Obrázky stránek
PDF
ePub

of the interior from June 2 to Oct. 31, 1849. He was arrested on Dec. 2, 1851, but released on the following day. He has since devoted himself exclusively to the practice of the law, and holds a distinguished position at the bar of Paris. In 1858 he was one of the council for the defence in the trial of Montalembert.

DU FAY, CHARLES FRANÇOIS DE CISTERNAY, a French savant, born in Paris, Sept. 14, 1698, died July 16, 1739. In 1733 he was elected to the academy of sciences, and he was the only member of that body who has ever read papers in each of its 6 different departments that were deemed worthy of publication. He made new researches concerning phosphorus, the barometer, the refracting power of crystals, the magnet, and electricity. He introduced the theory of two kinds of electricity, the vitreous and the resinous. Among the chief services which he rendered to science were those which he performed as director of the jardin des plantes. Du Fay spent 10 years in rearranging and improving it, and made it the first establishment of the kind in Europe. At his request Buffon, who was as yet only known by his papers read to the academy, was appointed to succeed him in its superintendence.

DUFF, ALEXANDER, D.D., LL.D., a Scottish missionary, born in the parish of Kirkmichael, in the co. of Perth, Scotland, in 1806. At a very early age his mind was directed to the ministry in the established church of Scotland; and with the view of preparing himself for its duties, he entered the university of St. Andrew's at the age of 15, and was graduated in due course. While a student he became intimate with Dr. Chalmers, who exercised a profound influence on his character and the direction of his career. He studied theology in St. Mary's college in the same university, and in the summer of 1829 was duly licensed to preach. During the later years of his academical studies he was the associate and bosom friend of a little circle, all of whose members became well known in the missionary field, among whom were the late John Adams and the late John Urquhart. These young men, while studying for the ministry, spent much of their leisure time in visiting the poor, distributing tracts, holding prayer meetings, and organizing and superintending Sabbath schools in destitute parts of the surrounding country. By none of the churches in Scotland had any effort yet been made to spread the gospel among the heathen. A more earnest spirit had indeed been gaining ground in the established church, and under the auspices of Dr. Inglis, aided by Chalmers and Thomson, and others of the evangelical party, a mission to India was resolved upon. Mr. Duff was selected as their first missionary, and having been ordained to the office of the ministry, he set sail toward the close of 1829. During his voyage to India he was twice shipwrecked, first on a reef while rounding the cape of Good Hope, and again on the coast of Ceylon, and narrowly escaped a

third shipwreck when near the mouths of the Ganges. By the first of these mishaps he and his wife lost every thing that belonged to them. His plans of operation, his valuable library, and the fruits of his careful and laborious study, were all lost. His pocket Bible, which was picked up by a sailor among the rocks a day or two after the wreck, was alone saved. Arrived in India, a stranger among strangers, he was yet received and welcomed by many of his countrymen; but these, for the most part, were disinclined to further the special object of the Christian adventurer. They did not oppose him, but neither had they the heart to succor him. The well-known Rammohun Roy, however, who from his position and character could exercise considerable influence over the natives, entered warmly into the views of Duff, and with his assistance a school was commenced under a banian tree. Five young men assembled to receive instruction from the Scottish missionary. The shade of the banian tree was soon too narrow to protect the scholars from the fervor of the Indian sun, and it became indispensable to provide suitable accommodations for the protection and advancement alike of teachers and taught. From the very outset it was the purpose of Mr. Duff to lead his pupils through the entire range of British literature and science, and with all this the work of the missionary was never for a day lost sight of. The readings in classical literature and the scientific and philosophical lectures were all conducted with a definite end in view-the enfranchisement of the native mind, and the diffusion of the truth in philosophy and science, accompanied with the daily reading and critical and experimental exposition of the Scriptures. Mr. Duff's labors very soon began to tell, and the worth of the man, from the beginning, was apparent both to the native population and their British rulers. His honesty, perseverance, and zeal, in connection with his varied gifts and talents, soon gave a commanding influence to him and the Scottish college which he had established. In 1843 a crisis occurred in the history of the institution. It grew out of the disruption in the church of Scotland. On May 18, 1843, nearly 500 ministers of that church surrendered their livings into the hands of the state, rather than submit in the exercise of their official duties to the interpretation of the law relating to induction to benefices as given by the supreme judicatory, and confirmed by parliament. This they did on the ground that that interpretation was contrary to the law of Christ as laid down in the Scriptures. The aggregate value of the livings vacated was $10,000,000. When intelligence of this disruption reached Calcutta, Dr. Duff, and the brethren who had at intervals come to his help, had to consider the question whether they could retain their connection with the Scottish church, now, by the interpretation given to the law regarding benefices, thoroughly Erastianized, or whether they ought to throw in their lot with the seceding party, organized under the name of the Free Protesting church of Scot

