lature. Camille Jordan, Decazes, Royer-Collard, and Guizot were leaders of this party. They were called doctrinaires because they insisted that the state should be administered in accordance with the abstract doctrine of right, rather than with the mere expediency and passion of the hour. After the revolution of July, 1830, when they came into power, they assumed a conservative position in antagonism with the republicans and radicals, who then came upon the stage. After the revolution of Feb. 1848, the doctrinaires were no more heard of.

DOD, ALBERT BALDWIN, D.D., an American scholar, born in Mendham, N. J., March 24, 1805, died in Princeton, Nov. 20, 1845. He was of a family remarkable for mathematical talent, his father being an eminent mechanician. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1822, and, after having spent more than 3 years in private teaching in Fredericksburg, returned to Princeton in 1826 as a student in the theological seminary. In the following year he accepted a tutorship in the college, which he retained till 1829, being in the mean time licensed to preach by the presbytery of New York. In 1830 he was elected professor of mathematics in the college, and continued in this position till his death. In addition to his official duties he lectured upon architecture and political economy, and wrote occasional review articles, especially for the "Biblical Repertory," to which he was one of the favorite contributors. An article written by him on capital punishment, and in answer to objections urged against it, was adopted by a committee of the New York legislature as their report. His talent lay in the clearness and vivacity of his intellect, and was best exhibited in philosophical discussion. He there fore excelled as a preacher and lecturer, and especially in conversation. He declined an invitation to the chaplaincy and professorship of moral philosophy in the military academy at West Point.-DANIEL, an American machinist, father of the preceding, born in Virginia, Sept. 28, 1788, died in New York, May 9, 1823. His father was distinguished for his versatile mechanical genius, and after having taken part in the war of the revolution, labored alternately as blacksmith, gunsmith, silversmith, land surveyor, and manufacturer of mathematical instruments. Daniel received a thorough scientific education, and declined an appointment as professor of mathematics in Rutgers college to devote himself to the manufacture of steam engines for steamboats, then a new invention. He established himself at Elizabethtown, N. J., and built for the steamboat Seahorse an engine of different construction from any that had preceded it; but it proved to be superior to all former ones, was generally adopted, and has continued without much modification the usual model of the steam engine until the present time. In 1818 he built an engine for the steamship Savannah, which the next year made the first voyage across the Atlantic ever performed by a steamship, and returned in safety after

visiting England and Russia. The experiment was, however, pecuniarily unprofitable, and was not immediately repeated. Mr. Dod removed in 1821 to New York city, where he continued his employment, and was reputed the most suc cessful engine builder in the United States. In 1823, after having altered the machinery of a steamboat, he went on board of her to witness in a trial trip on the East river the effect of his changes. The boiler of the engine exploded, so severely injuring Mr. Dod that he survived the calamity but a few days.

DOD, CHARLES ROGER, an English journalist, born May 8, 1793, died Feb. 21, 1855. He was educated for the legal profession, but began early to write for periodicals, and in 1832 became connected with the London "Times." He had under his care the biographical department of that paper, and the reports of parliamentary debates. He also edited the "Parlia mentary Pocket Companion," and the “Manual of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage" of Great Britain.

DODD, RALPH, an English engineer, born in Cheltenham in 1756, died April 11, 1822. He first studied drawing at the schools of the royal academy, but abandoned this pursuit to follow his genius as a civil engineer. In 1798 he published in London plans for several public works, some of which were carried into effect. Among these were schemes for tunnelling the Thames, for a canal from Gravesend to Chatham, for the East London water works, and for a bridge at Vauxhall. He obtained a patent for a steamboat on the Thames between London and Gravesend, but the project was not carried out. He was seriously injured by the explosion of the boiler of a steam packet at Gloucester, and though he languished for some time after it, he never recovered. Beside the plans above mentioned, he published an "Account of the Principal Canals in the Known World, with Reflections on the Utility of Canals" (8vo., 1795); "Reports, with Plans and Sections, of the proposed Dry Tunnel from Gravesend to Tilbury" (4to., 1798); and "Letters on the Improvement of the Port of London, demonstrating its practicability without Wet Docks" (1799).

