sity, founded in 1632, when the town belonged to Sweden, by Gustavus Adolphus, suppressed by the Russians in 1656, and reestablished in 1802-3 by the emperor Alexander. Connected with it are a normal school called the Professoren-Institut, founded in 1828, and an observatory which Tycho Brahe rendered famous, and which in modern times has derived additional celebrity from the labors of Struve and other astronomers. The university has a library of about 60,000 volumes, a museum, and a botanical garden. It is held in high repute, and students (numbering from 600 to 700) resort to it from every part of the empire. The rector of the university is now appointed by the emperor; previous to 1851 he was selected by the professors from their own body. Dorpat also contains a college founded in 1589, a number of other schools and academies, handsome law courts, and an ancient cathedral, now partly in ruins. In former times the town was fortified, but the defences have been dismantled and converted into pleasure gardens. It was founded in 1030, and anciently possessed great commercial importance, ranking as one of the Hanse towns. The Teutonic knights took it from the Russians in 1223, and erected it into a bishopric the following year. This rendered it a place of considerable note, and for upward of 3 centuries the bishop exercised almost sovereign power within his diocese. The see was abolished in 1558, when the town passed again into the hands of the Russians. The Poles seized it in 1582, and the Swedes took it from them in 1625. Peter the Great recaptured it in 1704, and it has remained ever since in the possession of Russia. The vernacular language is Esthonian, but the best educated classes speak German.

DORR, THOMAS WILSON, an American politician, born in Providence, R. I., in 1805, died there, Dec. 27, 1854. He was the son of Sullivan Dorr, a successful manufacturer, was educated at Phillips academy, Exeter, N. H., and was graduated at Harvard college in 1823. He studied law in New York in the office of Chancellor Kent, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and commenced practice in Providence. Originally a federalist in politics, he became a democrat in 1837. The government of Rhode Island at that time was based upon a charter granted by Charles II. in 1663, and the apportionment of representation in the legislature was greatly at variance with the distribution of population. The elective franchise was limited to the holders of a certain amount of real estate and to their eldest sons. About one third only of the citizens were voters. Mr. Dorr was elected a member of the assembly in 1833-4-5-627, and exerted himself to procure the substitution of a liberal constitution in place of the old charter, but his movement for reform obtained in the legislature only 7 out of 70 votes. He resorted to popular agitation, and organized a suffrage party in opposition to the charter party. The suffrage party, after holding several large

mass conventions in 1841, called a delegate state convention to frame a new constitution, which was submitted for ratification to the popular vote. It received 14,000 votes, a clear majority of the citizens of the state. The charter party, however, contended that the whole proceeding was seditious, and that a large proportion of these votes were fraudulent. Mr. Dorr and his party assumed that the new constitution was the fundamental law of the state, and proceeded in accordance with it to hold an election for state officers. Mr. Dorr was chosen governor, and a legislature composed exclusively of his supporters was elected, to meet at Providence on the first Monday of May, 1842. The charter party also held a legal election for state officers, polling 5,700 votes, while the suffrage party claimed to have polled 7,300. On May 3, Mr. Dorr's government attempted to organize at Providence and to seize the reins of power. They were resisted by the legal state government, which organized at Newport on the same day, at the head of which was Gov. Samuel W. King. Both sides appealed to arms. Gov. King proclaimed the state under martial law, called out the militia, and asked and obtained the aid of the United States to suppress the insurrection. A precept was issued for the arrest of Mr. Dorr, charged with treason. On May 18 a portion of the suffrage party assembled at Providence under arms, and attempted to seize the arsenal, but dispersed on the approach of Gov. King with a military force. They assembled again to the number of several hundred, May 25, at Chepachet, 10 m. from Providence, but being attacked by the state forces they dispersed without resistance, and the affair was over on the 28th. Mr. Dorr took refuge in Connecticut, and afterward in New Hampshire. A reward of $4,000 was offered for his apprehension by the authorities of Rhode Island. He soon returned to the state, was arrested, tried, and convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He was pardoned in 1847, and in 1853 the legislature restored to him his civil rights, and ordered the record of his sentence to be expunged. He lived to see his state under a liberal constitution, and his party in legal possession of the government.

