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made himself first known in literature by a publication of poems in 1838, which was followed by a series of novels, without, however, winning much reputation until 1840, when his Lieder eines kosmopolitischen Nachtwächters appeared. Since then he has published a great variety of poems, tales, books of travel, &c., among which his Gedichte (Stuttgart, 1845) are the most successful. In 1850 he was appointed director of the royal theatre at Munich on account of the success of his tragedy Das Haus des Barneveldt. His attention was probably drawn to the stage by Jenny Lutzer, the Viennese prima donna,

who became his wife in 1844.

DINKA, DENKA, or DONKA, a district of eastern Soodan, Africa, between lat. 9° and 12° N., extending along the right bank of the Bahrel-Abiad, or White Nile, which separates it from the territory of the Shillooks, S. W. of Sennaar and N. of the river Sobat, which separates it from the land of the Nuehrs; the eastern boundary is unknown. It consists of a low and marshy plain, subject to frequent inundations, and containing but few isolated mountains, among which is the Jebel Niemati, or mountain of the Dinkas. A number of long swampy islands covered with reeds and a dense growth of creeping plants, which extend along the right bank of the Bahr-el-Abiad, are described as forming a barrier against invasion from that quarter on the W. boundary. The shores present magnificent scenery, being lined with tamarinds, creepers of a large species, and the lotus shining in great numbers like double white lilies. The inhabitants, called Dinkas, are a savage and ugly race of negroes. They are said to worship the moon, and never to commence warfare when that luminary is above the horizon. They are ruled by chiefs and a king, and have a city on the Bahr-el-Abiad.

DINORNIS (Gr. devos, terrible, and opus, bird), a gigantic extinct bird, whose bones have been found in New Zealand. The history of this genus, established by Prof. Owen, is one of the most remarkable examples of the correctness of the great laws of the correlation of parts so beautifully elaborated by Cuvier. In vol. iii. of the "Transactions of the Zoological Society of London," p. 29, is the first paper by Owen on this subject. He had received from New Zealand a fragment of a femur, 6 inches long, and with both the extremities broken; from its texture and size he concluded that it belonged to a bird of the struthious order, but heavier and more sluggish than the ostrich; the bone was not mineralized, and retained much of its animal matter, though it had evidently remained in the ground for some time; this was in 1839. In a 2d memoir (p. 235), communicated in 1843, he gives descriptions of portions of the skeletons of 6 species of a struthious bird, which he called dinornis, which appeared to have become extinct within the historical period in the north island of New Zealand, as the dodo had in Mauritius; these specimens, 47 in number, had been sent to Dr. Buckland by the Rev. Mr.

Williams, a missionary long resident in New Zealand, whose letter states that they were taken from the banks and bed of fresh-water rivers, buried only slightly in the mud, and probably quite recently; that the birds formerly existed in considerable numbers, and must have attained during a very long life a height of 14 or 16 feet. The bird to which these bones belonged was called moa by the natives. The names given by Owen were dinornis giganteus, height at least 10 feet; D. ingens, 9 feet; D. struthoides, 7 feet; D. dromioides, 5 feet; D. didiformis, 4 feet; and D. otidiformis, of the size of the great bustard. From these specimens he inferred that the wings were quite rudimentary; that the large cervical vertebræ supported a powerful beak; and that its strong legs were used in scratching up the soil to obtain the nutritious roots of the ferns which are so characteristic of those islands. He draws a portrait of this gigantic bird, the highest living form in that part of the globe, with no terrestrial mammal to contest its possession of the soil before the arrival of the first Polynesian colony. Such large and probably stupid birds, without the instinct or perhaps the ability to escape or defend themselves, would soon become extinct under the persecution of man, whose sole aim would be to obtain a supply of animal food from such easy prey; the diminutive apteryx would escape for a longer period, but even this is almost on the point of extinction. In a 3d memoir (p. 307), read in 1846, an examination of a larger number of specimens confirmed the deduction as to the rudimentary condition of the wings by the discovery of a keelless sternum; showed that the species of this essentially terrestrial genus were heavier and more bulky in proportion to their height, more powerful scratchers, and less swift of foot than the ostrich, but in different degrees according to the species; and indicated an affinity to the dodo in the shape of the skull, with a lower cerebral development, and consequently greater stupidity. He formed a new genus, palapteryx, of the species ingens and dromioides, characterized by a posterior or 4th toe, the 3 of the dinornis all being anterior toes; he added the 3 new species, D. crassus, D. casuarinus, and D. curtus, all of small size. In a 4th paper (p. 345), read in 1848, he establishes a new genus, aptornis, in which he places what he formerly called D. otidiformis; this has a large surface for the hind toe, a strong perforated calcaneal process, and a more posterior position of the condyle for the inner toe; it resembles the apteryx in the comparative shortness of the metatarsus. In this he describes perfect skulls and beaks of these birds, from which he concludes that the dinornis, though resembling the struthionida in the extraordinary development of the legs and the rudimentary condition of the wings, does not come very close to any existing struthious birds in its adze-like beak, crocodilian cranium, form of the pelvis, and proportions of the metatarsus. The genus palapteryx belongs to the struthionida, being in

