viously objected to the needless and burdensome amount of the pension list. In person he had many disadvantages, being short and thick-set, with a turned-up nose and sallow face. He had also a hectic cough, which often interrupted his speech, and his action and bearing were unprepossessing and awkward. Yet in spite of these defects, his eloquence, lively, fresh, and impetuous, carried all before it. He received many honors during his life, was chosen recorder of Bristol in 1766, solicitor-general in the following year, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1782.

DUNNOTTAR, a parish in the co. of Kincardine, on the shore of the North sea, Scotland, noted for its castle, now half in ruins, which stands on the summit of a perpendicular cliff, projecting into the sea. Sir William Wallace captured it in 1296, at which period it was regarded as one of the strongest places in the kingdom; and in view of its capability of sustaining a protracted siege, the privy council selected it during the wars of the commonwealth as the depository of the regalia of Scotland. It was defended long and faithfully, after every other fortress in Britain had passed into the hands of the protector, but was finally forced to surrender. The Scottish crown, however, had meanwhile been privately conveyed away and concealed in the church of Kineff. In 1685 Dunnottar castle became the prison of many of the Covenanters. After the rebellion of 1715 it was dismantled.

DUNOIS, JEAN, comte de, a French soldier, born about 1402, died Nov. 24, 1468. The natural son of Louis, duke of Orleans, the brother of Charles VI., he early gained warlike distinction under the appellation of the bastard of Orleans. In 1427, in conjunction with the celebrated Lahire, he raised the siege of Montargis, then beset by the English. In 1429 he threw himself into Orleans, which was hard pressed by a powerful army under the earl of Salisbury; by his energy and daring he upheld the spirit of the troops and citizens until they were relieved by Joan of Arc. Dunois then became a faithful follower of the heroine, sharing in all her exploits, and particularly in her victory at Patay, where the English were signally routed. The death of Joan seems to have inspired him with a still more fervent desire of serving his country against the invaders. In 1432 he recovered the city of Chartres by a bold and well devised stratagem; and in 1436 he was one of the generals who marched into Paris, to help the citizens in driving out the English. Several measures adopted by the government of Charles VII. being obnoxious to the nobles, Dunois in 1440 took part in the rebellion headed by the dauphin, and known as La Praguerie; but he soon became reconciled with the king, and in 1449, when the war was resumed in earnest against the English, he received the title of lieutenant-general of the king, and was placed in command of the principal force destined for the invasion of Normandy. In less than one year, chiefly by his activity, skill, and prudence,

all the cities, towns, and fortresses of Normandy were recovered. In 1451 he led his victorious army into Guienne, stormed the town of Blaye on the Gironde, and within 3 months completed the conquest of that province, Bordeaux included, which for 300 years had been in the hands of the English kings. Nothing was now left them on the continent except the city of Calais and its vicinity. As a reward for his services, Dunois was appointed grand chamberlain to the king. After the accession of Louis XI., he was deprived of some of his offices, and joined in 1464 the rebellious league of the great lords, which assumed the name of "league of the public weal," and on the conclusion of the peace at Conflans, received his former offices and dignities, and various other honors.

DUNS SCOTUS, JOHN, a scholastic theologian of the 13th century, born probably in Dunse, Berwickshire, Scotland, in 1274, died in Cologne in 1308. He was graduated at Oxford, entered the order of St. Francis, and taught theology and philosophy first at Oxford, where the number of those who attended his discourses is said to have reached 30,000, and then, his fame having spread all over Europe, at Paris. The acumen and subtlety of his reasoning obtained for him the cognomen of doctor subtilis. The controversies between Duns and the celebrated Thomas Aquinas upon the relation of human perception to real objects, and upon various religious doctrines, were continued for a long time by their respective disciples, who were called Scotists and Thomists. Translated into modern language, the reasoning of Duns goes to show that the knowledge derived from human conceptions and experience is real and trustworthy, inasmuch as the fundamental ideas upon which human knowledge rests are identical with the absolute substance (universale) of existing objects. Reality is the limitation of the absolute substance by individuation, or, in the quaint terminology of Duns, the hæcceitas, which might be rendered as the this-and-that-ity. Every existing being consists of substance and privation or limitation, while God is the unlimited absolute substance. The possibilities of limitations or individuations of substance are infinite, and hence follows the existence of accidental chances or occurrences; that is, the free will of individual man and his correspond ing responsibility to God. The supernatural knowledge which cannot be derived from real experience is afforded by the Bible, but it is the province of philosophy to show the conformity of the teachings of the Bible with those of reason. The works of Duns were published complete in 12 vols. folio (Lyons, 1639), by Wadding.