DORSETSHIRE, a maritime co. of England, on the British channel; greatest length from E. to W. 57 m; greatest breadth, 40 m.; area, 987 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 184,207. The seacoast is very irregular, running out in several promontories, and broken by Poole harbor and Weymouth or Melcombe Regis bay. The chief rivers are the Stour, Frome, and Piddle. The face of the country is undulating, there being no mountains, and the highest point, Pillerden Pen, being only 934 feet above the sea. A range of chalk downs, entering the county from Wiltshire on the N., passes S. W. and W. to the border of Somersetshire on the W., and is called the North downs; while a similar range, under the name of South downs, runs S. and S. E. from the W. terminus of the other, nearly par

DORSEY

allel with the coast, to Poole harbor. The soil consists mainly of loose sand or gravel, interspersed with clay and chalk, and in some places mixed with these last, the conglomerate thus produced being the most fertile in the county. Beside the chalk formation, Dorsetshire contains pipe, plastic, and potters' clays, and has famous quarries of Portland stone, so called from the locality in which it is found, and which is exported to various parts of England, Ireland, and France. There are no ores nor coal. The downs are employed chiefly as sheep pastures, and it is estimated that the sheep stock amounts to 632,000, and the annual yield of wool to 10,000 packs. The Dorset sheep are noted as a profitable breed, and "Southdown mutton " has a high reputation. There is another and very small breed in the island of Purbeck, much prized by epicures. A large proportion of land is devoted to the use of the dairy. Excellent butter is made, but the cheese is of poor quality. The principal grain crops are wheat and barley. Potatoes, flax, and hemp are also raised, but husbandry is in a backward state. The manufactures comprise silk, woollens, cottons, blankets, canvas, ducks, fabrics of flax, gloves, parchment, buttons, strong beer, ale, and cider. Herrings, salmon, oysters, and large quantities of mackerel are taken off the coast. The chief towns are Dorchester, the county seat, Bridport, Lyme Regis, Weymouth, Poole, Shaftesbury, Wareham, and Sherbourne. Dorset returns 13 members to parliament, 3 of whom are for the county proper.

DORSEY, JOHN SYNG, an American physician, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1783, died Nov. 12, 1818. He was educated in his native city at a school belonging to the society of Friends, studied medicine with his relative Dr. Physick, and received the degree of M.D. in 1802. He visited France and England, and returning home in Dec. 1804, began the practice of his profession, in which his success was rapid. In 1807 he was elected adjunct professor of surgery in the Philadelphia medical school, was afterward transferred to the chair of materia medica, and having given 2 courses of lectures on that subject, was chosen to succeed Dr. Wistar in the professorship of anatomy. On the evening after delivering his introductory lecture he was attacked by a fever, and died at the end of a week, having gained at the age of 35 the reputation of one of the first surgeons of America. He contributed valuable papers to several periodicals, and published "Elements of Surgery" (2 vols. 8vo., 1813), which was adopted as a text book in the university of Edinburgh.

DORT, or DORDRECHT (Lat. Dordracum), an ancient town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, situated on an island in the Merwede, a river formed by the junction of the Meuse and the Waal; pop. in 1856, 22,000. The advantages of its position, 10 miles from Rotterdam, near the sea, accessible from the Rhine through the Waal, and having easy communica