some respects intermediate between apteryx and dromaius. The law of the geographical localization of animals, so remarkably illustrated in the recent progress of geology, receives an additional confirmation by this occurrence in the river banks of New Zealand of remains of gigantic birds allied to the small species still existing only in the same islands. In vol. iv. of the "Transactions" (p. 1), in 1850, the feet and the sternum are described, and 2 new species are alluded to, viz.: D. rheides, and P. robustus; further descriptions of the skull, beak, and legs are given on pp. 59, 141, of the same volume. Some years before the discovery of these bones in New Zealand, attention had been drawn to remarkable impressions in the new red sandstone of the Connecticut river valley, in Massachusetts, which were believed to be footprints of birds, the largest of which must have exceeded the ostrich in size. Geologists were unwilling to admit the existence of birds at this remote epoch on the simple ground of these tracks, and did not dare to construct even in imagination a bird of such stupendous size as would be required for the largest footprints. But the subsequent discovery of D. giganteus demonstrated the existence of birds, at a comparatively recent period, whose tracks would have been larger than the fossil impressions; these recent birds would have made tracks 22 inches long and 6 wide, considerably larger than these of the Connecticut valley. The occurrence of these gigantic birds in New Zealand, with their wingless bodies, and reptile-like condition of the respiratory apparatus (from the non-permeability of their bones to air), adds much to the evidence that similar apterous and low-organized birds existed in America during the red sandstone epoch, "the age of reptiles," when the cold-blooded and slow-breathing ovipara exhibited such various forms and so great a number of species. It has been suggested by Prof. Owen that New Zealand may be the remnant of a large tract over which the struthious family formerly ranged; he says: "One might almost be disposed to regard New Zealand as one end of a mighty wave of the unstable and ever-shifting crust of the earth, of which the opposite end, after having been long submerged, has again risen with its accumulated deposits in North America, showing us in the Connecticut sandstones of the permian period the footprints of the gigantic birds which trod its surface before it sank; and to surmise that the intermediate body of the land-wave, along which the dinornis may have travelled to New Zealand, has progressively subsided, and now lies beneath the Pacific ocean." (Op. cit. vol. iii. p. 328.) Though many of these bones are apparently of recent date, and though it is not impossible, in the opinion of some, that the dinornis, like the apteryx, may still exist in the interior of these islands, they belong to a certain extent to the class of extinct genera. Dr. Mantell thinks they belong to a period as remote, in relation to the surface of New Zealand, as the diluvium con

taining the bones of the Irish elk, mammoth, &c., to that of England; and that the last of the moas was destroyed by the earliest inhabitants of New Zealand, as the dodo was extirpated by the Dutch colonists of Mauritius, and the Irish elk by the early British and Celtic tribes. In a more recent paper in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society," for April 8, 1856, Prof. Owen describes the D. elephantopus, the most extraordinary of all for the massive strength of the limbs and the general proportions of the breadth and bulk to the height; he states it to be the opinion of Mr. Mantell that this species existed in the middle island with the first Maori natives. From a consideration of these species, it appears that those of the north island were distinct from those of the south; Cook's straits proved an insurmountable barrier to birds which could not fly, and could hardly, if at all, swim.

