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DETMOLD

and was elected to the French academy in 1808. He took an active part in the fall of the empire; presented, April 2, 1814, in the senate, the motion of forfeiture against Napoleon; and entered the royalist chamber of peers, where he always voted with the majority. His Traité de la volonté et de ses effets appeared in 1815. He also wrote an Essai sur le génie et les ouvrages de Montesquieu, followed by a Commentaire sur l'Esprit des lois. A disciple of Locke, Condillac, and Hobbes, he belongs to the sensational or materialist school of philosophy. His theory of language is considered a masterpiece of analysis. DETMOLD, the capital of the little sovereign principality of Lippe-Detmold, in Germany, on the river Werra and on the E. slope of the Teutoburg mountains; pop. 4,716. In the vicinity was fought the celebrated battle in which Arminius destroyed the army of Varus, A. D. 9, and also a battle between Charlemagne and the Saxons, in 783.

DETROIT, the chief city of Michigan, and capital of Wayne co., situated on the N. W. side of the Detroit river or strait, extending along the river nearly 4 m., of which over 2 m. presents a city-like appearance. The centre of the city is about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair and 18 m. from Lake Erie, 80 m. E. S. E. of Lansing, 302 m. W. of Buffalo, and 526 m. from Washington; lat. 42° 20′ N., long. 82° 58′ W. The river runs from Lake St. Clair to a point just below the city, in a direction about 30° S. of W., and from thence it runs nearly S. to Lake Erie, a distance of 15 m. The original bed of the river, before it was narrowed by docking out, was from 48 to 52 chains in width; but from the docks of the central portion of the city to the opposite docks of Windsor, in Canada, it is only about half a mile. The depth, in June, 1841, varied from 12 to 48 feet, averaging about 32 feet. The descent from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie is about 6 feet, or 3 inches to the mile. The velocity of the current in the channel opposite the city is about 2 m. per hour. It rises and falls with the surfaces of the great lakes of which it is a connecting link, the average annual variation being only about 2 feet, and the extreme variation, from Feb. 1819, when it was the lowest, to July, 1838, when it was the highest ever known, was only about 6 feet. The waters of the river and lakes rise during a succession of wet seasons, and fall during a succession of dry ones. The Detroit river is so deep, and its current so strong and uniform, that it keeps itself clear, and its navigation is not affected (as the Ohio, Mississippi, and most other rivers are) by floods, droughts, sand bars, trees, sawyers, rocks, or dams of ice. Where the principal part of the city is situated, the ground rises gradually from the river to the height of from 20 to 30 feet, at a distance of 15 to 30 rods from the river bank; it then falls off a little, and again rises gradually to the height of 40 to 50 feet above the river, which renders the drainage very good. The whole country for more than 20 m. back of the

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city is excessively level, rising gently and with great uniformity at the rate of about 5 feet in the mile. The Detroit river was visited by the French as early as 1610, but the first permanent settlement where the city of Detroit now stands was made in 1701 by a party under Antoine de la Motte Cadillac. It fell into the hands of the British in 1760, and was ceded with the country to the United States by the treaty of peace of 1783. Nearly the whole town was burned in 1805, after which its plot was changed under an act of congress in 1806. A portion of the city is regularly laid out, the streets running parallel with the river, and crossing each other at right angles thereto, though there are numerous irregularities. The streets and avenues vary in width from 50 to 200 feet, the most of them being either 60 or 66 feet, but some are 80, some 100, some 120, and a few avenues 200 feet in width. The inhabitants are supplied with water taken from the river opposite the upper part of the city, and raised by means of a hydraulic establishment and steam forcing pumps into a large reservoir about half a mile back from the river, sufficiently elevated to carry it in iron pipes to all parts of the city. Buildings are in course of erection (1859) for a court house, custom house, and post office. The Michigan insurance company bank is a fine building of shell limestone, which presents on its surface many beautiful petrifactions. The firemen's hall, odd fellows' hall, and some of the public school houses are also fine buildings. There are about 30 churches, of which several are large and splendid; many spacious and beautiful stores; some large and elegant dwelling houses, and several extensive hotels. There are various charitable institutions, and in 1857 there were 35 public and 22 private schools. There are 3 daily newspapers, each of which publishes a semi-weekly and weekly edition; there are also 5 other weekly newspapers, a monthly medical journal, a monthly journal devoted to education, and 2 semimonthly "bank-note detectors." The following table shows the increase of the population:

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In 1858 there were about 12,000 to 15,000 Irish, an equal number of Germans, and about 4,000 French. The U. S. government made 5 great leading roads (post roads) in Michigan while it was a territory, all diverging from Detroit. The Michigan central railroad was finished to Ypsilanti, 30 m. from Detroit, in 1837; to Ann Arbor, 38 m., in 1839; to Kalamazoo, 145 m., in 1845; and to Chicago, 282 m., in 1851. The railroad from Detroit to Toledo (60 m.) was completed in 1857, connecting at Monroe with the Michigan southern road. The Detroit and Milwaukee road, from Detroit to Lake Michigan, opposite Milwaukee, was opened for travel in 1858; and a road from Detroit to the foot of

foreign imports $1,139,791 64. The imports by railway of flour and grain in 1857 and 1858 were as follows:

Corn,

Oats,

66

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The number of vessels built in the Detroit collection district during the fiscal years 1856-7, ending June 30, with their aggregate tonnage and the total tonnage of the district, are as follows:

Vessels.

Steamers.
Ships and barks.
Brigs
Schooners
Sloops and boats..
Total number built...
Tonnage of do..

Tonnage of district..

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The assessed valuation for purposes of taxation was, in the latter part of 1858, $16,360,000, with a city debt of about $300,000.

Lake Huron, opposite Port Sarnia, the termi-
nation of the Grand Trunk railway in Canada,
will be finished in the course of 1859.-Detroit
is the great concentrating point of the produce,
commerce, banking, and heavy business of the
whole state. There are numerous large ware- Flour, bbls..
houses on the river, beside the great freight Wheat, bushels.
depot of the Central railroad, which is 800 feet
long and 100 feet wide. The retail trade of
the city is very large, and the wholesale busi-
ness has become extensive also. Nearly all the
merchants in the upper lake region, as well as
in the interior of the state, make many of their
purchases in Detroit, and a large proportion of
them buy all their goods there. The largest branch
of industry is the sawing of lumber. There are
on the river within the city limits 9 large steam
saw mills, which cut from 3,000,000 to 8,000,-
000 feet each per annum, making in the whole
about 40,000,000 feet annually of pine lumber,
the logs being floated down to the mills from
Lake Huron and the creeks and streams which
fall into the St. Clair river. Ship and boat
building has also been a very large and impor-
tant branch of business. The Michigan central
railroad company have an extensive workshop for
the manufacture of cars, and for repairing their
locomotive engines. The Detroit locomotive
works are connected with a large foundery, ma-
chine shop, and boiler factory, for the manufac-
ture of locomotive and other engines, and the
casting of mill irons and machinery of various
kinds. There are many other establishments,
large and small, for all kinds of machine work,
and brass and iron casting, beside shops for
working in wood, making sash, blinds, doors,
casings, &c.; 2 steam pail factories, one steam
flouring mill, 2 large tanneries, and several brew-
eries. Two miles below the city works have
been erected and in operation several years for
smelting native copper and copper ore from the
shores of Lake Superior; 10 m. below, a blast
furnace and rolling mill have been in operation
several years. The furnace is employed in smelt-
ing ironstone from the upper peninsula. From
10 to 15 m. from the south shore of Lake Supe-
rior there are several hills of ironstone, very
rich in the finest quality of iron, which will fur-
nish an inexhaustible supply. The following
table shows the industrial progress of the city
from 1855 to 1857:

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DETROIT RIVER. See DETROIT.

DEUCALION, king of Phthia, in Thessaly, and son of Prometheus and Clymene. According to ancient tradition, being forewarned by his father of an approaching deluge, he built a ship in which he and his wife Pyrrha were saved from an inundation which destroyed all the rest of mankind. When the waters subsided, their vessel rested on Mount Parnassus, and their first care was to consult the oracle of Themis as to how the world should be repeopled. Being advised to throw behind their backs the bones of their great mother, and interpreting mother to mean the earth, they cast stones behind them, from which sprang up men and women.

