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DOUGLAS

July 10, 1748, when his mother was in her 51st year; the other twin was said to have died in infancy. The Scotch courts determined in favor of Hamilton, but the house of lords reversed the judgment. This suit, known as the Douglas case, was one of the most extraordinary ever litigated in Great Britain. Mr. Stewart was elevated to the peerage as Baron Douglas in 1790. Baron James, the late peer, died April 6, 1857, when this title became extinct, and the estates devolved on his half sister, Lady Montagu. Among the present representatives of the great Douglas family is Sir Robert Douglas, an officer in the army, born July 19, 1837.

DOUGLAS, DAVID, a British botanist, born in Scone, Scotland, in 1798, killed in the Sandwich islands, July 12,1834. Having been employed as a laborer in the Glasgow botanic garden, his intelligence attracted the notice of Dr. (afterward Sir William) Hooker, who procured for him an appointment as botanical collector to the horticultural society of London. In this capacity he travelled extensively in America; in 1824 explored the Columbia river and California, and in 1827 traversed the continent from Fort Vancouver to Hudson's bay, where he met Sir John Franklin, and returned with him to England. He made a second visit to the Columbia in 1829, and afterward went to the Sandwich islands. His death was caused by falling into a pit made to entrap wild cattle, where he was killed and mutilated by an animal previously entrapped. Through his agency 217 new species of plants were introduced into England. He collected 800 specimens of the California flora. A gigantic species of pine which he discovered in California is named after him pinus Douglasii.

DOUGLAS, GAWIN, or GAVIN, a Scottish poet, bishop of Dunkeld, youngest son of Archibald, 5th earl of Angus, born in Brechin about 1474, died of the plague in London in 1521 or 1522. He was educated for the church, partly in Scotland and partly at Paris, and when 22 years of age was appointed rector of Hawick. While in this office he translated into verse Ovid's "Remedy of Love." In 1501 he addressed to King James IV. the "Palace of Honor," an allegory which resembles so much in structure the "Pilgrim's Progress," that Bunyan has been thought to have borrowed the idea of his work from that of the Scotch bishop. In 1509 he was appointed provost of St. Giles's, Edinburgh. At the solicitation of Lord Sinclair, who afterward fell at Flodden, he translated the Eneid into Scottish verse. The original issue bears the title page: "The xiii. bukes of Eneados of the famose poet Virgill, translatet out of Latyne verses into Scottish metir, bi the Reuerend Father in God, Mayster Gawin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkel, & vnkil to the Erle of Angus: enery buke hauing hys perticular prologe (4to., London, 1553). This work was written in 16 months and finished in 1513, though first printed 40 years later. It is praised for its spirit and fidelity. The 13th book was the production of Mapheus Vegius. In Sept. 1513,

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"the provost of St. Giles," as he was now called, accompanied the king to Flodden field, where his 2 elder brothers, the master of Angus and Sir William Douglas, with 200 gentlemen of their name, were slain. Soon afterward the earl his father died of grief. The chief of Douglas was now the young earl of Angus, nephew of Gawin. This youth married the queen regent, and was the means of Gawin's obtaining the abbacy of Aberbrothwick, and a nomination to the archbishopric of St. Andrew's, which would have made him head of the church in Scotland. The pope would not assent to this appointment, and as the partisans of the various candidates appealed to arms, it ended in Gawin's abbacy being taken from him. Thereupon the queen made him bishop of Dunkeld, in 1515. On taking possession of his see he found it in armed possession of the earl of Athol's brother, Andrew Stewart. Douglas's friends rallied in force and took the cathedral, after which the contention went on for years between the rival families of Angus and Hamilton, and in April, 1520, both families met in Edinburgh to fight it out. Bishop Gawin, foreseeing bloodshed, besought Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, a partisan of the Hamiltons, to prevent the fray. The archbishop, who was in canonical habit, struck his hand on his breast and declared on his conscience that he knew nothing of any attempted violence. Unfortunately the archbishop had armor under his gown, intending himself to take part in the fight; his gesture of asseveration caused the steel to clash. "Methinks," said Douglas drily, "your conscience clatters." Douglas's intercessions were of no avail; the forces of the rival lords met. Hamilton was defeated, and the bishop had the revenge, later in the day, of saving the life of Beaton, whom the victors were about to slay on the altar of Blackfriars' church. Next year the regent Albany called the Angus party to account, and the earl, with Gawin and the chief men of his name, were forced to fly to England, where Henry VIII. received them well, and allowed Gawin a pension. An allegorical poem of his, entitled "King Hart," was left in manuscript, and published by Pinkerton in his "Ancient Scottish Poems," 1788. According to Hallam, "the character of Douglas's original poetry seems to be that of the middle ages in generalprolix, though sometimes animated, description of sensible objects." Warton thinks, on the contrary, that his metrical prologues are highly poetical, and show that Douglas's proper walk was original poetry."