DINOTHERIUM (Gr. devos, terrible, and ŋpiov, animal), an extinct pachyderm of immense size, whose bones have been found in the middle tertiary or miocene deposits of Europe, Asia, and Australia. A few teeth were found in France during the last century, and the early part of the present. In 1829 Prof. Kaup discovered in the sands of Eppelsheim a sufficient number of bones to lead him to form a new genus for this, the largest of terrestrial quadru peds. Cuvier thought it allied to the tapir from the character of its premolar teeth, and many writers, and among them Pictet, classed it with the manati and herbivorous cetaceans. Prof. Kaup considered it a pachyderm, intermediate between the mastodon and the tapir. In 1836 the discovery of a cranium by Dr. Klipstein seemed to settle the position of the dinotherium among the pachyderms; in 1837, this head was exhibited at Paris, where several casts were taken. It is nearly 4 feet long, 2 feet broad, and 14 feet high, its summit divided into 2 parts by a well-marked ridge, and its occipital surface wide and oblique, with a globular occipital condyle; the nasal aperture is very large, as in the elephant and mastodon, with the large suborbital foramina indicating the possession of a proboscis. The lower jaw is remarkable for its curve downward, and its 2 tusks pointing in the same direction, forming a hook about 3 feet in length and describing of a circle. The primary teeth appear to have been 12, 3 on each side of each jaw, and the permanent teeth 20, 5 on each side of each jaw; the front 2 on each side, making 8, are premolars, and resemble those of the tapir; the upper 12 teeth, the true molars, resemble those of the mastodon in their transverse ridges, but differ from them in their square form; they are developed vertically, as in man and most mammals, while those of the elephant family are developed horizontally. If the bones of the trunk and extremities attributed to this animal really belong to it, which is exceedingly doubtful, it would have a length of 18 feet and a height of 14, 2 feet longer and higher than the largest mastodon discovered. The shoulder blade is de

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scribed as like that of the mole, indicating that the fore feet were adapted for digging in the earth. It is not very easy to decide whether this animal was most terrestrial or aquatic in its habits. Pictet, in his Traité de paléontologie (1853, vol. i. p. 371), expresses the opinion that it was a herbivorous cetacean, from the long and hanging tusks which a terrestrial animal could hardly use, the depression of the occipital bone (this being nearly vertical in the pachyderms), the wide opening of the nasal fossæ, the form of the intermaxillaries and of the ocular and temporal fossæ; he would make it an aquatic animal, though coming nearer the proboscidians than does the existing manati; living near the mouths of rivers, it fed upon the fleshy portions of plants which it rooted up with its tusks. On the contrary, Owen, Kaup, and De Blainville consider it a terrestrial proboscidian, intermediate between the mastodon and tapir. These two opinions are really not very different from each other, since it is now generally agreed that the manati and dugong, or the herbivorous cetacea, must be removed from the order of cetacea and placed among the pachydermata, of which last they are the embryonic type. (For details on this subject see the "Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science," 3d meeting, in Charleston, S. C., March, 1850, p. 42.) Considering then the dinotherium to be a true pachyderm, its favorite element, air or water, may be a matter of question. It has no incisor teeth; its inferior tusks seem admirably adapted to drawing its heavy body out of water upon the banks of rivers; they would also serve for rooting up aquatic plants, assisted by the mole-shaped fore feet. Dr. Buckland suggests that the tusks served to anchor the animal to the shore, while it slept in the water. It cannot be far from the truth to call it an aquatic pachyderm, similar in habits to the hippopotamus, living in lakes and marshes. The best known species (D. giganteum, Kaup) was found at Eppelsheim, a few leagues south of Mentz, in clayey marl about 18 feet below the surface, in connection with bones of other pachyderms; their remains have been found only in the miocene strata. Other smaller species are described, as the D. Cuvieri (Kaup), D. minutum (H. de Meyer), and D. proavum (Eichwald), in Europe; D. Indicum (Cautley and Falconer), from the Sivalik hills; and the D. australe (Owen), of Australia.