DEUTERONOMY (the second law; Gr. derepos, second, voμos, law), the 5th book of the Pentateuch, containing the history of what passed in the wilderness during about 5 weeks (from the beginning of the 11th month to the 7th day of the 12th month), in the 40th year after the departure of the Israelites from Egypt. In it Moses recites to the people the events which had taken place in their history, and explains again the law which had been received at Sinai.

DEUX PONTS (Ger. Zweibrücken, two bridges), a canton and town in the circle of the Palatinate, Bavaria; pop. of the canton, about 150,000; of the town, 7,920. The canton was formerly an independent duchy, and in 1795 came by inheritance into the possession of the king of Bavaria. During the wars of the French revolution it passed into the hands of the French, to whom its possession was confirmed by the treaty of Luneville in 1801. In 1814 it was finally restored to Bavaria. Much of the canton is mountainous, but in the valleys and on the lower hills agriculture is carried on to a considerable extent. It has extensive forests, and iron, copper, and freestone are found. Much attention is also paid to the raising of

DEV

horses, cattle, and sheep.-The town of Deux Ponts was the capital of the ancient duchy, and once possessed a handsome ducal palace, which was partially destroyed by the French, and has since been converted into a church. The name of the town, which in Latin is Bipontium, was given to it on account of the two bridges across the Erlbach, near the old castle of the dukes. The Bipont editions of the Greek and Latin classics were commenced here in the latter part of the 18th century.

DEV (Sanscrit, div, to play, desire, shine, be mad or proud, tease, &c.; Slavic, div-iti, to wonder; dzrir, wild), the Parsee name of the peetiare Ahriman, or evil-breeding principle, and of his progeny of night, death, darkness, drought, dulness, dearth, dirt, negation, and starvation. The devs were the producers of these and of all other dire and dreadful calamities, as well as the seducers of men to all moral evils; the prototypes of the devils of Christian history. For the diabolos (scatterer, confounder) itself seems to be of recent formation in this sense, having been unknown to the ancient Greeks. As Ahriman, though akin to-Ormuzd, both being the offspring of Zervane Akerene (Slav. trvanie, duration, a privative, and Slav. kraj, margin), or endless time, was his antagonist, so were the 6 arch-devs opposed to as many Amshaspands representing the principles of light, life, love, law, right existence, and happiness; both being also the prototypes of the 7 choirs of devils and of angels. Beside the regular army of evil spirits, rushing down from the desert of Gobi upon the south-western people of Ormuzd, compelling them to leave their native land, Eeriene Veedjo (Iran, pure), under the guidance of Jemshid, and to change their settlements 13 times, there were especial devs of falsehood, envy, putridity, and all other evil things, distinguished by specific names, such as Eshem, the man-killer; Akuman, the ugliest of all; Epeosho, the destroyer of waters in the shape of a dragon-star (probably a comet), &c. The Darudjs, a particular sort of devs, opposed to the good Izeds, or secondary good genii, are also conspicuous. The ever renewed contest of the two principles will end with the destruction of the earth by the comet Gurzsher. The cosmogony and theology of the Parsees is contained in the Zend Avesta.

DEVA (Lat. deus, divus), among the Aryans in general, an epithet of divine persons and things; hence often opposed to the dev of the Parsees. It is commonly applied to the goddess Durga, the wife of Siva, of terrific form and irascible temper. Devakātmajā is the mother of Krishna, who is also named Devāki. Devataru is the holy fig-tree, belonging to Sverga or paradise. Devata denotes a deity; Devadatta, the younger brother of Buddha, who is called Devadattarraja (Deodatus senior). Devadeva is a name of Brahma; Devapati is Indra, the god of the sky; Devayajna is the Homa or burnt sacrifice; Devarishi, a celestial saint. There are a great many classes or choirs of in

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ferior devatas, who are ministers to the higher gods, such as the 12 Adityas or forces of the sun; the Maruts or winds, the celestial musicians; in short, endless motley hosts with variable attributes. (See BRAHMA.)

DEVANAGARI. See SANSCRIT.