DUNSTAN, SAINT, abbot of Glastonbury, born near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, England, in 925, died May 19, 988. Under the patronage of his uncle, the archbishop of Canterbury, he passed some years at the court of Athelstan, but the jealousy of courtiers robbed him of the king's favor; he retired to Winchester, and yielding to his uncle's request devoted himself

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to a monastic life. He built a cell against the walls of Glastonbury church, and there passed his time in prayer, fasting, and manual labor, transcribing manuscripts, painting, and fashioning utensils of metal for the use of the altar. In 942 Dunstan became abbot of the then ruined monastery of Glastonbury, and received from King Edmund authority to restore it at the royal charge. The reverence in which the people held him was shared by the monarch, and in the succeeding reign of Edred his power became almost absolute in the national councils. He improved his influence to restore the strictness of ecclesiastical discipline, brought the Benedictines into England, but on the death of Edred and the accession of Edwy was banished from the kingdom. His share in the story of Edwy and Elgiva has brought him into odium with all believers in that much discussed romance, the facts of which are yet unsettled. Edgar recalled the exiled abbot, doubled his honors, made him bishop of the united sees of Worcester and London, and in 959 advanced him to the primacy as archbishop of Canterbury. The prelate ruled both the monarch and the kingdom. He meted out justice with a stern hand, built up the power of the church, placed Benedictines in the livings of the disorderly secular clergy, and forced the king to do a 7 years' penance for a sin of licentiousness. On Edgar's death his influence raised Edward to the throne, to the exclusion of a younger son, Ethelred; but on the accession of the latter in 978 his power was broken, his threats were no longer regarded, and full of mortification he retired to Canterbury, and there died. He was a man of great talents, energy, and strength of purpose, and devoted all his powers to the advancement of the papal supremacy. Of the writings attributed to him, only the "Concord of Monastic Rules" is known to be authentic.

DUNSTER, HENRY, the first president of Harvard college, inaugurated as such, Aug. 27, 1640, died Feb. 27, 1659. He was president until 1654, when, having become a supporter of the principles of the modern Baptists, he was persuaded to resign his office. He was respected as a modest and pious man, and esteemed an excellent oriental scholar.

DUNTON, JOHN, an English bookseller and author, born in Graffham, Huntingdonshire, May 4, 1659, died in 1733. His father, who was a clergyman, designed him for the church, but the boy's tastes not fitting him for that profession, he was apprenticed to a bookseller in London. He was afteward engaged in business for himself, came to New England in March, 1686, with a cargo of books, where he remained about 8 months, and after his return embarked again in business, with little success. With some assistance he conducted a weekly publication called the "Athenian Mercury," resolving all the most nice and curious questions proposed by the inquiring, of which 20 volumes appeared. A selection was made from this in 4 volumes, called the "Athenian Oracle." He wrote volumi

nously on religion, ethics, and politics, filling his works with information which is no less entertaining for being subservient to the author's vanity. He gives us, in his "Life and Errors of John Dunton" (London, 1705 and 1818), the "lives and characters of more than 1,000 contemporary divines and other persons of literary eminence," and relates many curious facts in relation to the bookselling business, describing the ministers, booksellers, and other citizens of Boston and Salem.

DUODECIMAL, proceeding by twelves, a term properly applied to an arithmetical scale using 11 digits and a cipher, such as has been zealously advocated in our own day as an improvement upon ordinary decimal arithmetic. Thus if we use g for ten, and g for eleven, the number 275 may be written 1gg. But the term duodecimal is also given to the system of compound numbers, sometimes used by artificers in calculating surfaces and solidities from measures taken in feet and inches. Duodecimals in the second sense are considered by most mathematicians as worthless, and in the first sense as not having sufficient superiority over decimals to counterbalance the immense inconvenience of making a change.