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DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD, an English general, born in Gosport, Hampshire, July 1, 1776. He entered the army at an early age, served in Walcheren, and in the Spanish and Portuguese campaigns in 1808-'9-'11-'12. He succeeded his brother as 3d baronet, May 24, 1809. In 1823 he was appointed governor of New Brunswick, and held that office until 1829, in which year he received the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. He was lord high commissioner

of the Ionian islands from 1835 to 1840, and member of parliament for Liverpool from 1842 to 1847. He was raised to the rank of general in 1851. Sir Howard is the author of several valuable works on military science, among which are an essay "On the Construction of Military Bridges," &c. (1817), and "A Treatise on Naval Gunnery" (1819). In a 4th edition of the latter work, published in 1855, he reviewed very severely the military operations in the Crimea. DOUGLAS, JOHN, D.D., an English prelate, born in Pittenweem, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1721, died in Salisbury, May 18, 1807. He was chaplain to a regiment of foot guards serving in Flanders, was present at the battle of Fontenoy (1745), and was employed by Gen. Campbell in carrying orders. After having held various ecclesiastical benefices, chiefly through the patronage of the earl of Bath, in 1781 he was chosen president of Sion college; in 1787 was made bishop of Carlisle; in the succeeding year became dean of Windsor; and in 1792 was translated to the see of Salisbury. He was a member of the royal society, and vice-president of the antiquarian society. Beside an early literary effort entitled "A Vindication of Milton from the charge of Plagiarism," Dr. Douglas wrote many religious and political pamphlets. He also superintended in 1762 the pubÎication of the 2d Lord Clarendon's "Diary and Letters;" in 1777, Lord Hardwick's "Miscellaneous Papers," and Capt. Cook's second voyage; and in 1781, Capt. Cook's last voyage. His religious writings were several anniversary sermons; the "Criterion, or Miracles Examined," intended as a vindication of the Christian miracles from the attacks of Hume; with sundry controversial discourses against the Hutchinsonians, Methodists, and other sects. He was a member of the club instituted by Dr. Johnson, and is accordingly mentioned by Boswell and Goldsmith.

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD, an American statesman, born at Brandon, Rutland co., Vt., April 23, 1813. His father was a native of the state of New York, and a physician of considerable reputation. He died suddenly of apoplexy when his son Stephen Arnold was but little more than 2 months old. The widow, with her infant and a daughter only 18 months older, retired to a farm which she had inherited conjointly with an unmarried brother. At the age of 15 her son, who had received a good common school education, desired to prepare for college; but his family proving unable to bear the requisite expense, he left the farm, determined to earn his own living, and engaged himself as an apprentice to the trade of cabinet making, at which he worked a year and a half, partly at Middlebury and partly at Brandon, when his health became so impaired by the severity of the labor that he abandoned the occupation altogether. He has often since said that the happiest days of his life were passed in the workshop. He now entered the academy at Brandon as a student, and remained there a year. His mother about this time was married

