fly.-ROSCOMMON. HAVING already treated of the fable, the characters, and sentiments in Paradise Lost, we are in the last place, to consider the language; and as the learned world is very much divided upon Milton as to this point, I hope they will excuse me if I appear particular in any of my opinions, and incline to those who judge most advantageously of the author.

It is requisite that the language of a heroic poem should be both perspicuous and sublime. In proportion as either of these two qualities are wanting, the language is imperfect. Perspicuity is the first and most necessary qualification; insomuch that a good-natured reader sometimes overlooks a little slip even in the grammar or syntax, where it is impossible for him to mistake the Of this kind is that passage in poet's sense. Milton, wherein he speaks of Satan:

and

-God and his Son except,
Created thing naught valu'd he nor shunn'd:
that in which he describes Adam and Eve:

Adam the goodliest man of men since boru
His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve.

"I am clerk of the parish from whence Mrs. Simper sends her complaint, in your Spectator of Wednesday last. I must beg of you to publish this as a public admonition to the aforesaid Mrs. Simper, otherwise all my honest care in the disposition of the greens in the church will have no effect; I shall therefore, with your leave, lay be fore you the whole matter. I was formerly, she charges me, for several years a gardener in the county of Kent: but I most absolutely deny that it was out of any affection I retain for my old employment that I have placed my greens so liberally about the church, but out of a particular spleen I conceived against Mrs. Simper (and others of the As to herself, I same sisterhood) some time ago. had one day set the hundredth Psalm, and was singing the first line in order to put the congregation into the tune; she was all the while courtseying to Sir Anthony, in so affected and indecent a manner, that the indignation I conceived at it made me forget myself so far, as from the tune of that psalm to wander into Southwell tune, and from thence into Windsor tune, still unable to recover myself, until I had with the utmost confusion set a new one. Nay, I have often seen her rise up and smile, and courtsey to one at the lower end of the church in the midst of a Gloria Patri; and when I have spoken the assent to a prayer with a long Amen, untered with decent gravity, she has been rolling her eyes round about in such a manner, as plainly showed, however she was moved, it was not toward a heavenly object. In fine, she extended her If clearness and perspicuity were only to be conquests so far over the males, and raised such envy in the females, that what between the love consulted, the poet would have nothing else to do of those, and the jealousy of these, I was almost but to clothe his thoughts in the most plain and the only person that looked in a prayer-book all natural expressions. But since it often happens church-time. I had several projects in my head that the most obvious phrases, and those which to put a stop to this growing mischief; but as I are used in ordinary conversation, become too have long lived in Kent, and there often heard how familiar to the ear, and contract a kind of meanthe Kentish men evaded the Conqueror, by carry-ness by passing through the mouths of the vulgar; ing green boughs over their heads, it put me in mind of practicing this device against Mrs. Simper. I find I have preserved many a young man from her eye-shot by this means: therefore humbly pray the boughs may be fixed, until she shall give security for her peaceable intentions.

T.

"Your humble Servant,

FRANCIS STERNHOLD."

It is plain, that in the former of these passages, according to the natural syntax, the Divine Persons mentioned in the first line are represented as created beings; and that, in the other, Adam and Eve are confounded with their sons and daughters. Such little blemishes as these, when the thought is great and natural, we should, with Horace, impute to a pardonable inadvertency, or to the weakness of human nature, which cannot attend to each minute particular, and give the last finishing to every circumstance in so long a work. The ancient critics, therefore, who were actuated by a spirit of candor, rather than that of caviling, invented certain figures of speech, on purpose to palliate little errors of this nature in the writings of those authors who had so many greater beauties to atone for them.

a poet should take particular care to guard him-
self against idiomatic ways of speaking. Ovid
and Lucan have many poornesses of expression
upon this account, as taking up with the first
phrases that offered, without putting themselves
to the trouble of looking after such as would not
only have been natural, but also elevated and
sublime. Milton has but few failings in this kind,
of which, however, you may meet with some in
stances, as in the following passages:

Embryos and idiots, eremites and friars,
White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery
Here pilgrims roam-

A while discourse they hold,

No fear lest dinner cool; when thus began

Our author-

Who of all ages to succeed, but feeling

The evil on him brought by me, will cur

My head,- fare our ancestor impure, For this we may thank Adam.The great masters in composition know very well that many an elegant phrase becomes improper for a poet or an orator, when it has been debased by common use. For this reason the works of ancient anthors, which are written in dead languages, have a great advame over those which are written in languages at are now spoken. Were there any mean phrases or idioms in Virgil or Homer, they would not shock the ear of the most delicate modern reader, so much as they would have done that of an old Greek or Roman, because we never hear them pronounced in our streets, or in ordinary conversation.

It is not therefore sufficient, that the language of an epic poem be perspicuous, unless it be also sublime. To this end it ought to deviate from the common forms and ordinary phrases of speech. The judgment of a poet very much discovers itself in shunning the common roads of expression, without falling into such ways of speech as may seem stiff and unuatural: he must not swell into a false sublime, by endeavoring to avoid the other extreme. Among the Greeks, Eschylus, and sometimes Sophocles, were guilty of this fault; among the Latins, Claudian and Statius; and among our own countrymen, Shakspeare and Lee. In these authors the affectation of greatness often hurts the perspicuity of the style, as in many others the endeavor after perspicuity prejudices its greatness.

Aristotle has observed, that the idiomatic style may be avoided, and the sublime formed, by the following methods. First, by the use of metaphors: such are those of Milton:

Imparadis'd in one another's arms.
And in his hand a reed

Stood waving tipp'd with fire.-
The grassy clods now calv'd-
Spangled with eyes-

In these and innumerable other instances, the metaphors are very bold but just: I must however observe, that if the metaphors are not so thick sown in Milton, which always savors too much of wit, that they never clash with one another, which, as Aristotle observes, turns a sentence into a kind of enigma or riddle; and that he seldom has recourse to them where the proper and natural words will do as well.

Another way of raising the language, and giving it a poetical turn, is to make use of the idioms of other tongues. Virgil is full of the Greek forms of speech, which the critics call Hellenisms, as Horace in his odes abounds with them much more than Virgil. I need not mention the several dialects which Homer has made use of for this end. Milton, in conformity with the practice of the ancient poets, and with Aristotle's rule, has infused a great many Latiuisms, as well as Græcisms, and sometimes Hebraisms, into the language of his poem; as toward the beginning of it:

Nor did they not perceive the evil plight

In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel.
Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd--
-Who shall tempt with wandering feet
The dark unbottom'd infinite abyss,
And through the palpable obscure find out
His uncouth way, or spread his airy flight
Upborne with indefatigable wings
Over the vast abrupt?

So both ascend

In the visions of God.-BOOK II.

Under this head may be reckoned the placing the djective after the substantive, the transposition f words, the turning the adjective into a substantive, with several other foreign modes of

speech which this poet has naturalized to give his verse the greater sound, and throw it out of prose.

The third method mentioned by Aristotle, is what agrees with the genius of the Greek language more than with that of any other tongue, and is therefore more used by Homer than by any other poet. I mean the lengthening of a phrase by the addition of words, which may either be inserted or omitted, as also by the extending or contracting of particular words by the insertion or omission of certain syllables. Milton has put in practice this method of raising his language, as far as the nature of our tongue will permit, as in the passage above-mentioned, eremite, for what is hermit in common discourse. If you observe the measure of his verse, he has with great judg ment suppressed a syllable in several words, and shortened those of two syllables into one; by which method, beside the above-mentioned advantage, he has given a greater variety to his numbers. But this practice is more particularly remarkable in the names of persons and of countries, as Beelzebub, Hessebon, and in many other particulars, wherein he has either changed the name, or made use of that which is not the most commonly known, that he might the better deviate from the language of the vulgar.

The same reason recommended to him several old words; which also makes his poem appear the more venerable, and gives it a greater air of antiquity.