DU PĂGE, a Ñ. E. co. of Ill., drained by the E. and W. branches of Du Page river; area, 340 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 12,807. It has a level surface, occupied in great part by prairies. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and produces Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pasturage. In 1850 it yielded 259,283 bushels of wheat, 198,363 of Indian corn, 230,450 of oats, and 23,617 tons of hay. The county contained 17 churches and 2 newspaper offices, and there were 850 pupils attending public schools. The Illinois and Michigan canal, which passes along the S. E. border, and the Chicago and Galena and one or two shorter railroads, are its chief internal improvements. Capital, Napierville.

DUPATY, CHARLES MARGUERITE JEAN BAPTISTE MERCIER, a French jurist, born in La Rochelle, May 9, 1746, died in Paris, Sept. 17, 1788. He advocated the privilege of the French parliament against the encroachments of the crown, and was imprisoned in consequence. He produced a work on criminal law reform, Réflexions historiques sur le droit criminel, followed by Lettres sur la procédure criminelle de France, and kindred publications, containing views subsequently embodied in the Code Napoléon.

DUPERREY, LOUIS ISIDORE, a French naval officer, born in Paris, Oct. 22, 1786. He entered the navy in 1802, and served actively during the wars of that period. His first important scientific labor was in 1811, when he made a hydrographic survey of the coast of Tuscany. In 1817 he embarked in Freycinetz's voyage of discovery, and to him were due the hydrographic operations and charts of that expedition. In 1822 he was placed in command of a new expedition for scientific observation in Oceanica and along the shores of South America. But his most

important researches have been concerning terrestrial magnetism. He determined upon charts the place of the magnetic poles, and fixed the southern magnetic pole at the point where the observations made on the last expedition of Dumont d'Urville had demonstrated it to be.

DU PETIT-THOUARS, ABEL AUBERT, a French vice-admiral, born Aug. 3, 1793. He entered the navy at an early age, and the ability which he displayed on various occasions led to his rapid promotion. From 1837 to 1839 he was engaged in circumnavigating the globe. The description which he gave of Tahiti on his return to France called attention to that island, and eventually led to the protectorate of France over it. The English missionary Pritchard, in order to prevent the ascendency of France, instigated the natives to attack Du Petit-Thouars. Pritchard was finally driven from the island, which led the English government to insist upon the recall of the French admiral. Guizot not only yielded to this demand, but caused the chambers to vote an indemnity to Pritchard. Much public sympathy was expressed toward Du Petit-Thouars, who declined the ovations intended for him. In 1846 he became viceadmiral, and in 1849 member of the board of admiralty. In the latter year he was elected to the legislative assembly by the department of Maine-et-Loire. His principal work is his Voyage autour du monde, in 10 vols., with 180 illustrations (Paris, 1840.)

DUPIN, ANDRÉ MARIE JEAN JACQUES, a French lawyer and politician, born in Varzy, department of the Nièvre, Feb. 1, 1783. He was early distinguished as a learned lawyer and an able speaker. A member of the chamber of deputies in 1815, he opposed in secret session the motion to proclaim the son of Napoleon I. emperor after his father's second abdication. The same year, in conjunction with Berryer, he was appointed counsel for Marshal Ney, and gaining great popularity by his defence of his illustrious client, was chosen to defend many political offenders. His pleadings were extensively reported in the opposition papers, and eagerly sought for by the public. Among the most famous were his speeches in behalf of Béranger the poet, in 1821, and of the Journal des débats newspaper, on the eve of the revolution of 1830. After that event it was in great part through Dupin's exertions in the chamber of deputies that the duke of Orleans, whose legal adviser he had been since 1817, secured the crown. The office of attorney-general in the court of cassation was his reward, and he became a member of Louis Philippe's first cabinet. In 1832 he was elected to the presidency of the chamber of deputies, which office he held for 8 years. On the revolution of 1848 he made at first some effort in behalf of the Orleans family; but perceiving the turn events were taking, he desisted, and as a proof of his devotion to the new system, he moved the court of cassation to declare that henceforth justice would be administered in the name of the people. In the