tion with an extensive inland district, have rendered it one of the first commercial towns of Holland. From Liége it receives coal, lime, and millstones. The vineyards on the Rhine supply it with wine, and from Switzerland and upper Germany it obtains timber, which drifts down the river in large rafts like floating islands, and is here collected, serving for ship-building and other purposes. The surrounding waters afford plenty of good fish and wild fowl. A flourishing trade is carried on in oil, seeds, grain, flax, and stock fish. There are oil mills, saw mills, salt and sugar refineries, bleaching grounds, and factories of white lead, tobacco, steel pens, and window glass. The port is excellent. There are canals leading to the interior of the town, and a number of quays. The houses have an exceedingly antiquated appearance; the windows are grotesquely ornamented, and the gable ends generally face the street. The public buildings are numerous, and some of them possess considerable historical interest. Three old houses formerly used as doelens, or places of rendezvous for armed burghers, are still standing. In one of these, now used as a public house, was held the famous Protestant synod of Dort, in 1618-19, which condemned the doctrines of Arminius. The provincial synods of South Holland were held regularly in the same place until 1731, after which they convened in the great church. Another of the doelens has been converted into a court house, and a public school is taught in the third. Among the churches, the chief is St. Mary's, an immense building of great antiquity, originally used by the Roman Catholics, and then containing no less than 20 chapels and 40 altars. It has a square tower of considerable height, and a vaulted stone roof. The pulpit is a fine piece of workmanship, of white marble elaborately sculptured. The church is now held by the Protestants, who have beside 2 other places of worship. There are also a new Roman Catholic church, a congregation of Jansenists, numbering about 100, and a Jewish synagogue. The town hall is a very old building, but still in good preservation. Dort also has a corn exchange, a bank, an artillery arsenal, classical, agricultural, and other schools, an orphan asylum, alms houses, an infirmary, and a lunatic asylum. In 1421 it was involved in a terrible inundation, which is said to have swallowed up 70 villages, and to which the island of Dort owes its formation, the city having previously stood on the mainland. A conflagration in 1457 consumed upward of 2,000 houses, including many of the public edifices. At the time of the reformation the new doctrines, which were so well received in many towns of Holland, found few supporters here at first, though they were afterward received with avidity. The spot where the reformers first preached in Dort in 1572, beneath a linden tree which stood in front of one of the old doelens, is still pointed out to strangers. The first meeting of the states-general, at which the independence of the United Provinces was declared, was held here during the same year.

While the disputes about the stadtholdership were raging in 1672, the inhabitants of this town sided with the house of Orange; in 1786, when similar difficulties arose, and Prussia intervened, Dort took a decided stand against that kingdom, and succeeded in obtaining advantageous terms. During the wars of Napoleon the burghers displayed an undaunted spirit in maintaining their national independence.

DORT, SYNOD OF. See REFORMED DUтоH CHURCH.

DORTMUND, a town of Prussia, province of Westphalia, and capital of a circle of the same name; pop. in 1855, 20,000. It is enclosed by walls, has 5 gates, several churches, 2 hospitals, and some other public buildings, manufactories of woollen, linen, cotton, &c., 4 annual fairs, and a considerable trade. It was important at an early day, and was a member of the Hanseatic league, but its prosperity afterward declined. Formerly a free imperial city, it passed into the possession of the family of Nassau-Diez in 1802, and into the hands of Prussia in 1815. DORUS-GRAS, EMILIE, a French singer, born in Valenciennes in 1813. Her father, an officer under the first empire, was her earliest instructor in music, and at the age of 8 she was sent to the conservatoire of Paris. Having completed her education there, she made her début at Brussels in 1830; but returning to France in consequence of the revolution in Belgium, she accepted an engagement at the grand opera in Paris, where she remained upward of 20 years, most of the time in the capacity of leading prima donna. Her chief parts were in Guillaume Tell, La muette de Portici, Fernand Cortez, Robert le diable, Les Huguenots, and La Juive. Her voice has great compass and flexibility, and she is distinguished by brilliancy of execution and dramatic delivery. In 1833 she was married to M. Gras, an eminent violinist, with whom several years ago she retired from professional life. DORY, the name of a family of scomberoid fishes, distinguished from the others of the group by having protractile mouths. This family of zeide contains the 6 genera of zeus (Linn.), capros (Lacép.), caprophonus (Müll. and Trosch.), lampris (Risso), equula (Cuv.), and mene (Lacép.) The name of dory is generally restricted to the genus zeus (Linn.), characterized by one dorsal fin deeply notched, or 2 contiguous dorsals of which the anterior is spinous, with delicate filaments projecting far beyond the spines; the ventrals, also spiny, are a little in advance of the pectorals; there are 2 anals, or 2 divisions of a single anal, the anterior portion being spinous and the posterior soft, like the dorsals; the caudal is distinct and rounded at the end; there are several bony dermal bifurcated plates or shields along the basis of the dorsal and anal fins; the branchiostegal rays are 7; the teeth numerous, small and feeble; the stomach large and cæcal, with very numerous pyloric cæca; air bladder large, simple, and oval. The best known species is the common or John dory (Z. faber, Linn.), a fish attaining

