DERA GHAZEE KHAN cellent only in fragments and passages. His highest and most peculiar merit is as a writer of imaginative and highly impassioned prose, the best examples of which are contained in his "Confessions," and "Suspiria de Profundis." Such are his splendid personifications of those various forms or powers of sorrow which hold dominion over man and human life: "the three ladies of sorrow, our lady of tears, our lady of sighs, and our lady of darkness." After alterpating for a time between the lakes and London, Mr. De Quincey has since 1848 resided at Lasswade, a village about 12 miles from Edinburgh. In person he is described as far from prepossessing, being diminutive in his stature and awkward in his movements, with a shrivelled and yellow parchment-like skin. He daily performs set tasks of walking in his garden, and often disappears untraced for several days together from his home. He has offered his body after death for dissection, as a contribution to physiological science, believing, or affecting to believe, that the dreadful gnawing of the stomach which he experiences is caused by the ravages of a living animal. His works have been collected in Boston (21 vols., 1851-'59), and a select edition is now (April, 1859) publishing in London and Edinburgh. DERA GHAZEE KHAN, a large town of the Punjaub, 4 m. from the right or W. bank of the Indus, in the district of Damaun; pop. about 25,000, of whom one-half are Hindoos, and onehalf Mohammedans. It contains a dirty, illbuilt bazaar with 1,600 shops. It has manufactories of silk, cotton, and mixed fabrics, and cutlery to the estimated amount of $100,000 yearly. The surrounding country is fertile, producing sugar, cotton, indigo, and excellent fruits. DERAYEH, EL, a town of Arabia, in the province of Nedjed, lat. 25° 15′ N., long. 56° 80' E. It lies in a fertile and well watered valley at the foot of Mount Khoor, was strongly fortified in the oriental style, and contained about 15,000 inhabitants, 30 mosques, and 30 schools, in the earlier part of this century, when it was famous throughout the Mohammedan world as the capital and stronghold of the Wahabees. In 1819 it was taken and destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha, after a siege of 7 months. DERBEND, or DERBENT, a fortified town of Russian Daghestan, on the W. shore of the Caspian sea, lat. 42° 12' N., long. 48° 25′ E.; pop. about 12,000, consisting of Georgians, Armenians, and Jews. It is built in the pass of Derbend, the ancient Albania Porta, lying between the sea and the extremity of a spur of the Caucasus. It is defended on the N. and S. by walls of great strength with 2 iron gates, through which the road passes, and from which it has its name, signifying "closed gates." The pass was fortified by the first Darius against the Scythians, and the present walls are said to have been built by Chosroes. It was afterward taken by the Saracens, recovered by the Persians, captured by Russia in 1722, restored to DERBY 403 Persia in 1735, and taken again in 1795 by the Russians, who have kept it since. DERBY, a parliamentary and municipal borough and the county town of Derbyshire, England, on the Derwent, which is navigable hence to its junction with the Trent, distant N. N. W. from London 132 m. by the London and Northwestern and Midland Counties railways; pop. in 1851, 40,609. There are 8 churches, a Catholic cathedral, and 13 dissenting chapels. The free grammar school, said to be one of the oldest institutions of the kind in England, has 10 exhibitions to Emmanuel college, Oxford. There are 6 national, several British, a female normal, a diocesan, a Wesleyan Methodist, and 2 infant schools, a library, a mechanics' institute, and a philosophical society founded by Dr. Darwin. One of the most interesting features of the town is a botanical and pleasure garden called the ar boretum, founded by the liberality of Mr. Joseph Strutt, a citizen of Derby, and laid out with great taste, at the donor's expense, by the late J. C. Loudon. The manufactures are extensive, and embrace silk, lace, cotton, porcelain, jewelry, carriages, iron boilers, iron plates, red and white lead, sheet lead, &c. Various beautiful ornaments are made of the marbles, spars, and petrifactions found in the vicinity. DERBY, EDWARD GEOFFREY SMITH STANLEY, 14th earl of, and Baron Stanley, a British statesman, born at Knowsley Park, Lancashire, March 29, 1799. At an early age he was sent to Eton college, whence, after the usual residence at that institution, he was removed to the university of Oxford, and entered as a student of