constituent assembly he was a member of the committee on the constitution, but left the framing of that instrument to Cormenin and Marrast. The legislative assembly elected him president. He made some show of opposition to the government of Louis Napoleon, but was taken unawares by the coup d'état of Dec. 2. He declined all participation or responsibility in the parliamentary resistance, and retained his office of attorney-general. This, however, he resigned on the publication of the imperial decrees of 1852, confiscating the Orleans property; in 1857 he was reinstated. The eldest of 3 brothers, he is generally known as Dupin the elder. His writings on legal subjects are very numerous.— CHARLES, brother of the preceding, a French geometer and statistician, born in Varzy, Oct. 6, 1784. He entered the navy as an engineer, and was actively employed in France and the Ionian islands. In 1812 a series of scientific papers attracted the attention of the academy of sciences. During 1814 and 1815 he evinced liberal opinions, but finally adhered to the Bourbons. In 1816 he visited Great Britain, to examine the financial, commercial, industrial, naval, and military resources of the United Kingdom. The results of his travels, which he continued for more than 4 years, appeared in his Voyages dans la Grande Bretagne (Paris, 1820 -24), and in his Force commerciale de la Grande Bretagne (1826). He caused gratuitous lectures on the application of science to industry, for the benefit of workmen and artisans, to be established in the conservatoire des arts et métiers at Paris, and received the appointment of professor of geometry in that institution. His services were rewarded with a barony. In 1825 and 1826 he instituted a private inquiry into the intellectual and productive resources of France, the results of which he embodied in his Situation progressive de la France depuis 1814. In 1828 he was elected to the chamber of deputies. He adhered to the government of Louis Philippe, and was promoted to a peerage in 1838; but he nevertheless continued his regular course of public lectures. After the revolution of Feb. 1848, he was elected to the constituent and legislative assemblies, voted and acted with the majority, and on the overthrow of the republic became a supporter of the present imperial government, under which he is a senator.

DUPLEIX, JOSEPH, a French soldier and statesman, born about 1700, died in 1763. At the age of 20 he was sent as an agent to Pondicherry, and in 1730 was appointed to direct the declining settlement of Chandernagore. Within 10 years he had acquired an immense fortune, and had changed the insignificant town, which Chandernagore had become before his arrival, into one of the finest and most flourishing cities of India. In 1742 he was made governor-general, and being thus placed at the head of French affairs in India he gave scope to his ambition, established commercial relations with every district of Hindostan, with the Red sea, the Persian gulf, and even with

DUPLEIX

Thibet, and received Indian princes or their ambassadors with splendid pomp. He had already begun to disturb the English East India company when war broke out between England and France. At the commencement of hostilities Labourdonnais, governor of the Isle of France, appeared in the Indian seas at the head of a squadron armed at his own expense and took possession of Madras. His instructions, however, forbade him to keep any conquest, and he therefore accepted a capitulation which secured the payment to him of a heavy ransom. But Dupleix, to whom Madras would be of immense value, determined to possess himself of it at whatever cost, and therefore broke the terms of the capitulation, seized the town, imprisoned Labourdonnais, and sent him to France under accusation of treason. The English, alarmed at the energy and unscrupulousness of the French governor, attacked Pondicherry by land and sea. The energy of Dupleix increased with every difficulty, and, serving at once as captain and engineer, he forced the English commander Boscawen to raise the siege 40 days after he had opened the trenches. The fame of this victory spread through all India, and gave the native princes a high idea of the valor of the French. The war was soon terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, and India being then almost in a state of anarchy, Dupleix sought to make territorial acquisitions by interfering in the politics of other states. Upon the death of the Nizam-ul-mulk, who had made himself independent in the Deccan, Dupleix resolved to put upon the vacant throne Mirzapha Jung, who was willing to receive the crown from the hands of the renowned defender of Pondicherry, and to grant in return large territorial and pecuniary possessions. At the same time and with the same motive he supported Chunda Sahib as nabob of the Carnatic. He was successful in both schemes, defeating all opposition, and gained a triumph as yet unprecedented in India. The English now set up a rival candidate for the throne of the Deccan, and increased their forces under Lawrence and Clive. Dupleix, who was extending his views even to Delhi, imparted to the court of Versailles a plan of operations which was to open the way to this capital of the Mogul empire. But the French company, though delighted with his former exploits, were alarmed at his new projects, and the reënforcements of men and vessels which he asked were refused; at the same time an order was given him not to push further his acquisition of territory. Thus unsupported, the English and native forces gathered about him, yet he maintained the war at his own expense and that of his friends. He was still formidable to his enemies, though he had suffered severe disasters, when the French government, urged by English influence, and mistaking its own interests in India and the genius of Dupleix, recalled him from his command. He arrived in France in 1755, and after having so long exercised the authority