DEVAPRAYAGA, a town of Gurhwal, Hindostan, situated at the place where the rivers Bhagirathi and Alakananda unite and form the Ganges. This portion is considered by the Hindoos as the most sacred part of that holy river, and is believed by them to have the property of washing away sins. The town is not large, and is inhabited principally by Brahmins, who are supported chiefly by the contributions of pilgrims. It is built on an eminence about 100 feet above the river, and contains a celebrated Hindoo temple, built of large stones joined together without the use of mortar.

DEVENTER, or DEWENTER, a fortified city of Holland, province of Overyssel, on the Yssel, 8 m. N. from Zutphen; pop. in 1850, 14,378. It has narrow streets, spacious market places, handsome public promenades, a large town house, a court house, a prison, a weigh-house, 5 churches, a synagogue, various literary and educational institutions, 6 hospitals, and an orphan asylum. It has an excellent harbor, a prosperous trade, and extensive manufactories of Turkey carpets, stockings, iron ware, &c. It exports annually about 600,000 lbs. of butter.

DE VERE, MAXIMILIAN SCHELE, professor of modern languages and belles-lettres in the university of Virginia, born near Wexio, in Sweden, Nov. 1, 1820. He first entered the military and afterward the diplomatic service of Prussia. Emigrating finally to the United States, he was appointed in 1844 professor in the university of Virginia, a position which he continues to occupy. Prof. De Vere has been an industrious and extensive writer, as well as a laborious student and teacher. His contributions upon a great variety of subjects, of a historical, literary, and scientific character, have appeared in the British quarterly reviews, the "Southern Literary Messenger," in "Putnam's" and "Harper's" magazines, and elsewhere. He has published 2 volumes: the first in 1853, “Outlines of Comparative Philology;" the second in 1856, "Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature." The former is a very full and comprehensive treatise, now in use as a text book at the university of Virginia; the latter a graceful and pleasing series of papers, dealing with a number of curious and interesting subjects, chiefly in the department of the minute naturalist. The miscellaneous articles contributed by Professor De Vere to the periodicals mentioned above have been valuable and interesting; among them we refer especially to a series of papers in the "Southern Literary Messenger," entitled "Glimpses of Europe in 1848," which are remarkable for political insight and vivid coloring. He has made himself master of English, and writes it with much perspicuity, force, and elegance.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, 1st earl of Essex, born about 1540, died in Dublin, Sept. 22, 1576. He succeeded his grandfather early in the title of Viscount Hereford, and recommended himself to Queen Elizabeth by his bravery and good conduct in suppressing the rebellion of the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, in 1569. For his service in driving them into Scotland he received the garter and the earldom of Essex. Afterward, in 1573, he was persuaded to undertake an expedition against Ireland, in company with other noblemen and gentlemen. In consideration of his contract to furnish half the expense of the enterprise, he was to have one-half of the colony as soon as it was established. The expedition was directed against the Irish province of Ulster, but in its prosecution Essex was subjected to many trials and disappointments, to the desertion of his friends, and inability to carry out his plans. He was obliged to make peace with O'Neal, when, by continuing the war, he had the fairest prospects of driving him out of the country. Harassed with his difficulties, he retired to England, but was again induced to return, with the title of earl marshal of Ireland and the promise of support and assistance. As these promises were but poorly kept, he was overcome with grief, and the agitation of his mind threw him into a fatal dysentery. There was suspicion of poison, which was not diminished by the marriage, soon after, of his countess to the earl of Leicester.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, son of the preceding, 2d earl of Essex, born at Netherwood, in Herefordshire, Nov. 10, 1567, executed in the court of the tower, Feb. 25, 1601. He succeeded to his title in his 10th year, and in 1578 was sent by his guardian Lord Burleigh to Trinity college, Cambridge, where after 4 years he took the degree of master of arts. He retired to his seat at Lampsie, in South Wales, but appeared at court in his 17th year, and his youth, address, and spirit soon captivated Elizabeth. In 1585 he accompanied the earl of Leicester to Holland, and displayed his personal courage in the battle of Zutphen, in which Sir Philip Sidney fell mortally wounded. In 1587 he was appointed to the honorable post of master of the horse, and in the following year the queen ostentatiously showed her favor for him while reviewing the army at Tilbury, created him captain-general of the cavalry, and conferred on him the honor of the garter. He succeeded Leicester as prime favorite, and his attendance was constantly required at court. In 1589, when an expedition against Portugal was undertaken by Drake and Norris, Essex suddenly disappeared from court, followed the armament, and joined it on the coast of Portugal, where he was a leader in taking the castle of Peniche and in advancing upon Lisbon. Though he had departed without the permission of the queen, he was quickly reconciled with her after his return, and at once assumed a superiority over Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Charles Blount, the rival competitors for royal favor. He was challenged by Blount and