to Mr. Granger, of Ontario co., N. Y., to whose son her daughter had been previously married. Young Douglas removed with his mother to Canandaigua, and entered as a student the academy of that place, in which he continued till 1833. He studied law in the office of the Messrs. Hubbell, at the same time that he pursued his academical course, having finally adopted that as his profession. In the spring of 1833 he went to the West in search of an eligible place in which to establish himself as a lawyer. At Cleveland he was detained the whole summer by severe illness, after his recovery from which he went to Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Jacksonville, IIL At Jacksonville he found his funds reduced to 37 cents, and accordingly walked to Winchester, a little town 16 miles distant, where he hoped to get employment as a school teacher. He found there a large crowd assembled to attend the anction sale of the stock of a deceased trader. The auctioneer was without a clerk to keep the account of the sale, and perceiving that Mr. Douglas, who stood among the spectators, looked like a man who could write and keep accounts, requested him to serve in that capacity. Mr. Douglas consented, and acted as clerk during the three days of the sale, receiving for his services $6. With this capital in hand he promptly opened a school, and obtained 40 pupils, whom he taught for 3 months at $3 a quarter, devoting his evenings to the study of some law books which he had borrowed in Jacksonville, and on Saturday afternoons practising in petty cases before the justice of peace of the town. In March, 1834, he opened an office and began practice in the higher courts, for which, after examination, he had obtained license from the judges of the supreme court. He was remarkably successful at the bar, as may be inferred from the fact that within a year from his admission, while not yet 22 years of age, he was elected by the legislature attorney-general of the state. This office he resigned in Dec. 1835, in consequence of having been elected to the legislature by the democrats of Morgan co. He took his seat in the house of representatives, the youngest member of that body. In 1837 he was appointed by President Van Buren register of the land office at Springfield, Ill., a post which he resigned in 1839. In Nov. 1837, Mr. Donglas received the democratic nomination for congress, although he was under 25 years of age, and consequently ineligible. He however attained the requisite age before the day of election, which was the 1st Monday in Aug. 1838. His congressional district was then the most populous one in the United States, and the canvass was conducted with extraordinary zeal and energy. Upward of 36,000 votes were cast, and the whig candidate was declared to be elected by a majority of 5 only. A number of ballots sufficient to have changed the result were rejected by the canvassers because the name of Mr. Douglas was incorrectly spelled. After this defeat, which under the circumstances was claimed by his friends as a victory,

DOUGLAS

Mr. Douglas devoted himself exclusively to his profession until 1840, when he entered into the famous presidential campaign of that year with so much ardor that he traversed the state in all directions for 7 months, and addressed more than 200 political gatherings. To his exertions was ascribed the adherence of Illinois at that election to the democratic party. In Dec. 1840, Mr. Doug las was appointed secretary of state of Illinois. In Feb. 1841, he was elected by the legislature a judge of the supreme court, which office he resigned in 1843 to accept the democratic nomination for congress, which was urged upon him against his known wishes, on the ground that he was the only democrat who could be elected. After a spirited canvass Mr. Douglas was chosen by upward of 400 majority. He was reelected in 1844 by a majority of 1,900, and again in 1846 by nearly 3,000 majority. He did not, however, take his seat under the last election, having in the mean time been chosen to the senate of the United States for 6 years from March 4, 1847. In the house of representatives Mr. Douglas was prominent among those who, in the Oregon controversy with Great Britain, maintained that our title to the whole of Oregon up to lat. 54° 40' was "clear and unquestionable." He declared that "he never would, now or hereafter, yield up one inch of Oregon, either to Great Britain or any other government." He advocated the policy of giving notice to terminate the joint occupation; of establishing a territorial government over Oregon, protected by a sufficient military force; and of putting the country at once in a state of preparation, so that if war should result from the assertion of our just rights, we might drive "Great Britain and the last vestiges of royal authority from the continent of North America, and make the United States an ocean-bound republic." He denied the right of the federal government to prosecute a system of internal improvements in the states, though he maintained the constitutionality and expediency of improving rivers, harbors, and navigable waters, and advocated a scheme of tonnage duties for that purpose, to be levied and expended by the local authorities. He was mainly instrumental in securing the passage of the law extending the maritime and admiralty jurisdiction of the federal courts over the great chain of northern lakes, having reported the bill as a member of the judiciary committee, and put it upon its passage, when a member of the house of representatives. He was among the earliest advocates of the annexation of Texas, and after the treaty for that object had failed in the senate, he was one of those who introduced propositions, in the form of joint resolutions, as a substitute for that treaty. As chairman of the committee on territories in 1846 he reported the joint resolution declaring Texas to be one of the United States of America, and he vigorously sustained the administration of President Polk in the measures which it adopted for the prosecution of the war with Mexico, which was the ultimate consequence of that