Christchurch. Although his academic career was more than ordinarily distinguished, he was never graduated. He entered parliament in 1821 as member for Stockbridge, and made his maiden speech on the Manchester gas-light bill, March 30, 1824, of which Hansard remarks (vol. xi. p. 11), that Mr. Stanley addressed the house "in a maiden speech of much clearness and ability." He soon took rank in the house of commons among the ablest debaters and most prominent leaders of the whig opposition to the ministry of the earl of Liverpool. He was elected member for the town of Preston, Lancashire, in 1826, and on March 11, 1827, took office as under secretary for the colonies in George Canning's administration, which office he continued to hold after the death of that great statesman, in the Goderich (earl of Ripon) cabinet, until its dissolution in Jan. 1828. During the 3 years of the Wellington government which followed,. Mr. Stanley was among the first and most eloquent of the prominent orators and statesmen who then occupied seats in the popular branch of the British legislature. On the formation of the reform cabinet of Lord Grey in 1880, he was appointed to the arduous and responsible office of chief secretary for Ireland, with a seat in the cabinet, an honor rarely united with that appointment. The acceptance of office having vacated his seat in parliament, on presenting himself to the electors of Preston for reelection, he was de feated by the radical agitator Henry Hunt, but was soon afterward returned, by the retirement of Sir Hussey Vivian, for the borough of Windsor, which he continued to represent until 1832, when he was elected for one of the divisions of Lancashire. In the great parliamentary struggle of 1832-23, which resulted in the passage of the reform bill, the church temporalities bill, and the bill to establish national education in Ireland, Mr. Stanley took a brilliant and effective part. His speeches during that stormy session, in reply to the fierce assaults of Daniel O'Connell, Richard Lalor Sheil, and others, are splendid efforts of parliamentary eloquence. In 1838 Mr. Stanley exchanged the troublesome office of chief secretary for Ireland for that of secretary of state for the colonies. He was nominated to this post with the special object of carrying the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, which was effected under his auspices. In the following year, on the death of his grandfather and the succession of his father to the earldom, he became known by the courtesy title of Lord Stanley, and in the same year retired from the cabinet in company with Sir James Graham, the earl of Ripon, and the duke of Richmond, in consequence of his and his three colleagues' nonconcurrence with the ministerial proposition to appropriate the surplus funds of the Irish church establishment for secular education. In the brief administration of Sir Robert Peel (Dec. 1834, to April, 1835), Lord Stanley refused to take office. But long before the 6 years of the whig dominion under Lord Melbourne had elapsed, he and his followers, facetiously known as "the Canning leaven of the whig administration," were found voting steadily with the conservative opposition, as avowed members of the conservative party. In 1841 the whigs went out of office, and Sir Robert Peel formed a cabinet in which Lord Stanley occupied a seat as colonial secretary. In 1844, while his father was still living, he was summoned by writ to the house of peers as Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe, and assumed the leadership of the conservative party in that body. When Sir Robert Peel resolved in 1845 to adopt a free trade policy, and remove prohibitive duties on foreign grain and breadstuffs, Lord Stanley left the cabinet and became the leader of the protectionist opposition. When, in Dec. 1845, Sir Robert tendered his resignation to the queen, Lord Stanley was invited by her majesty, at the instance of Lord John Russell, to form a protectionist cabinet, but he resolutely declined the offer. During the 6 years of Lord John Russell's tenure of the premiership, Lord Stanley added to his already high fame as an orator and a statesman, by his frank, manly, and magnanimous course as leader of the opposition in the hereditary branch of the legislature. His speech on the Irish poor laws in 1849, his speech on the affairs of Greece in 1850, and his famous explanation of the reasons why he declined the premiership when offered to him in Feb. 1851, when Lord John Russell's ministry were defeated in the house of commons on Mr. Locke King's motion for an