DODD, WILLIAM, an English clergyman, celebrated for his talents, his follies, and his misfortunes, born at Bourne, Lincolnshire, in May, 1729, executed in London, June 27, 1777. He studied at the university of Cambridge, where he displayed rare talents, and at an early age distinguished himself as a writer both of prose and poetry. He left Cambridge for London in 1750, and the next year married a young lady who possessed neither virtue nor fortune, and whose tastes were even more extravagant than his own. He was ordained deacon the same year, and priest in 1753, and was appointed to the vicarage of West Ham, near London, where he obtained great success by the amiability of his character and his impressive eloquence. His reputation so increased that he was quickly called to London as a preacher, at the same time retaining

his former benefice. He now abandoned himself to extravagance and excesses. In the hope of being able to meet his increasing expenses, he multiplied his labors as editor and author, and in the course of several years published various original pieces, translations, and new editions of esteemed works. He was intrusted in 1763 with the care of the education of Philip Stanhope, afterward earl of Chesterfield, and obtained from his patrons an appointment as one of the chaplains of the king. In 1766 he took the degree of doctor of laws at Cambridge. His dissipations increased with his income, and though he drew a lottery prize, and received numerous salaries and the income from several benefices, he did not succeed in improving his financial condition. Pursued by his creditors, and ambitious of a still higher position than he had yet obtained, he ventured to write to the wife of the lord chancellor an anonymous letter, offering her £3,000 if by her influence he might be promoted to the rectory of St. George, Hanover square. This letter, being communicated to the chancellor, laid before the king, and traced to the author, caused his name to be stricken from the list of the royal chaplains. The scandals of his past life then became a theme of public remark and ridicule, and he fled from England to Geneva, where his pupil, the young Lord Chesterfield, was then residing. The latter, taking into consideration the painful situation of his former instructor, gave him a sum of money to satisfy his creditors, and presented him to a living in Buckinghamshire. But Dodd was incorrigible, and went directly with his money to France, where he spent it in an unecclesiastical manner, at one time appearing in a phaëton at the races at Sablons, near Paris, dressed like a Parisian sportsman. On his return to England in 1776 he resumed with gravity his pas-` toral functions, and preached with a fluency and unction worthy of a purer reputation. His last sermon was at the Magdalen chapel, Feb. 2, 1777. Two days after this he forged a bond upon his late pupil, Lord Chesterfield, for £4,200, on which he borrowed money. The fraud was discovered before the criminal had time for flight. He was imprisoned, tried at the Old Bailey, and condemned to death. Though recommended by the jury to the royal clemency, and though numerous noble protectors, many clergymen, and a petition from the city of London bearing 23,000 signatures, prayed for the interference of the crown, he was executed at Tyburn. Of the many writings of this strange moralist, the "Thoughts in Prison," a poem in blank verse, written during the progress of his trial, and his "Reflections on Death," are the only ones which are not now forgotten.

DODDRIDGE, a N. W. co. of Va., drained by Hughes river; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 2,750, of whom 31 were slaves. The land is mostly hilly and adapted to pasturage, but Indian corn and oats are also raised in considerable quantities, and lumber is exported. In 1850 the productions were 59,423 bushels of

539

Indian corn, 13,898 of oats, 1,860 tons of hay, and 35,200 lbs. of butter. The county contained one church, and there were 115 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $742,306. Capital, West Union.

DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, an American lawyer and politician, born in Brooke co., Va., in 1772, died in Washington, Nov. 19, 1832. His family were associated with the pioneer settlements on the Ohio river, and as a boy he worked with his own hands at the plough. But failing in health in consequence of severe physical exertion, he was placed at school when 16 years of age, and made rapid progress in his studies. A too close application to his books having rendered it necessary for him to intermit his educational pursuits, and having been invited to join two or three young men of his own age, who were going to New Orleans with produce, he embarked in a flat-boat, and floated down the Ohio and Mississippi. On reaching Natchez, then in the possession of the Spaniards, the young boatmen found the place under strict police regulations, which forbade the admission of strangers into the town; but Doddridge determined to take a walk around the environs, and actually began to ascend the hill. Here he was met by an officer who addressed him in Spanish. Doddridge replied in Latin, and the Spaniard, who proved to be the governor of the post, was so much struck with the learning manifested by a boy engaged in the management of an Ohio flat-boat, that he invited him to dine, and upon his departure gave him letters of introduction which admitted him into society at New Orleans. Upon his return home he commenced the study of the law, and having entered upon the practice of it soon gained a local reputation, especially as an advocate before a jury, hardly inferior to that enjoyed by Patrick Henry in the tide-water portion of the commonwealth. He entered public life as delegate from Brooke co. to the lower house of the Virginia legislature in 1815, and continued for several years at various times to represent that constituency. But it was not until the constitutional convention of 1829-'30 had commenced its sessions, that the full intellectual stature of the man was displayed. He was one of the members chosen for the district composed of the counties of Ohio, Tyler, Brooke, Monongalia, and Preston, and one of his colleagues was Alexander Campbell, the founder of the religious sect known as the "Disciples of Christ." Mr. Doddridge was the acknowledged leader in the convention of the party in favor of the white oasis of representation, and maintained his ground in the great debate in which Randolph, Leigh, Upshur, Stanard, and Tazewell supported the other side. In this discussion and the innumerable debates which sprung out of it, Mr. Doddridge was, according to Mr. Grigsby, the historian of the convention, "a gushing fountain of facts and figures." He had few of the graces of the accomplished orator; his voice was not musical, and he had little skill in

its management; in person he was of a short and stout stature; his features were immobile, even heavy; and he was singularly negligent of the proprieties of dress; so that his success in parliamentary conflicts was due to a close ratiocination, a perfect knowledge of the subject, great energy of manner, and a wonderful command of terse, appropriate words. He was elected to congress soon after the adjournment of the convention, from the Wheeling district, but his career was brought to a close before his first congressional term had expired. At the time of his death he was engaged in codifying the laws for the District of Columbia as one of a committee appointed by congress for that

purpose.

DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, an English divine, born in London, June 26, 1702, died in Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1751. He was of a pious dissenting family, and his earliest years were devoted to the acquisition of religious knowledge. Even before he could read, his mother had made him familiar with the history contained in the Old and New Testaments. Left an orphan at the age of 13 years, he was removed from London to a private school at St. Albans, where he made the acquaintance of a Dr. Samuel Clarke, who became interested in him for the love of learning which he displayed. Doddridge was at this time hesitating as to what profession he should follow. The duchess of Bedford offered to defray the expenses of his education at either university, a proposal which inspired him with gratitude, but which he declined, on account of the implied condition that he should become a clergyman in the church of England. Some of his friends dissuaded him from the ministry, and he purposed for some time the study of the law. At length, however, he determined to follow his own early inclinations, and in 1719, by the advice and assistance of Dr. Clarke, he entered a dissenting academy at Kibworth, under the charge of the Rev. Dr. Jennings, to prosecute his theological studies. From 1723 to 1729 he fulfilled pastoral duties at Kibworth and the neighboring town of Market Harborough, and in that retired district pursued his studies, reading frequently his favorite authors, Baxter, Howe, and Tillotson. In 1729, Mr. Jennings having previously died, Mr. Doddridge took charge of the dissenting academy where he had been himself educated, established it first at Market Harborough, where he then resided, and within a year removed it with him to Northampton, whither he had been invited as pastor. It was at this academy that the most distinguished dissenting ministers near the middle of the last century were educated. Dr. Doddridge presided over it for 20 years, and during the same time acquired a high reputation as a preacher and an author. It was his aim to revive the ancient fervor of the dissenting body, which seemed to him to be declining; hence all his pastoral in tercourse was marked by spiritual earnestness, his sermons urged with zeal the practical duties of life and explained the realities of faith with