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act. As chairman of the territorial committee, first in the house of representatives, and afterward in the senate, he reported and successfully carried through the bills to organize the territories of Minnesota, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Kansas, and Nebraska, and also the bills for the admission into the Union of the states of Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, and Oregon. So far as the question of slavery was involved in the organization of territories and the admission of new states, he early took the position that congress should not interfere on the one side or the other, but that the people of each territory and state should be allowed to form and regulate their domestic institutions to suit themselves. In accordance with this principle he opposed the "Wilmot proviso" when first passed in the house of representatives in 1847, as an amendment to the bill appropriating $3,000,000 to enable President Polk to make a treaty of peace with Mexico, and afterward in the senate when offered as an amendment to the bill for the organization of the territory of Oregon. In August, 1848, however, he offered an amendment to the Oregon bill, extending the Missouri compromise line indefinitely westward to the Pacific ocean, in the same sense and with the same understanding with which it was originally adopted in 1820, and extended through Texas in 1845, prohibiting slavery in all the territory north of the parallel of 36° 30', and by implication recognizing its existence south of that line. This amendment was adopted in the senate by a decided majority, receiving the support of every southern, together with several northern senators, but was defeated in the house of representatives by nearly a sectional vote. The refusal of the senate to adopt the policy of congressional prohibition of slavery in all the territories, and the rejection in the house of representatives of the proposition to extend the Missouri compromise to the Pacific ocean, gave rise to the sectional agitation of 1849-50, which was temporarily quieted by the legislation known as the compromise measures of 1850. Mr. Douglas supported these measures with zeal and vigor; and on his return to his home in Chicago, finding them assailed with great violence, he defended the whole series in a speech to the people (Oct. 24, 1850) which is regarded by his friends as one of the ablest he has ever made. In this speech he defined the principles on which the compromise acts of 1850 were founded, and upon which he subsequently defended the Kansas-Nebraska bill, in these words: "These measures are predicated on the great fundamental principle that every people ought to possess the right of framing and regulating their own internal concerns and domestic institutions in their own way. . . . . These things are all confided by the constitution to each state to decide for itself, and I know of no reason why the same principle should not be extended to the territories." Mr. Douglas was an unsuccessful candidate before the democratic national convention at Baltimore

in 1852, for the nomination for the presidency. On the 30th ballot he received 92 votes, the highest number given to any candidate on that ballot, out of a total of 288 votes. At the congressional session of 1853-4, he reported from the committee on territories the celebrated bill to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which effectually revolutionized political parties in the United States, and formed the issues upon which the democratic and republican parties became arrayed against each other. The passage of this bill caused great excitement in the free states of the Union, and Mr. Douglas as its author was widely and vehehemently denounced, and in many places was hanged and burned in effigy. The whole controversy turned on the provision repealing the Missouri compromise, which Mr. Douglas maintained to be inconsistent with the principle of nonintervention by congress with slavery in states and territories. After repealing the Missouri restriction, the bill declared it to be the "true intent and meaning of the act, not to legislate slavery into any state or territory, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the constitution of the United States." Whatever diversity of opinion may exist in regard to the correctness of this principle and the propriety of its application to the territories, it must be admitted that Mr. Douglas has proved faithful to it under all circumstances, and defended it whenever assailed or violated. In 1856 Mr. Douglas was again a candidate for the presidential nomination before the democratic national convention at Cincinnati. The highest vote he received was on the 16th ballot, which stood, for Mr. Buchanan 168, for Mr. Douglas 121, for Mr. Cass 6. In the congressional session of 1857-'8, he denounced and opposed with energy and ability the Lecompton constitution, upon the distinct ground that it was not the act and deed of the people of Kansas, and did not embody their will. Before the adjournment of that session of congress he returned home to vindicate his action before the people of Illinois in one of the most exciting and well-contested political canvasses ever known in the United States. He had to encounter the determined hostility of the federal administration and all its patronage, and the powerful opposition of the republican party. But he succeeded in carrying the election of a sufficient number of state senators and representatives to secure his return to the U. S. senate for 6 years from March 4, 1859, by 54 votes for him to 46 for Abraham Lincoln, his able and distinguished opponent. It was manifest, however, by the popular vote for certain state officers who were chosen simultaneously with the members of the legislature, that a majority of the people were opposed to Mr. Douglas. The republican candidate for superintendent of common schools received 124,566 votes; the Douglas candidate for the same