wounded in the knee, and the queen is said to have expressed her gratification that some. one had taken him in hand, as otherwise there would be no ruling him. In 1590 he married the daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham, the widow of Sir Philip Sidney, and in the following year had command of a fruitless expedition in Brittany against the Spaniards, who were attempting its conquest. When, in 1596, alarm was excited by the hostile preparations in the Spanish harbors, he was joined with Lord Admiral Howard in command of the expedition against Cadiz, and entered the city by land soon after the engagement in the harbor, in which 13 Spanish ships of war were taken or destroyed. The intrigues of the Cecils, who had regarded Essex with jealousy from his first introduction at court, caused him to be coolly received on his return; but he quickly recovered favor, the queen preferring him as an accomplished courtier and Sir Robert Cecil as a man of business. Two subsequent expeditions which he conducted against Spanish shipping, in one of which Lord Thomas Howard and Sir Walter Raleigh were his seconds, met with little success. The queen received him with frowns and reproaches, and he retired to Wanstead; nor would he be pacified by her acknowledgment that the charges against him were unfounded, but after a long negotia tion he accepted the office of hereditary earl marshal as indemnity for the promotion that had been given to his rivals. In 1598 he quarrelled with the queen about the appointment of deputy in Ireland, and when she boxed him on the ear, and bade him "go and be hanged," for turning his back to her in presence of her ministers, he swore that he would not endure such an affront even from Henry VIII. himself, and withdrew from court. Only a formal reconciliation was ever effected. In 1599 the province of Ulster was in rebellion, and Essex, invested with unusual powers, accepted the lord-lieutenantey of Ireland. His campaign resulted only in a temporary armistice, and completed his ruin. He returned in haste, retired from his first audience with a cheerful countenance, but was immediately ordered to consider himself a prisoner in his own house, and was for a time delivered to the lord keeper to be kept in "free custody." After months of hesitation, both on his own part and that of Elizabeth, he at length conceived the plan of forcibly banishing his enemies from her majesty's council. At the head of a force of 80 knights or gentlemen, and about 200 other persons attached to him by friendship or fear, he made his way into the city, but was disappointed in expecting the people to rise in his favor; he completely failed in his design, and took refuge in Essex house, where he was besieged and forced to surrender. He was comitted to the tower, tried for treason, condemned, and executed, the queen reluctantly and irresolutely signing the warrant. He was an accomplished scholar, a patron of literature, and the most frank and impetuous of the politicians of his time. He erected a monument to Spen

DEVEREUX

ser, gave an estate to Bacon, and was the friend of Wotton and other men of learning.

DEVEREUX, ROBERT, son of the preceding, 3d earl of Essex, born in London in 1592, died in the same city, Sept. 14, 1646. He was educated at Eton and at Merton college, Oxford. He succeeded to his title in 1603, and in his 15th year was married to Lady Frances Howard, who was a year younger than himself. He proceeded to the university and thence to the continent, while his wife remained at court, and numbered Prince Henry and Rochester (afterward earl of Somerset) among her admirers. A divorce ensued between her and the earl of Essex, on the plea of his natural incapacity, and she was soon after married to Rochester. Essex led a solitary life in his country house, till in 1620 he raised a troop and served under the elector palatine in the wars of the Netherlands. He was engaged in several campaigns abroad, and as vice-admiral commanded a fruitless expedition sent by England against Spain. His second marriage resulted unhappily and in a divorce. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed lord general by the parliament, laid siege to Portsmouth, and was proclaimed a traitor by Charles. He fought against the king at Edgehill (1642), captured Reading (1643), advanced into Cornwall, and, after refusing to negotiate with the royalists, met with a succession of disasters which forced his army to capitulate, he himself escaping in a boat to Plymouth. He repaired to London, where a parliamentary deputation waited on him in honor of his faithful services. He again raised a corps, but ill health soon obliged him to quit his command. As early as 1644 he suspected Cromwell of a design to obtain the supreme command. of the army, abolish the house of lords, and erect a new government according to his own principles. He therefore urged his impeachment before the house of lords, and Cromwell took revenge by proposing the "self-denying ordinance," by which members of both houses were excluded from all offices, whether civil or military. This measure having passed, Essex ceased to be a parliamentary general, but for his services £10,000 per annum was voted to him out of the sequestered estates of the loyalists. He died in the next year, and was interred in Westminster abbey, the houses of parliament expressing their respect for his memory by attending