simplicity, and his books have continued since his death among the most valued devotional literature of the religious community to which he belonged. In 1750 his constitution, always feeble, began to show signs of decline, and yielding to the advice of physicians that he should pass the winter in a warmer climate, he sailed to Lisbon, where he died 13 days after his arrival. His most popular and useful works are the "Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul," which has been translated into several foreign languages, and his "Family Expositor," containing a version and paraphrase of the New Testament, with notes. He also published several volumes of sermons, the "Principles of the Christian Religion," a "Treatise on Regeneration," and several minor works. His "Course of Lectures on the Principal Subjects in Pneumatology, Ethics, and Divinity" was published posthumously (London, 1763), and gives the outlines of a system of metaphysics and divinity. His works were collected in 10 vols. (Leeds, 1802), and his "Private Life and Correspondence," by one of his descendants, appeared in 5 vols. (London, 1831). Accounts of his life were also published by his contemporary Job Orton, and his pupil Dr. Kippis.

DODGE, a S. E. co. of Wisconsin, intersected by Rock river and one or two smaller streams; area, 936 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 34,540. There are prairies in various parts of the county, interspersed with oak-openings, and covered here and there with small clusters of burr and pin oaks. The valleys of the streams are occupied by extensive forests of oak, ash, elm, maple, &c.; the soil is calcareous and highly fertile. About 44 sq. m. of the surface are covered by an immense swamp or shallow pond, called Winnepago marsh. The staples are grain, potatoes, butter, and swine; and the productions in 1850 amounted to 327,936 bushels of wheat, 127,672 of Indian corn, 204,197 of oats, 158,228 of potatoes, and 331,246 lbs. of butter. There were 10 churches, and 3,243 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1855, $3,842,700. Limestone suitable for building is found in large quantities. The Fond du Lac and Chicago railroad passes through the county, and Rock river is navigable by small boats. Capital, Juneau.

DODINGTON, GEORGE BUBB, Baron Melcombe, an English politician, born in Carlisle in 1691, died July 28, 1762. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1715 was chosen a member of parliament for Winchelsea. His talents soon attracted attention, and he was appointed to accompany Sir Paul Methuen to Madrid, and not long afterward was made envoy extraordinary to Spain. In politics he was a whig, and joined himself to Walvole, but on the minister refusing him a peerage, which was the chief object of Dodington's life, and to which his vast wealth was his principal title, he went into opposition, and became a patriot. Patriotism not proving profitable, his relations with Walpole were resumed, and he received several valuable appointments.

He remembered the old refusal, however, better than the new appointments, and was conspicuous in those assaults on Walpole's ministry that finally worked its fall. He was not immediately rewarded, but at last got the post of treasurer of the navy. Again changing his views, he joined the prince of Wales's faction in 1749, and by Frederic he was permitted to kiss hands on the promise of a peerage and a cabinet office, to be conferred when the prince should become king. A reward hardly less shadowy was his appointment to the place of treasurer of the chambers in the prince's household, which was specially created for him. The prince and Dodington settled the former's first ministry; but in the middle of their scheming the prince died suddenly, much to Dodington's chagrin, his disappointment taking a pious form of expression. "Father of mercy," he wrote in his famous "Diary," "thy hand that wounds alone can save!" In 1755 he was once more appointed treasurer of the navy, but soon lost the office. In 1761, when he was 70 years old, he obtained the object of his life, being made Baron Melcombe of Melcombe Regis, shortly after the accession of George III., and through the favor of Lord Bute. This success, which gave him the most childish pleasure, he did not live long to enjoy, and on his death the title became extinct. His estates fell to Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and his personal property was bequeathed to Thomas Wyndham. Mr. Wyndham died in 1777, and his relative, Henry P. Wyndham, published Dodington's "Diary" in 1784. This diary was kept from March 8, 1749, to Feb. 6, 1761, but there are some breaks in it. It affords a lively picture of the parties, politics, and public men of the last years of George II.'s reign, and the portrait he draws of his own selfishness and egotism is almost as frank as if it had been written in the palace of truth. His mind is, as it were, mirrored in its pages, and from the state in which it was left he evidently meant it for publication. There are attached to it several of the author's political papers. The volume, to which Mr. Wyndham attached the appropriate motto of Et tout pour la trippe, from Rabelais, has been frequently reprinted, and has some value as historical material. Dodington was a man of much wit, and some of his mots are still repeated. He was, however, a butt for ridicule in his own day, and is remembered chiefly as the type of the corrupt and inconstant politician.