office, 122,413; and the Buchanan or adminis tration candidate, 5,173. During the whole of that contest he maintained and defended the doctrine of non-intervention and popular sovereignty, in the same sense in which he had previously proclaimed it in congress. Subsequently, in a debate in the senate (Feb. 23, 1859), he avowed and defended the same doctrine when assailed by several of the ablest senators of the democratic party. Mr. Douglas has been remarkably successful in promoting the local interests of his own state during his congressional career. To him, more than to any other individual, is Illinois indebted for the magnificent grant of lands which secured the construetion of the Illinois central railroad, and contributed so much to restore the credit and develop the resources of the state. He has always been a warm supporter and advocate of a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, having been a member of the various select committees of congress on that subject, and being the author of several bills reported by those committees. Mr. Douglas's views in regard to our foreign relations have seldom been in accordance with the policy of the administration. He opposed the treaty with England limiting the Oregon territory to the 49th parallel, contending that England had no rights on that coast, and that the United States should never recognize her claim. He opposed the treaty of peace with Mexico on the ground that the boundaries were unnatural and inconvenient, and that the provisions in regard to the Indians could never be executed. The United States have since paid Mexico $10,000,000 to change the boundaries and relinquish the stipulations in regard to the Indians. He opposed the ratification of the Clayton and Bulwer treaty, and endeavored to procure its rejection, upon the ground, among other things, that it pledged the faith of the United States in all time to come never to annex, colonize, or exercise dominion over any portion of Central America. He declared that he did not desire to annex that country at that time, but maintained that the isthmus routes must be kept open as highways to the American possessions on the Pacific, that the time would come when the United States would be compelled to occupy Central America, and that he would never pledge the faith of the republic not to do in the future in respect to this continent what its interests and safety might require. He has also declared himself in favor of the acquisition of Cuba whenever the island can be obtained consistently with the laws of nations and the honor of the United States.-Mr. Douglas was married, April 7, 1847, to Miss Martha D. Martin, daughter of Col. Robert Martin of Rockingham co., N. C., by whom he had 3 children, 2 of whom are living. She died Jan. 19, 1853. He was again married, Nov. 20, 1856, to Miss Adèle Cutts, daughter of James Madison Cutts of Washington, D. C., second controller of the treasury.