his funeral.

DEVIL (Gr. daßodos, scatterer or accuser), in Jewish and Christian theology, the sovereign spirit of evil. The doctrine of the fathers of the church, founded upon certain passages of the Scriptures, makes him the leader of a rebellion in the angelic world, the enemy of God, the author and constant promoter of sin, now suffering chastisement for his crimes, and destined to eternal punishment. Though called the prince of this world, and though all heathendom was the effect of his agency, yet his power was broken by the work of Christ, so that Christians can rise superior to the might

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of his influence. As sovereign of the demons, he figured prominently in the practice of magic and in many of the poetical legends of the middle ages. In the mysteries he was often represented on the stage, with black complexion, flaming eyes, sulphuric odor, horns, tail, hooked nails, and cloven hoof. Milton in the character of Satan, and Klopstock in that of Abbadonna, have personified the devil as a fallen angel, still bearing traces of his former dignity amid the disfigurements caused by sin. The Mephistopheles of Goethe is a more malignant character, and chuckles in anticipating the ultimate ruin which he is preparing by his arts.-The Yezidis, a singular race found in Koordistan and Armenia, are perhaps the only acknowledged worshippers of the devil. They seem to have once professed Christianity, then Mohammedanism, and now risk their destiny on devilism. Admitting that the mighty angel Satan, the chief of an angelic host, at present has a quarrel with God, they yet believe that a reconciliation will hereafter take place, and that he will be restored to his high estate in the celestial hierarchy. This is the foundation of their hope, and they esteem their chance for heaven a better one than if they trusted to their own merits or to the merits of the leader of any other religion whatsoever. (See DEMONS.)-Among the most complete theological treatises on the subject are those of Mayer, Historia Diaboli (2d ed., Tübingen, 1780); Semler, Versuch einer biblischen Dämonologie (Halle, 1785); and Schulz, Untersuchung über die Bedeutung des Worts Teufel und Satan in der Bibel.-The devil, as the ideal of evil, vice, craft, cunning, and knavery, has played a prominent part in literature. The following are examples: Hocker, Wider den Bann-Teufel (Magdeburg, 1564); Musculus, Wider den Ehe-Teufel (Frankfort, 1566); Fabricius, Der heilige, kluge, und gelehrte Teufel (Eislingen, 1567); Luberti, Fast-Nachts-Teufel (Lübeck, 1573); Brandmüller, Der Geiz-Teufel (Basel, 1579); Musaus, Melancholischer Teufel (Tham, 1572), and Speculativischer Teufel (Magdeburg, 1579); the Theatrum Diabolorum (Frankfort, 1565, containing 20 old German writings similar to the preceding); Velez de Guevara, El diabolo coquelo (Barcelona, 1646); Damerval, Le livre de la diablerie (Paris, 1508); Le diable bossu, Le diable femme, Le diable pendu et dépendu, Le diable d'argent, Le diable_babillard (all early in the 18th century); Le diable confondu (the Hague, 1740); Le diable hermite (Amsterdam, 1741); Le Sage, Le diable boiteux (Paris, 1755); Frédéric Soulié, Mémoires du diable (Paris, 1844); the "Parlyament of Deuylles," printed by Wynkin de Worde (1509); the "Wyll of the Deuyll and Last Testament;" the "Devill's White Boyes" (1644); "Devil turned Roundhead" (London, 1642); the "Devill of Mascon" (Oxford, 1658); and Defoe, the "Political History of the Devil, as well Ancient as Modern" (London, 1726).

DEVIL-FISH, a cartilaginous fish of the ray family, and the genus cephaloptera (Duméril).

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