DUFFY

land. There was much to induce them to remain as they had been-the labors of 12 years, the complete organization of their edifices and plans, past success, the prestige of connection with a wealthy and endowed church, the sympathies of the government, and then, on the other hand, their ignorance as to the extent and ability of the Free church to aid them in the erection of new buildings, and in the carrying out of their well tried system. However, guided by a clear conviction of duty, Dr. Duff and his brethren at once and unanimously declared their adherence to the Free church, and vacated their honored and beloved institution, with all its valuable library and apparatus; and we believe they have had no cause to regret the step. On the death of Dr. Thomas Chalmers in 1846, the office of principal and professor of theology in the Free church college in Scotland was offered to him, but was refused. He returned to Europe in 1851 to recruit his broken health; but instead of finding there the necessary repose, he entered on the revival of the missionary spirit among the British people, and for that purpose visited the churches even in the remotest British isles. In 1854 he made a voyage to America, and during the months of February, March, April, and May, he visited the principal cities in the northern and western states, and passed through Canada. While he was in New York the various evangelical churches met by representation, and gave him a fraternal welcome, and the university of New York conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1855 he returned to India, where he still remains, devoted with untiring industry to his missionary labors.

DUFFY, CHARLES GAVAN, an Irish journalist and politician, born in Ulster in 1816. He embraced the profession of journalism at an early age, and for several years edited an influential newspaper at Belfast. At the same time he pursued the study of the law, and was subsequently called to the bar, but he has never practised. In 1841 he went to Dublin, where in 1842 he established the "Nation," a publication strongly in the interest of O'Connell and the advocates of repeal of the union; and in 1844 he was compromised in the proceedings instituted against O'Connell and the prominent repealers. In 1847 he joined the party of young Ireland, and in the succeeding year was tried with Smith O'Brien, Thomas Francis Meagher, and others, for sedition, but was acquitted. He then resumed the direction of the "Nation," in which he advocated various social reforms for Ireland, and between 1852 and 1856 represented New Ross in parliament. He has since emigrated to Australia, where he has been a member of the colonial legislature, and also of the ministry. He is the author of "Ballad Poetry of Ireland," and other publications.

DUFOUR, GUILLAUME HENRI, a Swiss general, born in Constance in 1787. He was educated in Geneva, and after the annexation of that city to France in 1807, studied at the polytech

[blocks in formation]

nic school in Paris. Having entered the French army, he obtained a commission in 1809, served in the last campaigns of Napoleon, and distinguished himself during the Hundred Days. When Geneva was restored to Switzerland, he became a citizen of the republic; was continued in the rank of captain, which he had received under the empire, and in 1827 was promoted to that of colonel. In 1831 he was made chief of the staff of a corps destined to defend the neutrality of the republic. Intrusted with the management of the military school at Thun, with the survey of Switzerland, and, as quartermaster-general, with the reorganization of the federal army, he performed his duties with zeal and ability. When the organization of the Sonderbund, and the apprehended intervention of foreign powers, seemed to threaten the existence of the confederation in 1847, Dufour, at the age of 60, was chosen by the diet commander-in-chief of the federal forces, and not only rapidly suppressed the civil war, but also raised the reputation of his country in the eyes of Europe. His moderation on that occasion equalled his military ability. Being a conservative in politics, the events of 1848 lost him some part of his popularity; but he has since rendered important services to his country as a negotiator with foreign powers, especially in the question of the relations of Ticino and Neufchâtel with Austria and Prussia. Shortly before the termination of the Neufchâtel affair, he was again appointed commander-in-chief of the federal army in consequence of the warlike preparations of Prussia. He is the author of several works in French, the most important of which are: De la fortification permanente (1824; 2d edition, 1850); Geometrie perspective, &c. (1827); Mémoires sur l'artillerie des ancients et sur celle du moyen âge (1840); Manuel de tactique (1842).