DOUGLASS, David Bates, LL.D., an Amer

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ican engineer, born in Pompton, N. J., March 21, 1790, died in Geneva, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1849. He was graduated at Yale college in 1813, entered the army as 2d lieutenant of engineers, and was stationed at West Point. In the summer of 1813 he was ordered to the Niagara frontier, and arrived just in time to take part as a volunteer in the battle of Niagara. In the subsequent defence of Fort Erie, in August and September, he distinguished himself, and was at once promoted to a first lieutenancy, with the brevet rank of captain. He was ordered to West Point, Jan. 1, 1815, and made assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy. In 1819 he acted during the summer recess as astronomical surveyor of the boundary commission from Niagara to Detroit, and in the summer of 1820 accompanied Gov. Cass in a similar capacity to the northwest. In August of the same year, while on this duty, he was promoted to the professorship of mathematics in the military academy at West Point, vacant by the death of his father-in-law, Prof. Andrew Ellicott, with the rank of major in the army. In 1823 he was transferred at his own desire to the professorship of civil and military engineering. The science of engineering was then new in this country, and few great works had been executed. He devoted himself to it with unsparing energy, and soon acquired a wide reputation. Many advantageous offers were made him, but he chose to remain at West Point. He was however employed by the state of Pennsylvania during the summer recesses from 1826 to 1830 as a consulting engineer, and charged with the surveys of several of the more difficult parts in its system of public works. In 1831 he resigned his professorship, and became chief engineer of the Morris canal, residing in BrookÏyn. In 1832 he was appointed professor of civil architecture in the new university of the city of New York, and prepared the designs for its building. In June, 1833, he commenced his surveys for the great work of supplying New York with water, and in November submitted his first report, demonstrating the feasibility of such a supply, and showing how to obtain it from the Croton river. He reviewed his surveys in 1834, and prepared plans and estimates for the city authorities, and the next spring it was determined by a vote of the citizens that the aqueduct should be built. Water commissioners were appointed, and Major Douglass was at once elected chief engineer, and proceeded to lay out minutely the line of the aqueduct and complete his plans. He had accomplished his preliminary work when he was superseded. In 1839 he planned and laid out Greenwood cemetery. In 1840 he was elected president of Kenyon college, Ohio, and removed to Gambier in the spring of 1841. He withdrew from this office in 1844, and returned to the vicinity of New York. In 1845 he delivered a course of lectures at New Haven on the Niagara campaign. They had been originally delivered in New York in 1839, and soon afterward repeated

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at Albany during the session of the legislature, in the hall of assembly, and at Buffalo. In 1845-'6 he laid out the cemetery at Albany, and in 1847 was employed in developing the landscape features of Staten island. In 1848 he laid out the Protestant cemetery at Quebec, and in the same year he was elected professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Geneva college. He accepted the office, and entered upon its duties in October, but died the next year. His published writings consist chiefly of reports on the numerous works on which he was employed, and which he projected.

DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, an American abolitionist, born at Tuckahoe, near Easton, Talbot co., Md., about 1817. His mother was a negro slave and his father a white man. He was reared as a slave on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloyd, until at the age of 10 he was sent to Baltimore to live with a relative of his master. He secretly taught himself to read and write, was employed in a ship yard, and, in accordance with a resolution long entertained to achieve his freedom, at the age of 21 fled from Baltimore and from slavery, Sept. 3, 1838. He made his way to New York and thence to New Bedford, where he married and lived for 2 or 3 years, supporting himself by day labor on the wharves and in various workshops. In the summer of 1841 he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, and made a speech which was so well received that at the close of the meeting he was offered and accepted the position of agent of the Massachusetts antislavery society, to deliver public addresses on slavery. In this capacity he travelled and lectured through Massachusetts and other New England states for 4 years. In 1845 he published an autobiography, entitled the "Life of Frederick Douglass," and soon after its appearance he went to Europe and lectured on slavery to crowded audiences in nearly all the large towns of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. In 1846 his friends in England contributed £150 to buy him from his claimant in Maryland, and have him regularly manumitted in due form of law. He remained 2 years in Great Britain, and on his return to the United States in 1847 he began at Rochester, N. Y., the publication of "Frederick Douglass's Paper," a weekly journal which he still continues to edit. Mr. Douglass, at the beginning of his public career as a lecturer and editor, was a Garrisonian disunionist. Several years ago, however, he renounced disunionism, and now maintains in his paper and in his public addresses that slavery is illegal and unconstitutional. In 1855 he rewrote and enlarged his autobiography, under the title of "My Bondage and my Freedom," of which the 18th thousand was published at New York and Auburn in 1857.

DOURO, or DUERO, one of the largest rivers of the Spanish peninsula, rises on the frontiers of the provinces of Soria and Burgos, and flows into the Atlantic at Oporto. Its current is rapid, and its course, for the most part, through nar

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