DODO (didus ineptus, Linn.), a large bird of the island of Mauritius, at present placed in a subfamily of the order columbæ, or pigeons. It has become extinct within 2 centuries. This remarkable bird was discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1497, and was mentioned by various voyagers from the Dutchmen Jacob van Neck and Wybrand van Warwijk in 1598, to Captain Talbot in 1697. In the work of Messrs. Strickland and Melville on "The Dodo and its Kindred" (4to., London, 1848) are given many quaint descriptions and figures of the bird, which it ap

541

pears was not uncommon in the 17th century, and was frequently used as food by the crews of vessels. In 1688 François Cauche says that he saw in Mauritius birds "larger than a swan, covered with a black down, with curled feathers on the rump, and similar ones in place of wings; that the beak was large and curved, the legs scaly, the nest made of herbs heaped together; that they lay but one egg of the size of a halfpenny roll or of that of a pelican, and that the young ones have a stone in the gizzard." In the same year a living specimen was exhibited in London, and described by Sir Hamon Lestrange as a "great fowle, somewhat bigger than the largest turkey cock, and so legged and footed, but stouter and thicker and of a more erect shape, colored before like the breast of a young fesan, and the back of dun or deare color." In 1644 the Dutch began to colonize the island, and these birds were soon exterminated by the colonists, and by the dogs, cats, and rats which followed in their train, who devoured the eggs and the young in the nests; after the French took possession in 1715, and named it the Isle of France, the dodo is no longer mentioned as a living bird. This is a most remarkable and clearly proved instance of the extinction of an animal by human agency; and as yet the data for determining the species are less than those left by many animals which perished ages ago from geological causes. Beside the rude drawings of the early voyagers given in the work of Mr. Strickland, there are at least 6 oil paintings by eminent artists which are no doubt faithful copies of the living originals. The first of these paintings, the one copied in all books on natural history, and now in the British museum, is anonymous, but probably by one of the artists who painted the following ones; there are 3 pictures by Roland Savery, one at the Hague, another in Berlin dated 1626, and the 3d in Vienna dated 1628; a 5th painting is in the Ashmolean museum, by John Savery, dated 1651; and a 6th in the gallery of the duke of Northumberland, at Sion House, painted by Goeimare, and dated 1627. The principal remains of the dodo are a foot in the British museum, and a head and foot in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, England, rendered familiar by numerous casts; the latter are all that is left of the specimen in Tradescant's museum, and all that was saved from the flames which consumed the decayed specimen by the order of the trustees; the head preserves the beak and nostrils, the bare skin of the face, and the partially feathered occiput; the eyes are dried within the sockets, but the horny end of the beak is gone. A cranium exists in the museum at Copenhagen; a collection of bones at Paris, much incrusted with stalagmite, carried there in 1830; and others sent by Mr. Telfair to the Andersonian museum at Glasgow and to the London zoological society in 1833. The latter included a tibia and the head of a humerus of large size, with a broad articulating surface and a sudden reduction of the size of the shaft. The generic charac