DUFRENOY, PIERRE ARMAND, a French geologist and mineralogist, born in Sévran, Seineet-Oise, in 1792, died in Paris, March 20, 1857. His mother (born in 1765, died in 1825) was a poetess of some distinction. He entered the polytechnic school in 1811, and the school of mines in 1813. His first essay appeared in 1819, and was followed by a great variety of papers on mineralogy and geology, which gained for him a high reputation in the scientific world. His explorations in southern France and in the Pyréneés led him to develop the theory of metamorphism, according to which the production of many of the newer rocks is explained by the action of heat upon those of older date. He explored the vicinity of Naples, and in his work on the subject (Des terrains volcaniques des environs de Naples) he maintains that Herculaneum and Pompeii were destroyed by a landslide from Vesuvius, and not by lava ejected from the crater. In concert with Elie de Beaumont he explored between 1823 and 1836 various parts of France, England, and northern Spain, and the remarkable geological map of France which appeared in 1841 was the result of their labors. He was intrusted with a mission to England for the

purpose of investigating the effect of the substitution of the hot for the cold blast in furnaces employed for melting iron. He also investigated the methods of various metallurgical operations in Great Britain, and published in conjunction with Elie de Beaumont, Coste, and Perdonnet, an elaborate and valuable report entitled Voyage métallurgique en Angleterre (2d ed. 1837-'39, 2 vols. 8vo.). He was one of the most active members of the academy of miners, director of the école des mines, and professor of mineralogy and geology. He introduced a new classification of minerals based upon crystallography, and promoted in various other ways the study of mineralogy and meteorology. The 4th and last volume of the 2d and enlarged edition of his Traité de minéralogie appeared in Paris in 1859, with an additional volume of illustrations.

DU FRESNE, CHARLES. See Du CANGE. DU FRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSE, a French painter and poet, born in Paris in 1611, died at Villiers-le-Bel, near Paris, in 1665. His pictures are correct, but not otherwise remarkable, and he is now chiefly remembered as the author of a Latin poem entitled De Arte Graphica, the "Art of Painting," which has been 3 times translated into English, viz.: into prose by Dryden (4to. London, 1695), by Wills (4to. 1754); and into verse by William Mason, with notes by Sir Joshua Reynolds (4to., York, 1783).

DUFRESNÝ, CHARLES RIVIERE, a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1648, died there, Oct. 6, 1724. He was descended from Henry IV. by one of the mistresses of that monarch, known as la belle jardinière. In consequence of his descent and his talents, he enjoyed the favor of Louis XIV., but his improvident habits were constantly involving him in embarrassments. He wrote some excellent comedies, had great skill as a landscape gardener, and was known as a pleasant companion and a wit. It is related of him that he married his washerwoman in order to avoid paying her bill. Among his comedies which obtained the most success, may be mentioned L'esprit de contradiction, La coquette de village, and Le faux sincère. His Poésies diverses are also praised. A selection of his works was published at Paris in 2 vols. in 1805.

DUGANNE, AUGUSTINE JOSEPH HICKEY, an American poet and novelist, born in Boston in 1823. He has been a frequent contributor to the periodical press, having written between 20 and 30 novelettes and romances, and a great number of miscellaneous papers under various signatures. His poetical works consist of the "Iron Harp,' ," "Parnassus in Pillory," a satire, the "Mission of Intellect," a poem delivered in New York in 1852, the "Gospel of Labor," delivered before the N. Y. mercantile library association in 1853, and a number of short pieces originally appearing in newspapers and magazines, which were published in a large illustrated edition, in Philadelphia, in 1856. He is also the author of the "Lydian Queen," a tragedy performed at the Walnut street theatre, Philadel