DINWIDDIE, a S. E. county of Va., bounded N. by the Appomattox river, and S. W. by the Nottoway; area, 540 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 25,118, of whom 10,880 were slaves. It has a rolling surface and a soil well adapted to grain and tobacco. In 1850 it produced 304,556 bushels of Indian corn, 60,275 of wheat, and 1,782,521 lbs. of tobacco. There were 3 cotton factories, 25 flour and grist mills, 3 newspaper offices, 36 churches, and 1,092 pupils attending schools and academies. Value of real estate in 1856, $2,537,279. It is intersected by the railroad from Richmond to Weldon, N. C. The county was

organized in 1752, and named in honor of Gov. Dinwiddie. Capital, Dinwiddie Court House. DINWIDDIE, ROBERT, lieutenant-governor of Virginia, born in Scotland about 1690, died in England, Aug. 1, 1770. While acting as clerk to a collector of the customs in one of the British West India islands, he was instrumental in detecting and exposing the frauds practised by his principal, and as a reward for his services he was soon after appointed lieutenant-governor of Virginia. He arrived in the colony in 1752, and remained until Jan. 1758, when he returned to England. His administration covered a stirring period in colonial history, and he proved himself a zealous and active officer, although totally ignorant of military affairs. He had, however, the sagacity to discern the capacity of Washington, whom in 1753 he appointed adjutant-general of one of the 4 military districts of Virginia, and sent as a commissioner to expostulate with the French cominander on the Ohio for his aggressions upon British territory. At the outbreak of hostilities with the French and Indians, he called upon the governors of the other provinces to make common cause against them, and convened the house of burgesses of Virginia to devise measures for the public security. Entertaining peculiar notions of the royal prerogative and of his own importance, he was highly incensed at the tardiness of the latter body in voting money for the public defence, and at their refusal to put it under his absolute disposal. In 1754 he suggested to the British board of trade the propriety of taxing the colonies for the purpose of raising funds to carry on the war, and in the succeeding year he was one of the 5 colonial governors who at an interview with Gen. Braddock, at Alexandria, Va., memorialized the ministry to the same effect. After the defeat of Braddock, he continued to busy himself with the military operations on the frontiers, displaying great incapacity, and wearying Washington, then in command of the colonial troops, by frequent exhibitions of ill temper, folly, or caprice. He enjoyed little popularity in Virginia, where his arrogance brought him into collision with the legislature, while his avarice led him to exact illegal or obsolete fees, such as a pistole for every patent granted, a perquisite which no governor had claimed for many years. At the time of his departure he was also charged with having appropriated to his own use the sum of £20,000 which had been sent by the British government as a compensation to Virginia for moneys expended by her beyond her proportion, and which he never satisfactorily accounted for.

DIOCESE (Gr. dioinois, administration), an ecclesiastical division of a state, the circuit of a bishop's jurisdiction. In Roman antiquity, the term diocasis designated one of the 4 prefectures or civil divisions into which the empire was partitioned by Constantine the Great; and at a later period the empire became divided into 14 dioceses or prefectures, which comprehended 120 provinces. The civil constitution was fol

lowed in the government of the church, and the diocese was originally a great ecclesiastical district, embracing several bishoprics, and under the primacy of the bishop of the principal city, who bore the title either of metropolitan, archbishop, exarch, or patriarch. The diocese is now in the Roman Catholic church the district subject in ecclesiastical affairs to the authority of an archbishop or bishop; in the episcopal Protestant churches, the district ruled by a bishop; and in the Evangelical church of Germany, the combination of parishes under the care of a superintendent. In England, every diocese is divided into archdeaconries; each archdeaconry at least nominally into rural deaneries; and every deanery into parishes.

DIOCLETIAN, VALERIUS, a Roman emperor, born at Doclea or Dioclea, a small village near Salona in Dalmatia, A. D. 245, died in Salona in 313. He was of obscure parentage, but by his abilities rose rapidly in the army. On the death of Numerian in 284, he was named emperor by the troops, then returning from the Persian expedition which they had commenced under Carus, but had abandoned on the sudden death of the latter. They retreated under his son Numerian, who died on the march, not improbably at the instigation, if not by the hand, of Arrius Aper, his father-in-law. The death of Nuinerian was concealed for a time, but the soldiers, having discovered it, chose Diocletian emperor, and the latter immediately plunged his sword into the bosom of Aper, thus avenging the death of Numerian, and at the same time happily fulfilling an old prophecy which he had received from a druidess in Gaul, to the effect that he would reign when he should have slain the wild boar (Lat. aper). But Diocletian was not without a rival; Carinus, brother of Numerian, was recognized as emperor in Europe. The armies of the hostile sovereigns met near the small city of Margus, not far from the Danube in Moesia, where victory declared itself in favor of the veteran legions of the West; but Carinus, eager ly following the flying enemy, was killed by one of his own officers, and his army readily acknowledged Diocletian as his successor. The latter soon, however, thought it necessary to associate with himself a colleague in the supreme dominion, and fixed his choice on Maximian, his old companion in arms, a rough barbarian, whom he invested with the imperial dignity in 286, and in whom he found a useful assistant and a constant friend. The Roman empire was beset with enemies and torn by factions. The peasants of Gaul rose in arms; Mauritania was in rebellion; Egypt was disturbed by external enemies and internal convulsions; while all along the frontier, from the Euphrates to the Rhine, the barbarians were threatening to destroy the empire by the invasions of their countless hordes. Maximian subdued the Gallic peasants, Bagaudæ, as they were styled, but Diocletian was compelled to strengthen the empire by raising two more Roman soldiers to the purple, Galerius, son of a Dacian shepherd, and Con