I must likewise take notice, that there are in Milton several words of his own coining, as “cerberean, miscreated, hell-doomed, embryon atoms," and many others. If the reader is offended at this liberty in our English poet, I would recommend to him a discourse in Plutarch, which shows us how frequently Homer has made use of the same liberty.

Milton, by the above-mentioned helps, and by the choice of the noblest words and phrases which our tongue would afford him, has carried our language to a greater height than any of the English poets have ever done before or after him, and made the sublimity of his style equal to that of his sentiments.

I have been the more particular in these observations on Milton's style, because it is in that part of him in which he appears the most singular. The remarks I have here made upon the practice of other poets, with my observations out of Aristotle, will perhaps alleviate the prejudice which some have taken to his poem upon this account; though after all I must confess that I think his style, though admirable in general, is in some places too much stiffened and obscured by the frequent use of those methods which Aristotle has prescribed for the raising of it.

This redundancy of those several ways of speech which Aristotle calls "foreign language," and with which Milton has so very much enriched, and in some places darkened, the language of his poem, was the more proper for his use, because his poem is written in blank verse. Rhyme, without any other assistance, throws the language off from prose, and very often makes an indifferent phrase pass unregarded; but where the verse is not built upon rhymes, there pomp of sound and energy of expression are indispensably necessary to support the style, and keep it from falling into the flatness of prose.

Those who have not a taste for this elevation of style, and are apt to ridicule a poet when he departs from the common forms of expression, would do well to see how Aristotle has treated an an cient author called Euclid, for his insipid mirth

upon this occasion. Mr. Dryden used to call these sort of men his prose-critics.

I should, under this head of the language, consider Milton's numbers, in which he has made use of several elisions, which are not customary among other English poets, as may be particularly observed in his cutting off the letter Y, when it precedes a vowel. This, and some other innovations in the measure of his verse, has varied his numbers in such a manner, as makes them incapable of satiating the ear, and cloying the reader, which the same uniform measure would certainly have done, and which the perpetual returns of rhyme never fail to do in long narrative poems. I shall close these reflections upon the language of Paradise Lost with observing, that Milton has copied after Homer rather than Virgil in the length of his periods, the copiousness of his phrases, and the running of his verses into one another. L.

than indelicacy, they would be immoral, did you treat the detestable sins of uncleanness in the same manner as you rally an impertinent self-love and an artful glance; as those laws would be very unjust that should chastise murder and petty lar ceny with the same punishment. Even delicacy requires that the pity shown to distressed indigent wickedness, first betrayed into, and then expelled the harbors of the brothel, should be changed to detestation, when we consider pampered vice in the habitations of the wealthy. The most free person of quality, in Mr. Courtly's phrase, that is, to speak properly, a woman of figure who has forgot her birth and breeding, dishonored her relations and herself, abandoned her virtue and reputation, together with the natural modesty of her sex, and risked her very soul, is so far from deserving to be treated with no worse character than that of a kind woman, which is, doubtless, Mr. Courtly's meaning (if he has any), that one can scarce be too severe on her, inasmuch as she sins against greater restraints, is less exposed,

No. 286.] MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1711-12. and liable to fewer temptations; than beauty in