extension of the DERBYSHIRE, a central co. of England, consisting of a level or moderately hilly district, abounding in fine scenery, fertile, well cultivat ed, and rich in minerals; area, 1,028 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 296,084. It is watered by the Derwent, Trent, Dove, Wye, Erewash, and Rother. The S. and E. parts produce wheat, barley, and other kinds of grain; the N. part, where the surface is more hilly, and the climate colder, is occupied chiefly by oat fields and pes DERBYSHIRE SPAR tures. The elevated region called the High peak, consisting of a succession of bleak hills, some of which rise 2,000 feet above sea level, interspersed with narrow valleys, is famous for its romantic scenery. Dairy husbandry is carried on in nearly all quarters of the county, and yields upward of 2,000 tons of cheese every year. Among the hills are reared small sheep, and a breed of light, slender horses. Among the minerals are coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, gypsum, black and variegated marble, fluor spar, small crystals called Derbyshire diamonds, chalcedony, jasper, and a few onyxes. The coal field covers an area of about 190,000 acres, and belongs to the same great field which extends over part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and part of Nottinghamshire. The lead mines have from time immemorial been let on lease, and are the subjects of several very ancient and peculiar laws. Courts for the adjustment of disputes occurring and debts contracted in working these mines are established in each mining district, and are presided over by the lessee's steward, assisted by 24 jurymen. There is another officer, called the barmaster, whose duty it is to put miners into possession of veins which they may have discovered, and to collect the rent due the lessee of the crown or the lord of the manor. Derbyshire is traversed by the Grand Trunk, or Trent and Mersey, the Erewash, the Derby, the Cromford, the Nutbrook, the Chesterfield, the Peak forest, and the Ashby de la Zouch canals, and by the Cromford and High Peak, the North Midland, the Midland Counties, the Birmingham and Derby grand junction, and several branch railways, beside a number of private railways for the transportation of produce of the mines. The manufactures are important, and comprise cotton, silk, calico, cambric, fustian, muslin, tape, candle wicks, machinery, agricultural implements, leather, hats, paper, and porcelain. In the mountain district there are numerous tepid mineral springs. DERBYSHIRE SPAR, a variety of fluor spar found in Derbyshire, England, which is distinguished by its fine shades of purple, blue, red, and yellow. These, together with the soundness of the stone, render it well adapted for ornamental purposes. The manufacture of cups, tables, vases, inkstands, and other objects, is extensively carried on in several towns in the county, as at Derby, Buxton, Castleton, Bakewell, &c. The stone takes a high polish for one so soft; but the property which renders it easy to be worked, makes it liable to be soon defaced by scratches. It is found near Castleton in fissures in the limestone rocks. DERFFLINGER, GEORG VON (Originally DōRFLING), a general of the great elector of Brandenburg, born in Bohemia in March, 1606, died Feb. 4, 1695. A tailor's apprentice, he took service as a soldier, and fought at the battle of Prague, after which he entered the Swedish army as an officer under Gustavus Adolphus. He served under Bauer and Torstensen, contributed to the Swedish victory at Leipsic in 1642, and was raised to the rank of majorgeneral. Afterward he entered the service of Brandenburg, and distinguished himself against the Poles, Swedes, and French. In 1670 he became field marshal, and in 1674 baron of the German empire; routed the Swedes near Rathenau, June 15, 1675, and at Fehrbellin 3 days afterward, and secured the greater portion of Pomerania for the elector. In the winter campaign of 1678-'9 he caused 9,000 soldiers and 30 guns to cross the ice on sleds as far as Tilsit, and routed the Swedes under Horn near the latter city. DERG, LOUGH, a lake in the co. of Donegal, Ireland, about 7 m. S. E. of Donegal, 3 m. long, and 24 m. wide at the broadest part. It is enclosed on all sides except the S. by steep, barren mountains, which give a wild and desolate character to the surrounding scenery. Its shores are rough and precipitous. It lies 467 feet above the level of the sea, and is 75 feet deep. A multitude of little islands dot its surface, one of which, called Station island, about an acre in