phia, in 1848. Among his writings are a "Comprehensive Summary of General Philosophy," published at Philadelphia in 1845, and a "Class Book of Governments and Civil Society," printed in 1859 in New York. One of his latest productions is the "Tenant House," a work prepared from information acquired while he was a member of the legislature of New York. DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, an English antiquary, born in Shustoke, Warwickshire, Sept. 12, 1605, died Feb. 10, 1686. He was educated partly in the free school of Coventry, partly by his father, was made pursuivant at arms extraordinary under the name of Blanche Lyon in 1638, rose by degrees in the herald's college until he became garter principal king at arms in 1677, and was knighted. In 1641 exact drafts of all the monuments in Westminster abbey and in many of the churches of England, with copies of their inscriptions, were made under his superintendence and deposited in Sir Christopher Hatton's library. With Roger Dodsworth he projected the publication of the charters and descriptions of all the monasteries of the kingdom; and after having attended King Charles at Edgehill and followed him to Oxford, he improved a long stay in that town by collecting from the Bodleian and other libraries there materials for this great work. From the tower records, the Cottonian library, and the papers of André Du Chesne which he examined in Paris, he gathered still more information; and in 1655 the first volume of the work appeared in Latin at London, under the title of Monasticon Anglicanum; the 2d and 3d vols. were issued in 1661 and 1673; a new and enlarged edition, in 6 vols. crown folio, was published in 1817-230, with plates, the cost of drawing and engraving which amounted to $30,000. This edition was reprinted at London in 8 vols. fol. in 1846. Several abridgments of the original work have been made in English. Among Dugdale's other contributions to history are the "Antiquities of Warwickshire" (fol., 1656), one of the best works of the kind ever published, and the author's chef d'œuvre; "History of St. Paul's Cathedral” (fol., 1658); "History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fenns and Marshes" (fol., 1662), undertaken at the instance of several gentlemen who were interested in the draining of Bedford Level; "Origines Juridiciales, or Historical Memoirs of the English Laws, Courts of Justice, Forms of Trial, Punishment in Cases Criminal, Law Writers," &c. (1666); the "Baronage of England, or an Historical Account of the Lives and most memorable Actions of our English Nobility" (3 vols. fol., 1675-'6); "A Short View of the late Troubles in England" (Oxford, 1681); "Ancient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honor as are commonly called Arms" (Oxford, 1682); "A Perfect Copy of all Summons of the Nobility to the Great Councils and Parliaments of this Realme, from the XLIX. of Henry the IIId. until these present Times" (London, 1685). Dugdale also completed the 2d volume of Sir Henry Spelman's Concilia. His works are ad

DUGONG

mirable for their accuracy, and his industry was almost incredible. His "Life, Diary, and Correspondence," with an index to his MS. collections, many of which are preserved in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was published at London in 1827 by William Hamper, F.S.A. -His son, Sir John Dugdale, was Norroy kingat-arms, and published a catalogue of the English nobility.

DUGONG, a herbivorous cetacean, of the genus dugungus (Lacépède), or halicore (Illiger), the only genus of its family, and the only undisputed species of the genus; the Malay name is duyong, and the scientific halicore Indicus (Desm.) or H. dugung (F. Cuvier). The general shape is fish-like; the head is proportionately small, and separated from the body by a slight cervical depression; there is no dorsal fin, and the horizontal tail is crescent-shaped; there are no posterior limbs, but the anterior are like cetacean paddles without any trace of nails or division into fingers. The upper lip is very large, thick, obliquely truncated, forming a blunt snout such as would be made by cutting off an elephant's trunk near the mouth; the anterior portion is covered with soft papilla with a few stiff bristles; the lips have a corneous edging which assists it in tearing sea-weeds from the bottom. In the old animal the incisors are 2 above and none below, large, but nearly covered by the tumid and movable lip; in the young, the 2 upper permanent incisors are preceded by 2 deciduous ones, and there are 6 or 8 lower incisors which fall and are not succeeded by any permanent ones. The molars in the adult are 2, simple and elliptical, in the young, far back on the horizontal portion of the jaw; the grinding surface presents an outer rim of enamel, with the central ivory portion slightly depressed; they have no proper roots, and grow as long as they can be of use to the animal. The skin is thick and smooth, with a few scattered bristles; the color is bluish above and white beneath; the mammæ are 2, and pectoral; the fins are used not only for swimming, but for crawling along the bottom. The cranial bones are dense and large, with loose connections where any sutures exist. The intermaxillaries are very large, extending back as far as the middle of the temporal foss, and bent down at a right angle over the symphysis of the lower jaw, terminating nearly on a level with its lower margin; this is necessary for the accommodation of the incisors, one of which is in each intermaxillary; for this reason also the nostrils are displaced upward, different from the allied manati, so that their opening is turned up as in the typical cetacea; indeed this animal comes nearer than its congener to the whales in its forked tail, absence of nails, and superior opening of the nostrils. The whole skull (and especially the frontal bones) is comparatively short; the parietal crests are widely separated; there is no bony tentorium, no sella turcica, very few and small openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the optic foramina are con