a length of over 2 feet, of a grotesque form, and a yellowish tint; the body is oval, much compressed, with a smooth surface; the mouth is capable of such protrusion that the length from the point of the lower jaw to the posterior angle of the operculum may be made as great as from this angle to the base of the tail; the mouth is large, and the teeth are in a single row; the eyes are large, lateral, high up on the head, and with yellow irides; behind and over each eye is a spine. The general color is olive brown tinged with yellow, with blue, white, and golden reflections rapidly varying; on each side, very near the middle of the oval, is a round black spot surrounded by a narrow light ring. This fish was well known to the ancients, who expressed their regard for it by giving it the name of Jupiter. It has received a number of popular names, among others that of "St. Peter's fish;" with the haddock it disputes the honor of having been the species out of whose mouth this apostle took the tribute money, bearing on its sides, according to one popular tradition, the black spots indicating the marks of his finger and thumb; another tradition assigns the origin of these spots to the similar touch of St. Christopher as he bore the Saviour, wading through an arm of the sea. The name of dory has been derived from the French adorée (worshipped), and dorée (golden); the prefix of John has been derived from the French jaune (yellow); others consider John dory a corruption of il janitore (the gate-keeper), a name given to this species by the Adriatic fishermen, in allusion to St. Peter, who is often pictured as bearing the keys of the gates of heaven. From the resemblance of the first dorsal fin to a cock's comb, it has been called sea-chicken, gal, gallo, and in Gascony jau (cock), to which also some have traced the epithet of John, the whole name meaning the "gilt cock of the sea." This species is found in the Mediterranean, along the western coast of Europe, at the Canary islands, and on the English and Irish coasts; in England it is most common on the coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. Its forbidding appearance has prevented it from being so much prized as an article of food as it deserves; it was highly esteemed, however, by the ancient Romans, and is now a favorite fish in many parts of England; it appears that Mr. Quin, equally famous as a comedian and an epicure, in the middle of the 18th century, first in England discovered the excellence of the dory for the table, and it is said that the English name of John dory was first given to the fish by him. It is a deepwater fish, and feeds on the fry of other species, shrimps, and mollusks; the average weight in the London market is 3 or 4 lbs., but some from the bay of Biscay have been seen weighing 12 to 16 lbs.; it often follows the pilchards, and is caught in the same nets with them; it readily takes the hook when baited with a living fish; very voracious, it seizes its prey by means of its protractile jaws, lying concealed among weeds and grasses. The elongation of

DOSITHEANS

the mouth is due principally to the mobility of the intermaxillary and lower jaw bones, especially to the length of the ascending portion of the former. A second species (Z. pungio, Val.) is found in the Mediterranean; in this the spines of the 1st dorsal are much larger, the bifurcated spines along the 2d are 5 or 6 instead of 9 or 10, the osseous plates which bear them are stronger and more oval, and the scapular bone terminates in a large, round, pointed spine; the length is about 17 inches, and the color blackish brown. A species 2 feet long (Z. capensis, Val.) occurs at the cape of Good Hope; another (Z. Japonicus, Val.), of a grayish yellow color, with a deep blue spot, is found in Japan; and still another species in the Australian seas. In June, 1858, Dr. D. H. Storer described the first species of this genus found in American waters, in the "Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" (vol. vi., p. 385); this is the spotted dory (Z. ocellatus, Storer), captured at Provincetown, Mass. The color is cupreous, marked with numerous more or less circular dark spots; the base of the 2d dorsal is longer than that of the 1st; along the dorsal fin are 7 bony spinous plates, along the anal 5, along the abdomen 8, and along the throat 4; the length was 6 inches. The name of dory has been applied in this country to other scomberoid fishes of the genera blepharis (Cuv.), argyreiosus (Lacép.), and vomer (Cuv.), which were included by Linnæus and Bloch in the genus zeus, from which they were separated by Cuvier. These American dories have a very compressed body, and very singular forms. In the genus blepharis the body is sharp on the edges, with a brilliant smooth skin, the dorsal and anal fins have long filamentous rays from 4 to 12 inches in length, which from their resemblance to wax-ends have obtained for them in the West Indies the name of cordonniers (shoemakers). In the genus argyreiosus the 2d and 3d rays, or only the 1st, of one or both dorsals are filamentous; the great perpendicularity of the facial line gives a ridiculously solemn expression to this genus; these fishes are occasionally taken in the waters of New York, and are considered excellent articles of food. The genus comer has a similar vertical profile and silvery lustre, but no filaments or prolongations of the fins; it is esteemed for food; the V. Brownii (Val.) of the New York coast is from 8 to 12 inches long.