extent, contains a cave known as St. Patrick's Purgatory, to which between 10,000 and 15,000 Roman Catholic pilgrims from all parts of Ireland resort annually between Aug. 1 and 15. They remain on the island, which contains 2 chapels, a house for the priests, and a few cabins, from 3 to 9 days, their only food during that time being bread and water. DERHAM, WILLIAM, an English divine and natural philosopher, born at Stoughton, near Worcester, in Nov. 1657, died at Upminster, near London, April 5, 1735. The most important of his published works are: "The Artificial Clockmaker" (4th edition, 1734); "PhysicoTheology" (16 discourses preached at Boyle's lecture, 1711), and "Astro-Theology" (1714), designed to prove the existence and attributes of God from an examination respectively of the works of creation and of the heavenly bodies; and "Christo-Theology" (1730), a sermon to prove the divine origin of Christianity. DERIVATION, in modern algebra, is the mode of developing one function from another, according to some fixed law. By a function is here meant any algebraical expression of a quantity dependent for its value upon other quantities. The most usual, and perhaps the most important derivative functions, are DIFFERENTIALS and INTEGRALS, which see. DERMODY, THOMAS, an Irish poet, born at Ennis in 1775, died at Sydenham, near London, in 1802. His father was a schoolmaster, and is said to have employed him while only in his 9th year as his assistant in teaching Latin and Greek. Thomas, however, soon after ran away from home, enlisted in the army, and served in the expedition to Holland under the earl of Moira, who promoted him to a second lieutenantcy; but by his intemperate habits he lost the favor of his patron, and afterward lived some time in London, and died in extreme poverty. A small volume of poems written by him in his 13th year appeared in 1792. In 1793 he pub lished a pamphlet on the French revolution, to which was appended a poem entitled "The Reform." DERVISE, a Persian word meaning poor or indigent, used in Mohammedan countries substantially like the Arabic fakir, to designate a class of religious people who in some respects resemble the monks of Christianity. Their rule commands an austere piety, religious contemplation, poverty, chastity, modesty, patience, humility, and charity. They live in convents under the direction of a sheikh, but are allowed to marry, on the condition, however, of passing two nights of the week among their associates. They live by the labor of their hands, mendicity being forbidden, except in the order of the Bektashis, but their convents have generally been supplied by the donations of the sultans. Beside the fast of the Ramadan, they observe one weekly fast from morning to sunset. They hold religious meetings on Tuesdays and Fridays, in which they perform, to the sound of a flute, sacred dances, whirling around with extreme velocity, and stopping at once when the music ceases. Some lead a vagrant life, and traverse all the countries of the East from the Mediterranean to the Ganges, being lodged and fed in the convents of their order. They wear coarse robes, and walk bare-legged with the breast uncovered. The use of intoxicating liquors, as well as of opium, is stated to be common among them. In general they are said to enjoy little esteem among the people, who despise them as idlers. Some of them also act as jugglers, sorcerers, and charmers. The order of the Rufais, founded in the 12th century by Sheikh Ahmed Rufaï, is distinguished by fanatical excesses of self-mortification. At their assemblies some are seen holding a piece of redhot iron between their teeth, others making incisions in their flesh. The Calenders are remarkable for their strange dress, sometimes consisting of a sheep's or tiger's skin; they wear feathers in their ears, and frequently go about half naked. The principal order is that of the Maulavis, whose chief convent is at Konieh, in Asia Minor. The origin of the dervises can be traced back to the first centuries of the Hegira. The foundation of some of the orders is attributed to Abubekr, Ali, and others; and passages of the Koran, which extol the merits of poverty and an independent, contemplative life, are quoted in support of the institution, which tradition also represents as having existed in the times of Elijah, of Jacob, and even of Seth. DERWENT, the name of several rivers of England. I. Á river of Cumberland, 32 m. long, rising in the district of Borrowdale, and flowing N. and then S. W. into the Irish sea, which it enters near Workington. It forms the lake of