and lived with the splendor of an eastern sovereign, died of chagrin at having solicited in vain the payment of the debts due him from the company which he had loaded with riches.

DUPLIN, a S. E. co. of North Carolina, watered by the north branch of Cape Fear river; area, 670 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 13,514, of whom 6,007 were slaves. It has a level surface, with several forests of pitch pine. The general character of the soil is sandy, but there are fertile tracts in the valleys of the streams. The staple productions are cotton, grain, potatoes, lumber, tar, and turpentine. Sweet potatoes are more extensively cultivated here than in any other part of the state. In 1850 the county yielded 461 bales of cotton, 372,530 bushels of Indian corn, and 253,097 of sweet potatoes. It contained 12 saw mills, 40 tar and turpentine manufactories, and 19 churches. The Wilmington and Weldon railroad intersects it. Formed in 1749. Capital, Kenansville.

DUPONCEAU, PETER STEPHEN, an American lawyer and scholar, born in St. Martin, Isle of Ré, France, June 3, 1760, died in Philadelphia, April 1, 1844. His father, who held a military position, had early determined that he should follow the same profession; but owing to an imperfection in his sight it was found necessary to abandon these plans, and his mother was then anxious that he should be educated for the priesthood. To this his father would not consent; and on its being decided that he should receive a collegiate education before his profession was definitely settled upon, he was in the autumn of 1773 sent to a college of Benedictine monks at St. Jean d'Angély. In this institution he continued for 18 months, when returning home he found that his father had just died. His mother and other members of his family now prevailed upon him to study for the church. Through the offices of the bishop of Rochelle, who was a friend of his father's family, he was sent to the college of Bressuire in Poitou; but the treatment he received there induced him to sever his connection with the college, and on Christmas day, 1775, he set off for Paris, where he designed to rely upon his own exertions for a livelihood. Here he arrived early in January, to use his own words, "at the age of 15, with a light heart and a still lighter purse," but "full of hope." He was kindly received by many of the former friends of his father, and he continued to enlarge his circle of acquaintance, among whom were the baron de Montmorency, the count de Genlis, and M. Beaumarchais. He principally engaged in the translation of English books for republication, being a good English scholar, and enthusiastically fond of the language and its literature, which latter he esteemed much above the French. For a time he was secretary to Court de Gébelin, and afterward to Baron Steuben, with whom he came to the United States. They reached Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 1, 1777. So well did Duponceau speak the language, that hardly had he arrived in the