ters are a strong bill, much longer than the head, with the culmen straight at first and then arched to the tip, which is acute and overlaps the lower mandible; the latter has the gonys short and suddenly curved upward; the nostrils are in the membranous portion (which occupies of the bill), oblique and exposed; the wings imperfect; the tail apparently a tuft of 5 feathers, broad and curved upward; the tarsi robust, moderately long, and scaled; the outer toe is shorter than the inner, and the anterior toes are all free at the base; the hind toe is long, on the same plane with the others, and scaled; the claws are short, strong, and blunt. From the imperfect materials at his command, Cuvier ranked the dodo with gallinaceous birds; others have traced out its analogies with the ostrich and with the penguin. Most writers, before the work of Mr. Strickland, considered it a modified form of raptorial bird, and among others De Blainville, Broderip (in the "Penny Cyclopædia"), and Owen. Prof. Owen, in a memoir read before the zoological society in 1846, and published in its "Transactions" (vol. iii. p. 331), from observations on the dissected foot and on the cranium of the Oxford specimen, thinks that the raptorial character prevails, though in an extremely modified form, and that the bird subsisted principally upon decaying organized matter, with such reptiles, fishes, and crustacea as it could seize by means of its well-developed toes and claws. Prof. Reinhardt of Copenhagen first referred the dodo to the pigeon family, and Messrs. Strickland and Melville followed out this idea ir. the book before alluded to; their conclusions can only be glanced at here. They consider it a frugivorous terrestrial pigeon, colossal and brevipennate, coming near in the bill to the genus treron (Vieill.; vinago, Cuv.). The chief external characters of resemblance are the soft, depressed, and vascular nature of the long basal portion of the bill; the extent of the bare skin around the eyes and forehead; the hooked and compressed corneous portion of the upper mandible, overhanging the lower; the position of the nostril in the middle of the beak, and near its lower margin; the sudden sinking from the forehead to the beak, and the rapid narrowing in front of the orbits; the short, robust tarsi, and expansion of the lower surface of the toes; the low plane of the hind toe; the relative lengths of the toes as compared with the ground pigeons, the absence of interdigital webs, and the short blunt claws. Among internal characters gathered from the narratives of voyagers and the paintings of the bird from nature, are the presence of a large crop, a very muscular gizzard, the palatableness of the flesh, and the laying of a single egg. Beside these characters are the absence of the vomer; the form and direction of the bones, processes, and foramina of the skull; the form of the metatarsal and tarso-metatarsal bones, processes, and canals; and especially the passage of these canals on the outside of the posterior tarsal ridge. Mr. AHis has detected the presence of only 11 sclerotic plates,

as in the pigeons, no other birds having a similar or so small a number, the fewest in the raptores being 14. The few points in which the dodo differs from the typical pigeons, as in the non-development of the wings, the small size of the cranium compared to the beak, and the form of the nostrils, do not afford any ground for approximating it to the raptores. Its food was probably dates, cocoanuts, mangoes, and such other fruits as would fall from the tropical trees; their husks it would tear off with its beak, and even the hardest kernels it could digest with its muscular stomach. It must have been a clumsy bird, ungraceful in its form and motions, to use Mr. Strickland's words, like "a young duck or gosling enlarged to the dimensions of a swan; .. a permanent nestling, clothed with down instead of feathers, and with the wings and tail so short and feeble as to be utterly unsubservient to flight." At the same time that Mr. Strickland was preparing his work in England, Dr. S. Cabot, jr, of Boston, published a paper in the "Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History" (vol. v. p. 490), entitled "The Dodo a Rasorial and not a Rapacious Bird;" in this he comes to the same conclusions as the first mentioned author, and without any knowledge of his views; he places the dodo among the pigeons, near vinago, and lays special stress on the high forehead, the bulging out of the lower mandible on its sides beyond the upper, the general shape and proportions of the foot, the arrangement of the scales, the shape of the claws, and the absence of callosities on the soles; beside, the bird was very fat, its flesh edible, and its stomach very muscular, which is not the case with any rapacious birds. He says "that the dodo was a gigantic pigeon, and that, as its general shape, feathering, &c., resemble more strongly the young than the adult pigeon, we may perhaps be allowed to surmise that it properly belongs to an earlier epoch than the present, and has become extinct because its time was run." Prof. Brandt of St. Petersburg, in 1848, maintained the affinity of the dodo to the charadriade or plovers, which he styles pigeonformed or dove-like waders. The testimony, as at present collected, seems overwhelming in favor of the columbine affinities of the dodo.In the island of Rodriguez lived another large brevipennate bird, the solitaire, allied to the pigeons.

DODONA, a city of Epirus, in the N. of Greece, celebrated as the seat of the most ancient oracle of Greece. It was one of the three greatest oracles, ranking with those of Delphi and Ammonium. Though so famous in its day, no vestige of either the city itself or its temple of Jupiter can now be discovered. It is the only place of great celebrity in Greece of which the situation is not exactly known. Before the erection of this temple the oracles are said to have been delivered from a large oak tree, from the whispering branches of which the mysterious sayings of the deity were uttered; and the