Derwentwater near Keswick, where it is joined by the Greta; expands into Bassenthwaite-water at the town of that name, and receives the river Cocker at Cockermouth. Its banks abound in rich and varied scenery. II. A river of Derbyshire, rising in a place called "the trough," in the mountains which extend along the N. boundary of the county, and uniting with the Trent near the borders of Leices tershire, after a course of about 50 m. Its general course is S. E. It passes Chatsworth house and the towns of Matlock, Belper, and Derby. Its scenery, particularly in the upper part, is beautifully diversified. The Wye is its largest tributary. III. A fiver of Yorkshire, East Riding, rising near Harwood dale, flowing nearly S. with many windings, and falling into the Ouse at Barmby, after a course of about 60 m. It is navigable to Malton, 27 m. above its mouth. DERWENT, a river rising near the centre of Van Diemen's Land, flowing S. E. into the district of Norfolk, and entering the S. Pacific ocean through an estuary which separates the districts of Hobart Town and Richmond. The estuary is about 4 m. broad at its entrance, and retains this width for a distance of 6 or 8 m. inland. On an island at its mouth is a lighthouse 70 feet above the sea. DERWENTWATER, JAMES RADCLIFFE, earl of, a leader in the English rebellion of 1715, born in 1689, beheaded Feb. 24, 1716. He be longed to an ancient Catholic family in Northumberland. Sir Francis Radcliffe was created earl of Derwentwater by James II. in 1688, and his son Francis married a natural daughter of Charles II. His grandson James was brought up at St. Germain, and succeeded to the earldom in 1705. Personal attachment to the members of the Stuart family, as well as political principle, disposed the earl of Derwentwater to attempt the restoration of that house to the throne of England, and he entered into arrangements for that purpose with many other gentlemen and noblemen of the north and west of England. The plot was betrayed to the government of George I, who immediately suspended the habeas corpus act and issued warrants against the suspected. The standard of rebellion having been raised in Scotland, Lord Derwentwater, at the instigation of his countess, as it is said, commenced the movement in England, Oct. 6, 1715. The death of Louis XIV. disappointed the hopes of foreign aid, and at the first rendezvous there were but 60 persons present. Mr. Forster, member of parliament for Cumberland, was chosen leader, a selection in which his Protestantism was alone considered. They soon marched sonth, and approached Newcastle, which they failed in surprising. Volunteers came in slowly, and they were even compelled to decline the services of some for want of arms. Being joined by a party from Scotland, who were somewhat better, though imperfectly, equipped, they retreated toward the border, where they were joined by another body, under Mackintosh. The combined army now amounted to about 2,000 men, Two plans were proposed: one to take the southern Scottish towns and to operate against the duke of Argyle; the other to march south and encounter Gen. Carpenter, who was at the head of an inferior body of hastily levied troops. But the Englishmen would not go into Scotland, nor DERWENTWATER the highlanders into England. Marching along the border, the dissension soon came to an open rupture. Lord Derwentwater endeavored to compromise matters, and advised the advance into Scotland; and finally they marched against Dumfries, whose inhabitants threw up intrenchments to oppose them. Without fighting, it was decided to march into England. At this a large number of the men retired at once, while the earl of Wintoun, Lord Derwentwater, and others accompanied the advance rather than give up the cause. At Penrith they were encountered by the posse comitatus of Cumberland, headed by the resident nobles and gentry. But this body fled on getting sight of the rebels, who continued their march, seizing the public funds where they could. They were joined by a small party of Lancashire gentlemen, and being informed that Manchester had proclaimed King James, they advanced toward that town. They occupied Lancaster, and afterward Preston, which Stanhope's regiment of dragoons evacuated on their approach. Here they received an accession of about 1,200 gentlemen and peasants, mostly unarmed and undisciplined. But Wills was now advancing against them, and Carpenter was closing in on their rear. The insurgents were totally ignorant of their critical position, which was only revealed by a letter from a private friend to Lord