661

verted into a long and narrow canal. The lower jaw corresponds to the angle of the intermaxillaries, and is bent downward at the symphysis; on its anterior surface are 3 or 4 rough and shallow alveoli, sometimes containing rudimentary incisors, according to Sir Everard Home. The cervical vertebræ are 7, separate; the dorsals 18, with spinous processes bent back and elongated from the first to the last, and of the same length as the transverse; the lumbar 3, with long spinous and transverse processes; one sacral, to which rudimentary pelvic bones are suspended; caudals about 24, with chevron bones for the anterior, and becoming flattened posteriorly. The ribs are 18, less thick and dense than those of the manati, the 1st 3 attached by cartilages to the sternum; the shoulder blade is large, with the anterior angle rounded, the posterior extended backward with a concave margin; the spine is prominent, and the acromion and coracoid processes are pointed; the humerus is short, thick, with a prominent deltoid ridge; the radius and ulna are very short, rounded, anchylosed together at each end; the carpal bones are 4, in 2 rows; the thumb is rudimentary, its metacarpal bone small and pointed; the other metacarpals are flattened, with 3-jointed phalanges. The tongue is thick, the anterior upper surface with cuticular spines, and on each side at the base a horny, retroverted, pointed process. The stomach is divided into 2 portions, the cardiac large and globular, the pyloric narrower; at the constriction between the 2 are 2 tubular cæcal prolongations as in some pachyderms, and at the cardiac end is a rounded glandular mass as in some rodents; the intestines are 14 times as long as the body, and the cæcum is simple and heartshaped. The liver is transversely oblong, with 1 large and 3 small lobes; the gall bladder is present, elongated, receiving bile directly from the hepatic ducts; the spleen is very small and rounded. The heart has its ventricles deeply cleft, not however affecting the circulation; the capacity of the pulmonary artery is very great, to accommodate the delay of the blood in the lungs during submersion. The lungs are very long, flattened, as long as the body; the superficial air cells are large, the dorsal extent is great, the trachea divides high up, and the bronchi are long, as in marine turtles; the cartilages of the bronchial tubes are continued spirally into each other. The sense of smell must be dull; the eye is very small and convex, with a nictitating membrane beside the lids; the external orifice of the ear is hardly perceptible; the nasal openings are 2 parabolic slits, whose semi-lunar edge performs the office of a valve which can be opened and shut at pleasure; the interior of the cheeks, according to F. Cuvier, is entirely covered with strong hairs. The usual length of the dugong is from 8 to 10 feet, though it has been seen as long as 20 feet; it is found in the seas of the East Indies, especially in the Malayan archipelago, never on land, rarely if ever in fresh water, but generally in troops in shallows of the sea where the depth is not more than 3 fathoms.

Its food consists of fuci and algæ, and it browses on the marine vegetation as a cow does on land. It yields little or no oil, but is hunted by the Malays for its flesh, which resembles young beef, is tender and palatable, and is considered a royal dish. It is generally speared, and at night, especially during the northern monsoon, at the mouths of rivers, when the sea is calm. The affection of the mother for her young is very remarkable. There are doubtless several species in the Indian seas, as it is hardly probable that only one species would be found from the Philippine islands to the coast of New Holland; in the Red sea is a species called H. tabernacularum by Rüppell, from his belief that the Hebrews covered with its skin their tabernacle and sacred ark; this is generally considered a mere variety. In the article MANATI will be given reasons for considering the herbivorous cetaceans as belonging rather to the pachyderms than to cetaceans, the manati coming nearer to the former, and the dugong probably nearer to the latter. (See also DINOTHERIUM.) An allied fossil genus, halitherium (Kaup), is found in the tertiary calcareous deposits of Europe.

DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENÉ, a French admiral, born in St. Malo, June 10, 1673, died in Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. He was at first intended for the church, but his family yielded to his inclinations, and allowed him to follow the sea as his profession. He distinguished himself as commander of a privateer in the war against England and Holland, and attracted the attention of Louis XIV., who presented him with a sword, and afterward, in 1697, admitted him to the royal navy, giving him the command of a vessel. He continued his career, and, in the letters of nobility granted him for his conduct in the Spanish war, it was stated that he had captured more than 300 merchant ships and 20 ships of war. The exploit, however, which won him the most renown, was the capture of Rio Janeiro in 1711, which brought an immense sum of money to the French government.

DUGUET, JACQUES JOSEPH, a French theologian, born at Montbrison, Dec. 9, 1649, died in Paris, Oct. 25, 1733. He officiated for many years as professor of divinity at the oratoire. His zeal for the cause of the Port Royalists, although tempered by moderation, which formed one of the chief traits of his character, involved him in the religious controversies of his times. His writings, which comprise nearly 20 works chiefly on theological and ethical subjects, are, without being very vigorous, conceived in the gentle and Christian tone which distinguished him in his life.

DU HALDE, JEAN BAPTISTE, a French geographer, born in Paris, Feb. 1, 1674, died Aug. 18, 1743. In 1708 he became a member of the society of Jesus, and was afterward appointed to the task of editing the letters of missionaries sent out by that society to various parts of the world, and especially to China. The result of these labors is the well-known Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangères, ed

ited by Du Halde from the 9th to the 26th volume inclusive; and his Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (4 vols. fol., Paris, 1735); two works of considerable interest and importance, and which contributed not a little to advance the science of geography. An English translation of the latter appeared in London in 1736 (4 vols. 8vo.), in 1742 (2 vols. fol.), and again in 1744 (4 vols. 8vo.). The Lettres édifiantes et curieuses have not been translated into English, but a selection from the earlier volumes appeared in London in 1743, in 2 vols. 8vo., under the title of "Jesuits' Letters."

DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI LOUIS, & French botanist and writer on agriculture, born in Paris in 1700, died there, Aug. 23, 1782. He was educated at the college of Harcourt, where he first displayed a taste for the natural sciences. Having been appointed naval inspector, he directed his attention to the culture and preservation of wood suitable for nautical purposes, whence he was led to investigate the properties of the different species of plants and trees adapted to the climate of France, of which he drew up a catalogue arranged in the alphabetical order of their Latin generic names. His most important works are: De la physique des arbres (2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1758); Des semis et plantations des arbres et de la culture (4to., 1760); Éléments de l'agriculture (2 vols. 12mo., 1762).

DUIDA, a lofty mountain near the southern extremity of Venezuela. On the S. and W. it presents a perpendicular front, bare and stony to the summit. The other sides are less steep, and covered with magnificent forests. The summit, 8,500 feet above the sea, has never been reached by man. At the beginning and end of the rainy season small shifting flames are seen to play about the highest peaks, and have sometimes induced the supposition that the mountain is a volcano. At its foot is the solitary mission of Esmeraldo.

ĎUILIUS, CAIUS NEPOS, consul of Rome, 260 B. C., noted for his naval victory over the Carthaginians, the first success ever obtained by the Romans on the sea. The battle was fought off Myla in Sicily, and the triumph of Duilius is attributed to his invention of grappling irons, by means of which he attached his ships firmly to those of the enemy, and enabled his men to fight hand to hand. On his return to Rome he was honored with a magnificent triumph, and a column was raised to commemorate the event.

DUISBURG, a Prussian town, capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of the Rhine, 18 m. W. N. W. from Düsseldorf, at the confluence of the Agger with the Ruhr, on the railway from Cologne to Minden; pop. of the circle, 110,000; of the town, 12,000. It is surrounded by dilapidated walls, has a library, a botanic garden, and important manufactories of woollen and cotton, velvet, leather, tobacco, and porcelain. It has also in its vicinity extensive sugar refineries and iron forges.

« PředchozíPokračovat »