country, as he himself has informed us, "when he felt at home;" and letters are still preserved written by him at this time, which show a remarkable fluency and command of English. In Jan. 1778, Steuben, having previously communicated by letter with Gen. Washington, set off with his secretary for York, Penn., where congress was then in session. To this body he offered his services, and asked commissions for Duponceau and Depontière, a Frenchman of his suite, and on Feb. 18, 1778, the former became captain by brevet in the American service. On the following day Steuben, accompanied by his suite, set out for the camp at Valley Forge, where they were received with great cordiality by the commander-in-chief. On May 5 following Steuben was appointed inspector-general of the army, with the rank of major-general; and in all his movements he was accompanied by Capt. Duponceau, up to the close of the campaign of 1779, when the army went into winter quarters in Philadelphia. Here Duponceau was threatened with a pulmonary disease, which for some time prevented him from performing active duty. Toward the close of 1780 he accompanied Steuben to the south, but renewed ill health forced him to return to Philadelphia early the next summer, taking with him a letter from the baron to the president of congress, recommending him in the highest terms. On July 25, 1781, he took the proper oaths and became a citizen of Pennsylvania. Robert R. Livingston, who had recently been appointed secretary of foreign affairs by congress, gave him a place in his office in Oct. 1781, which he held until June 4, 1783. The war having closed, he now commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1785. In 1788 he was married. At an early day he acquired an extensive practice as well in the courts of Pennsylvania as in those of the United States, including the supreme court, where he was engaged in many important suits. His professional life was a successful one, and as the pecuniary result of his labors he left a handsome fortune at his death. So high an opinion did President Jefferson entertain of his legal abilities that he tendered to him the office of chief justice of Louisiana, which, however, he declined. In addition to the absorbing duties of his profession, he devoted throughout his life no inconsiderable attention to philology. As chairman of the committee of history, moral science, and general literature of the American philosophical society, in 1819 he made a report to that institution on the "Structure of the Indian Languages," which was printed, and at once gave him a high position in this department of knowledge. In May, 1835, he received from the French institute, for a "Memoir on the Indian Languages of North America," the linguistic prize, founded by the count de Volney. In 1838 he published "A Dissertation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing," in which, in opposition to generally advanced opinions, he

held that the written language was lexigraphic, representing sounds and not ideas. For several years he was much interested in an effort to introduce into the United States the production and manufacture of silk. He published several essays, letters, and reviews on the subject, expended several thousand dollars as well as much valuable time in the cause, but without success. His other writings are of a miscellaneous character, comprising an extensive range of subjects; among which may be mentioned original treatises on points of law; translations from the Latin, German, and French on similar subjects; various treatises on philology; numerous contributions to American history, including a translation of "A Description of New Sweden," by Thomas Campanius Holm. He was a member of more than 40 literary and scientific institutions of Europe and America, including the American philosophical society, the historical society of Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia Athenæum, of which 3 institutions he was the presiding officer at the time of his death.

DUPONT, A. PIERRE, a French song writer, born in Lyons, April 23, 1821. His father was a mechanic, who apprenticed him to a silk weaver, but he soon left weaving and obtained a clerkship in a banking house. His first book, Les deux anges, interested in his behalf M. Pierre Lebrun, a member of the French academy, who in 1841 saved him from the conscription by opening a subscription which enabled him to procure a substitute. Les deux anges afterward won a prize at the academy, but it was scarcely noticed, and the young poet was still unknown when he published a collection of rural poems entitled Les paysans, mostly songs, the music of which he also composed. Among these, Les bœufs attained an immense popularity, and Pierre Dupont was proclaimed the true successor of Béranger. On the revolution of 1848 the poet leaned to the new socialist doctrines, and wrote several songs which were somewhat imbued with them. His poems have been collected and published under the titles of Cahier de chansons, La muse populaire, and Chants et chansons, poésie et musique (Paris, 1850-'54).

DUPONT DE L'ÉTANG, PIERRE, count, a French general, born in Chabannais, department of Charente, July 14, 1765, died Feb. 16, 1838. Appointed brigadier-general in 1793 and general of division in 1797, he joined Bonaparte on the 18th Brumaire, contributed to the victory of Marengo, and subsequently at the head of 14,000 troops, defeated 43,000 Austrians on the banks of the Mincio. He won new laurels in 1805 and 1806 during the campaigns in Austria and Prussia. With but 5 battalions he routed 22,000 of the enemy at the bridge of Halle, and afterward by a bold movement against the Russian imperial guard decided the victory of Friedland. Sent to Spain in command of the army which was to conquer Andalusia, he was successful at first, but permitted himself to be surrounded in the Sierra Morena by a Spanish army, and consented to sur