DOSITHEANS, an ancient sect of the Samaritans, so called from their founder Dositheus, who was a contemporary and companion of Simon Magus, and flourished in the 1st century A. D. According to one account Dositheus was a disciple of John the Baptist, and, after the death of the latter, endeavored to place himself at the head of the followers of that prophet. Another account tells us that he tried to persuade the Samaritans to receive him as the Messiah. There were still in the 4th century a few Dositheans who adhered to their master as the true Messiah, but the sect was never of much importance.

DOUAY, or DOUAI, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name, in the department of Nord, 18 m. S. of Lille; pop. in 1856, 18,777. It is situated on the river Scarpe, and on the northern railway, thus having connection with the principal towns of France and Belgium. It is surrounded by walls, is strongly fortified, and contains several literary and scientific institutions, a public library, school of artillery, an arsenal and cannon foundery belonging to the government, and has manufactories of lace, embroidery, cotton, linen, leather, delft ware, glass, paper, refined sugar, salt, &c., several breweries, distilleries, and oil mills, and an extensive trade. Douay is a very ancient town, and, according to some, existed in the time of the Romans. It was a town of considerable importance when in possession of the counts of Flanders, from whom it came into the power of the king of Spain, and in 1667 passed into the hands of Louis XIV. Though taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1710, it was soon retaken by the French, and its possession was finally confirmed to them by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. During the religious troubles in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, it acquired considerable celebrity as the seat of a Roman Catholic college and ecclesiastical seminary, founded by Dr. William (afterward Cardinal) Allen, for the education of English youths. Studies were commenced at this institution in 1568, and for about 10 years its prosperity was uninterrupted. But in the course of time the townspeople of Douay, then subjects of the king of Spain, grew jealous of their English neighbors, and in spite of the efforts of the magistrates to preserve peace, disturbances were of frequent occurrence. To prevent further mischief the college was removed to Rheims in 1578, where it was protected by the Guise family. In 1593 it was again established at Douay, and remained there until finally broken up by the French revolution in 1793. A translation of the Bible into English was made at this college by Dr. Gregory Martin, assisted by Dr. Allen, Dr. Richard Bristow, and Dr. John Reynolds. The New Testament was published at Rheims in 1582, and the Old Testament at Douay in 1609 and 1610. This is the translation received in the English Roman Catholic church, and known as the Rhemish or Donay version.

DOUBLEDAY, EDWARD, an English naturalist, born in 1810, died in London in 1849. At an early age he made a tour of the United States, and on his return published a paper on the "Natural History of North America," and was appointed one of the curators of the British museum. The most valuable of his contributions to science are the results of his researches concerning butterflies, published in a work "On the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera," which, however, he left unfinished at his death. He was also the author of a variety of papers on ornithology, entomology, and zoology, published in the "Entomological Magazine" and elsewhere.

DOUBLOON (Sp. doblon), a well known

gold coin of Spain and Spanish America, originally coined of the same weight and fineness as the Spanish dollar, and valued at $16. Its subdivisions in gold were the half doubloon, the quarter or pistole, the eighth or escudo, and in Spain the sixteenth or veintein. It is still coined in Mexico, Central America, and most of the South American states, but owing to a reduction of fineness is worth only from $15 50 to $15 60 of our money. (See COINS.)

DOUBS, a department on the E. frontier of France, named from the river Doubs, which rises in the Jura, and empties into the Saône; area, 2,020 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 286,888. Its surface is for the most part mountainous, gradually rising from the more level country in the N. W. of the department to the rugged and sterile mountain peaks on the frontier of Switzerland. The principal rivers are the Doubs and the Oignon, though there is a large number of smaller streams. Agriculture is carried on to some extent, but the grain raised is insufficient for the wants of the inhabitants. Much attention is paid to the raising of horses and cattle, and a considerable portion of the department is devoted to pasturage. There are some iron mines, which are worked, and coal, gypsum, building stone, and salt.are also produced. The manufactures comprise clocks, paper, leather, woollen and cotton cloth, iron and steel ware, butter, cheese, &c. The climate is somewhat variable, but is on the whole cold, and in the lower parts of the department much rain falls. The country is nevertheless healthy, and the inhabitants vigorous and sturdy. It is divided into 4 arrondissements. Capital, Besançon.