stantius, surnamed Chlorus, son of a noble Mosian, and father of Constantine the Great. These two princes received the title of Cæsars, and having repudiated their wives, Galerius married the daughter of Diocletian, and Constantius the stepdaughter of Maximian. Britain, Gaul, and Spain were assigned to Constantius; Galerius received the Illyrian and Danubian provinces; Italy, Africa, with Sicily, and the islands of the Tyrrhenian sea, were held by Maximian; while Diocletian, the head of all, retained under his own dominion Thrace, Egypt, and the provinces of Asia. By this arrangement, on the death of either of the Augusti, as Maximian and Diocletian were styled, the Cæsar who had been associated with him was to be his successor, and another Cæsar was to be appointed. These four princes, it was thought, would hold one another in check, so that no one of them would be able to attain to uncontrolled power. The plan was for a time successful. Maximian subdued the rebellious provinces of western Africa; Diocletian reduced and secured Egypt; Galerius not only, under the superintendence of his father-in-law, compelled the haughty Persians to make a treaty which secured the frontiers of that part of the empire for 40 years, but also vigilantly guarded the Danubian frontier; while Constantius invaded Britain, which for several years had been detached from the rest of the empire under the rule of the usurper Carausius, and restored that island to the control of the Roman emperors. But the evils of this system of division, though not immediate, were certain; and the permanent splitting of the empire into 2 distinct governments was its legitimate result. After a prosperous reign of about 21 years, Diocletian, moved by his infirm health, or, as is said, by the persuasions or menaces of his son-in-law Galerius, voluntarily resigned the throne (305), and retired to Salona in his native country of Dalmatia, where he passed the remaining 8 years of his life in retirement. Maximian, according to a previous agreement, abdicated at the same time, but was not so contented in a private station as Diocletian, and, a few years later, wrote to his former colleague, proposing to him to resume the reins of government. The reply of Diocletian has become celebrated. "Would you could see," he says, "the cabbages planted by my hand at Salona; you would then never think of urging such an attempt." Diocletian introduced great changes in the Roman state. He struck a severe blow at the waning influence of the senate by the removal of his court from Rome to Nicomedia, reduced the numbers and the importance of the prætorian guards, divided the provinces so as to lessen the power of the provincial governors, and increased the dignity and ceremony with which the emperor was surrounded. He is deservedly censured for persecuting the Christians; but it is supposed, as he himself seemed to be favorably disposed to them during the greater part of his reign, and as he was much under the influence of Galerius, a superstitious savage,

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that he may have been induced to pursue this course by the artful persuasions of the latter. It must be remembered also, that the greater part of these persecutions took place after Diocletian had resigned his authority.

DIODATI, DOMENICO, an Italian archæologist and theologian, born in Naples in 1736, died there in 1801. He wrote several works on ecclesiastical history, and one on the coins of the Italian states; but the work by which he became widely known, and which will remain one of the most curious monuments of ingenious speculation, is entitled De Christo Græce loquente Exercitatio, qua ostenditur Græcam sive Hellenisticam Linguam cum Judæis omnibus, tum ipsi adeo Christo Domino et Apostolis, nativam ac vernaculam fuisse (Naples, 1767). The strange theory that Greek was the native language of the Jewish people in the time of Christ, not only familiar to the cultivated classes, but the dialect of the common people, is advocated in this work with remarkable subtlety, nice comparison of passages, and a great variety of proofs, both external and internal. The Della Cruscan academy made him at once one of its associate members, and the delighted empress of Russia, patron of the Greek church, sent a gold medal to the man who had done such service to the language of the sacred records.