Derwentwater. Its contents were at once communicated to Forster, who was completely paralyzed by it. Lord Derwentwater and others threw up some barricades, but neglected to defend the approaches to the town, where a good resistance might have been made. The first attack of Wills was beaten back with considerable loss, Lord Derwentwater and his brother Charles Radcliffe showing great courage. The arrival of Carpenter made affairs desperate. The Scots were determined to sell their lives dearly, and in this they were joined by Lord Derwentwater; but the English commander Forster and others of his countrymen, dismayed at their hopeless situation, sent a secret message to treat for a surrender. After some difficulty Wills was brought to promise to spare their lives if they would surrender at discretion, and the following day these hard terms were accepted, and the royal troops entered the place. Little mercy was shown by the government; many of the common men were sent to the plantations in America, and the more important prisoners were carried to London. Lord Derwentwater was impeached and brought to trial, Jan. 19, 1716. He pleaded guilty, and threw himself on the mercy of the crown, alleging his youth and inexperience as an excuse; he was condemned to death as a traitor. The greatest efforts were made to obtain his pardon. His wife had a personal interview with the king, but to no purpose. Endeavors were made in both houses of parliament to obtain a reprieve, which was granted for two of the prisoners, Lords Carnwath and Widdrington, but the 3 others were ordered for immediate execution. Lord Nithisdale, by the stratagem of his devoted wife, succeeded in making his escape from the tower, but Lord Derwentwater was beheaded on Tower hill. He died with firmness, protesting his loyalty to James III., and asserting that "dishonorable terms had been proposed to him as the price of his life, which he had refused to accept." The estates of Derwentwater were confiscated, and afterward settled on the hospital for seamen at Greenwich. The body of the earl was conveyed by night through the country to his ancestral dwelling, and there buried. In 1805 the coffin was opened and the body found entire, and the head lying by it still showed the marks of the axe.The countess of Derwentwater died at the age of 30, of small pox, in Deershaven, Flanders. DERZHAVİN, GABRIEL ROMANOVITCH, & Russian lyrical poet, born in Kasan, July 3, 1743, died July 6, 1816, gained distinction in the military and civil service, was made secretary of state in 1791 by Catharine II., with whom he ingratiated himself by his panegyrical odes, minister of justice in 1802, and retired in the following year on a full-pay pension. Many of his poems abound with beautiful moral sentiments and expressions, especially his ode to God, which was not only translated into several European languages, but also into Chinese and Japanese. It is said to have been hung up in the palace of the emperor of China, printed in gold letters on white satin; and, according to Golowin's account, it was placed in the same manner in the temple of Jeddo. His complete works appeared in St. Petersburg (5 vols., 1810-'15). DESAIX DE VEYGOUX, LOUIS CHARLES ANTOINE, & French general, of a noble but poor family, born at the castle of Ayat in Auvergne, Aug. 17, 1768, killed at Marengo, June 14, 1800. He was gratuitously educated at the military school of Effiat, which he left at 15 to enter the regiment of Brittany under the name of the chevalier de Veygoux. His regular conduct and strict attention to duty commended him to his superiors, while his liberal opinions estranged him from the class to which he belonged, and from his family. In the beginning of the revolution he was attached to the staff of Marshal Luckner. After Aug. 10, 1792, having signed a protest against the decree by which the legislative assembly suspended the authority of the king, he was cashiered, and afterward imprisoned, but Carnot reinstated him. He served on the Rhine under Pichegru and Moreau, with such ability that he was promoted to the rank of general of division. În 1796 he seconded Moreau in his campaign through Bavaria, and in the famous retreat which won for that general the reputation of a great strategist. On the return of the army to the Rhine, Desaix defended the fort of Kehl; and notwithstanding the dilapidated condition of the place, he held it for 2 months against the repeated efforts of the archduke Charles, and finally concluded a highly honorable capitulation. The next year he again led the army across the Rhine, an op |