DOUCE, FRANCIS, an English antiquary, born in 1762, died in London, March 30, 1834. He collected a great number of rare books, prints, medals, coins, &c., the most important of which he bequeathed at his death to the Bodleian library. His papers he gave to the British museum, on condition that the box which contained them should not be opened until the year 1900. Mr. Douce contributed some papers to the "Archæologia," and to the "Gentleman's Magazine," and was the author of "Illustrations of Shakespeare and Ancient Manners” (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1807), and a "Dissertation on the Dance of Death" (London, 1833).

DOUGHTY, THOMAS, an American landscape painter, born in Philadelphia, July 19, 1793, died in New York, July 24, 1856. He was apprenticed in his youth to a leather manufacturer, and afterward carried on the business on his own account. A growing taste for art, however, induced him in his 28th year, contrary to the advice of his friends, to become a painter. He had previously attempted a few paintings in oil, which he himself has characterized as "mere daubs," and had received a quarter's tuition in India ink drawing. He practised his profession for many years in the United States, and also in London and Paris. For some years previous to his death his pencil was less active.

DOUGLAS. I. A S. W. co. of Oregon, bounded E. by the Cascade range, and drained by Umpqua river and its branches; pop. in 1858, 2,105. Organized in 1855. Capital, Winchester. II. An E. co. of Nebraska, bounded E. by the Missouri, which separates it from Iowa, and W. by the Platte river. It is drained by Elkhorn, Big Papillon, and Little Papillon rivers. Capital, Omaha City. III. An E. co. of Kansas, bounded N. by Kansas river, and drained by the Waukarusa; area, 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, about 12,000. It consists chiefly of rolling uplands, with a black loamy soil, well timbered, and producing Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sorghum, and hemp. The minerals are coal and carboniferous limestone. The county was settled in 1854, and its name was changed to Lincoln in 1859. Chief towns, Lawrence and Lecompton; the latter is the capital of the territory.

DOUGLAS. I. A seaport town on the E. coast of the isle of Man; pop. in 1851, 9,880. It is the capital of the island, and a watering place of much resort. It has a harbor capable of admitting vessels of 10 or 12 feet draught at high water, and a pier 520 feet in length. Steamers from Liverpool, Glasgow, and various ports of Ireland, often touch here. Ship-building is carried on to some extent, and many of the inhabitants are employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. II. A village and parish of Lanarkshire, Scotland, on a river of the same name; pop. in 1851, 2,611. The parish is owned almost entirely by the heir-at-law of the Douglas family, who takes from this place his title of baron. The duke of Hamilton is marquis of Douglas. Near the village are the ruins of the ancient church of St. Bride, noted for its numerous family tombs, among which is a monument to "the good Lord James," the friend of Robert Bruce and the hero of Sir Walter Scott's tale, "Castle Dangerous.”

DOUGLAS, a Scottish family, once so powerful that it passed into a proverb: "No man may touch a Douglas, nor a Douglas's man, for if he do, he is sure to come by the waur (worse)." The family has been connected with the most distinguished nobles of England, Scotland, France, and Sweden, and has intermarried 11 times with the royal houses of Scotland, once with that of England, and in 1841 with a princess of Baden. It held for a time the earldom of Athol, and one of its members acquired in the 14th century the title of earl of Douglas and Mar. The earls of Angus afterward became the heads of the family, and the 11th of that title was created marquis of Douglas in 1683, while another branch acquired the earldom of Queensberry. The 3d marquis was made a duke, but dying without issue the title of marquis of Douglas fell to the duke of Hamilton, and the chief dignities of the family are now held by the houses of Buccleugh and Queensberry. Baron James Douglas of Douglas was a son of Archibald Stewart, nephew of Archibald, duke of Douglas, whose legitimacy was contested by the duke of Hamilton; it being alleged on Stewart's behalf that he was one of a pair of twins born in Paris,