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"I PRETEND not to inform a gentleman of so much taste, whenever he pleases to use it; but it may not be amiss to inform your readers, that there is a false delicacy, as well as a true one. True delicacy, as I take it, consists in exactness of judgment and dignity of sentiment, or, if you will, purity of affection, as this is opposed to corruption and grossness. There are pedants in breeding, as well as in learning. The eye that cannot bear the light is not delicate, but sore. A good constitution appears in the soundness and vigor of the parts, not in the squeamishness of the stomach; and a false delicacy is affectation, not politeness. What then can be the standard of delicacy, but truth and virtue? Virtue, which as the satirist long since observed, is real honor: whereas the other distinctions among mankind are merely titular. Judging by that rule, in my opin ion, and in that of many of your virtuous female readers, you are so far from deserving Mr. Courtly's accusation, that you seem too gentle, and to allow too many excuses for an enormous crime, which is the reproach of the age, and is in all its branches and degrees expressly forbidden by that religion we pretend to profess: and whose laws, in a nation that calls itself Christian, one would think should take place of those rules which men of corrupt minds, and those of weak understandings, follow, I know not anything more pernicious to good manners, than the giving fair names to foul actions: for this confounds vice and virtue, and takes off that natural horror we have to evil. An innocent creature, who would start at the name of strumpet, may think it pretty to be called a mistress, especially if her seducer has taken care to inform her, that a union of hearts is the principal matter in the sight of heaven, and that the business at church is a mere idle ceremouy. Who knows not that the difference between obscene and modest words expressing the same action, consists only in the accessory idea, for there is nothing immodest in letters and syllables. Fornication and adultery are modest words; because they express an evil action as criminal, and so as to excite horror and aversion; whereas words representing the pleasure rather than the sin, are, for this reason, indecent and dishonest. Your papers would be chargeable with something worse

poverty and distress. It is hoped, therefore, Sir, that you will not lay aside your generous design of exposing that monstrous wickedness of the town, whereby a multitude of innocents are sacrificed in a more barbarous manner than those who were offered to Moloch. The unchaste are provoked to see their vice exposed, and the chaste cannot rake into such filth without danger of defilement, but a mere spectator may look into the bottom, and come off without partaking in the guilt. The doing so will convince us you pursue public good, and not merely your own advantage; but if your zeal slackens, how can one help think ing that Mr. Courtly's letter is but a feint to get off from a subject, in which either your own, or the private and base ends of others to whom you are partial, or those of whom you are afraid, would not endure a reformation?

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"Trin. Coll. Cantab. Jan. 12, 1711-12. MR. SPECTATOR,

"It is my fortune to have a chamber-fellow, with whom, though I agree very well in many sentiments, yet there is one in which we are as contrary as light and darkness. We are both in love. His mistress is a lovely fair, and mine a lovely brown. Now, as the praise of our mistresses' beauty employs much of our time, we have frequent quarrels in entering upon that subject, while each says all he can to defend his choice. For my own part, I have racked my fancy to the utmost; and sometimes with the greatest warmth of imagination have told him, that night was made before day, and many more fine things, though without any effect; nay, last night I could not forbear saying, with more heat than judgment. that the devil ought to be painted white. Now my desire is, Sir, that you would be pleased to give us in black and white your opinion in the matter of dispute between us: which will either furnish me with fresh and prevailing arguments to maintain my own taste, or make me with less repining allow that of my chamber-fellow. I know very well that I have Jack Cleveland* and Bond's Horace on my side; but then he has such a band of rhymers and romance-writers, with which he

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opposes me, and is so continually chiming to the tune of golden tresses, yellow locks, milk, marble, ivory, silver, swans, snow, daisies, doves, and the Lord knows what; which he is always sounding with so much vehemence in my ears, that he often puts me in a brown study how to answer him; and I find that I am in a fair way to be quite confounded, without your timely assistance afforded to, Sir,

Z.

"Your humble Servant,

"PHILOBRUNE."

the pre-eminence to a mixed government, consisting of three branches, the regal, the noble, and the popular. They had, doubtless, in their thoughts, the constitution of the Roman commonwealth, in which the consul represented the king, the senatethe nobles, and the tribunes the people. This division of the three powers in the Roman constitu-tion was by no means so distinct and natural, asit is in the English form of government. Among several objections that might be made to it, I think. the chief are those that affect the consular power, which had only the ornaments without the force of the regal authority. Their number had not a

No. 287.] TUESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1711-12. casting voice in it; for which reason, if one did

Dear native land, how do the good and wise

Thy happy clime and countless blessings prize!