DIODATI, GIOVANNI, a Swiss theologian, born in Geneva in 1576, died in 1649. His parents, refugees from persecution, had found that home in Geneva which was denied them in their native city of Lucca. At 21 years he became, on the nomination of Beza, a professor of Hebrew. In 1608 he was made parish minister in the Reformed church, and in 1609 became professor of theology. On a visit to Venice he had several interviews with Fulgentius and Fra Paolo Sarpi, the famous historian of the council of Trent, at the time that they were resisting the secular influence of the papacy. In 1618-'19 Diodati, already noted as a preacher both in France and Switzerland, attended the synod of Dort, where, with Theodore Tronchin, he represented the church of Geneva, and was one of the 6 ministers appointed to draw up the articles of faith. In this synod he showed him self a zealous Calvinist, and offended many by his bitterness against the Remonstrant party. In 1633 he drew up, along with Le Clerc, a preface to the confession of faith of Cyril Lucar, patriarch of the Greek church at Constantinople. This remarkable and unfortunate prelate had been for many years the associate, correspondent, and admirer of the leading reformers, and was indefatigable in his efforts to engraft Lutheran and even Calvinistic ideas upon the creed of the eastern church. In 1645 Diodati relinquished his office as professor, and passed the remaining years of his life in retirement. He was considered by many to be the most learned biblical scholar of his day. Among his works are an Italian version of the Bible (1607); a free Italian translation of the New Testament (1608); Mortis Meditatio Theologica (Geneva, 1619);

the "Papal Fiction of Purgatory" (1619); a French translation of Job, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles (1638), of the Psalms (1640), and of the whole Hebrew Bible (1644); Glossa in Sancta Biblia (fol. Geneva, 1641), in Italian; and a great number of other theological and controversial writings.

DIODORUS, commonly called DIODORUS SIOULUS, a Sicilian historian of the time of Cæsar and Augustus, was born in Agyrium, but the precise epochs both of his birth and of his death are unknown. He spent 30 years in composing a universal history, and in the preparation of this work he traversed a large portion of Europe and Asia. The first 6 books treated of the times anterior to the Trojan war; the 11 following extended to the death of Alexander the Great; while in the 26 remaining, the history was brought down to the time of Julius Cæsar. Of this extensive work, which was styled Βιβλιοθήκη, οι Βιβλιοθηκη Ιστορικη (library, or historical library), we have now only 15 books entire, and a few fragments of the rest. The first 5 books, containing the ancient history of the eastern nations, the Ethiopians, Egyptians, and Greeks, and the 10 from the 11th to the 20th inclusive, comprising the history of events from the second Persian war, 480 B. C., down to 302 B. C., remain entire. Many fragments of the other books are preserved in the works of Photius, and in the Ecloga, or selections, made by order of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The Bibliotheca is the only work of Diodorus of which we have any knowledge, the collection of letters attributed to him being probably a forgery. It is written in the style of annals, and the events are narrated in a confused and discordant manner; but the work is valuable as giving us, if not always information of facts, at least of the opinions of men, with regard to a period in history concerning which our information is so exceedingly meagre, that the slightest addition to it is of great value. The first 5 books are especially prized on this account. Most of the events treated in the other ten are better told by Thucydides and Xenophon, who are silent, however, upon the Carthaginian wars in Sicily related by Diodorus. The best modern editions of his works are those of L. Dindorf (6 vols. 8vo., Leipsic, 1828), and Müller (Paris, 1842-'4). That portion of his history which relates to the successors of Alexander was translated into English by Thomas Stocker (4to., London, 1569). His whole work was translated by Thomas Cogan (fol., London, 1653), and by G. Booth (fol., London, 1700 or 1721; republished, 2 vols. royal 8vo., London, 1814).

DIOGENES, a Cynic philosopher, born in Sinope, in Pontus, Asia Minor, about 412, died near Corinth, 323 B. C. His father was a banker, and was condemned for having adulterated the coinage; and whether his son was involved in the same condemnation or not, it is certain that the latter left his native country and took refuge in Athens. Here he became a disciple of Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynic school of