MENAND.

not chance to be employed abroad, while the other sat at home, the public business was sometimes at a stand, while the consuls pulled two different ways in it. Beside, I do not find that the consuls I LOOK upon it as a peculiar happiness, that had ever a negative voice in the passing of a law, were I to choose of what religion I would be, and or decree of the senate; so that indeed they were under what government I would live, I should rather the chief body of the nobility, or the first most certainly give the preference to that form of ministers of state, than a distinct branch of the religion and government which is established in sovereignty, in which none can be looked upon as my own country. In this point I think I am de-a part, who are not a part of the legislature. Had termined by reason and conviction; but if I shall be told that I am actuated by prejudice, I am sure it is an honest prejudice; it is a prejudice that arises from the love of my country, and therefore such a one as I will always indulge. I have in several papers endeavored to express my duty and esteem for the church of England, and design this as an essay upon the civil part of our constitution, having often entertained myself with reflections on this subject, which I have not met with in other writers.

the consuls been invested with the regal authority to as great a degree as our monarchs, there would never have been any occasions for a dictatorship,. which had in it the power of all the three orders, and ended in the subversion of the whole constitution.

Such a history as that of Suetonius, which gives us a succession of absolute princes, is to me an unanswerable argument against despotic power. Where the prince is a man of wisdom and virtue, it is indeed happy for his people that he is That form of government appears to me the absolute; but since in the common run of manmost reasonable, which is most conformable to the kind, for one that is wise and good you find ten equality that we find in human nature, provided of a contrary character, it is very dangerous for a it be consistent with public peace and tranquillity. nation to stand to its chance, or to have its This is what may properly be called liberty, public happiness or misery depend on the virtue which exempts one man from subjection to anoth-or vices of a single person. Look into the histoer, so far as the order and economy of government ry I have mentioned, or into any series of absowill permit.

lute princes, how many tyrants must you read Liberty should reach every individual of a through, before you come to an emperor that people, as they all share one common nature; if it is supportable. But this is not all; an honest only spreads among particular branches, there had private man often grows cruel and abandoned, better be none at all, since such a liberty only ag- when converted into an absolute prince. Give a gravates the misfortune of those who are deprived man power of doing what he pleases with impuof it, by setting before them a disagreeable sub-nity, you extinguish his fear, and consequently ject of comparison. overturn in him one of the great pillars of morality. This, too, we find confirmed by matter of fact. How many hopeful heirs apparent to grand empires, when in the possession of them, have become such monsters of lust and cruelty as are a reproach to human nature!

This liberty is best preserved, where the legislative power is lodged in several persons, especially if those persons are of different ranks and interests, for where they are of the same rank, and consequently have an interest to manage pe culiar to that rauk, it differs but little from a despotical government in a single person. But the greatest security a people can have for their liberty, is when the legislative power is in the hands of persons so happily distinguished, that by providing for the particular interests of their several ranks, they are providing for the whole body of the people: or, in other words, when there is no part of the people that has not a common interest with at least one part of the legislators.

If there be but one body of legislators, it is no better than a tyranny; if there are only two, there will want a casting voice, and one of them must at length be swallowed up by the disputes and contentions that will necessarily arise between them. Four would have the same inconvenience as two, and a greater number would cause too much confusion. I could never read a passage in Polybius and another in Cicero to this purpose, without a secret pleasure in applying it to the English constitution, which it suits much better than the Roman. Both these great authors give

Some tell us we ought to make our governments on earth like that in heaven, which, say they, is altogether monarchical and unlimited. Was man like his Creator in goodness and justice, I should be for allowing this great model; but where goodness and justice are not essential to the ruler, I would by no means put myself into his hands to be disposed of according to his particular will and pleasure.

It is odd to consider the connection between

despotic government and barbarity, and how the making of one person more than man, makes the rest less. Above nine parts of the world in ten are in the lowest state of slavery, and consequently sunk in the most gross and brutal ignorance. European slavery is indeed a state of liberty, if compared with that which prevails in the other three divisions of the world: and therefore it is no wonder that those who grovel under it, have many tracks of light among them, of which the others are wholly destitute.

Riches and plenty are the natural fruits of lib

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