DUPONT (DE L'EURE)

render with his whole force-an event known as the capitulation of Baylen, and stigmatized as shameful by Napoleon. He was arrested on his return to France, and by an imperial decree of 1812 was degraded from his rank, sentenced to imprisonment, and sent to the fort of Joux in the Jura. The fall of the empire restored him to liberty, and his supposed hatred of the emperor led to his appointment as minister of war, and the cancelling of all the proceedings against him; but he was soon dismissed from that office. After the 2d restoration he was appointed member of the privy council. His native department elected him several times to the chamber of deputies. A man of literary taste, he wrote several poems and a translation in verse of the odes of Horace; he also published pamphlets on the recruiting system and the campaign of Austria, and critical observations upon Montgaillard's Histoire de France.

DUPONT (DE L'EURE), JACQUES CHARLES, a French politician, born in Neubourg, department of Eure, Feb. 27, 1767, died in Paris, March 3, 1855. First an attorney at the parliament of Normandy, he became a magistrate, and was finally promoted in 1811 to the presidency of the high court at Rouen, which post he held until 1818. He commenced his political career in 1798 in the council of 500, was a member of the legislative corps in 1813, and deputy to the chamber in 1814. His motions and speeches during this period pointed him out as an unflinching adherent of liberal institutions. He was constantly reëlected by his department from 1817 to 1848, and during this long political career won the esteem of both friends and opponents. On the revolution of 1830, he was prevailed upon by Lafitte to take the ministry of justice; but his independence and rigidness of principle could hardly please Louis Philippe, and he left the office at the end of 4 months to resume his seat among the opposition in the chamber of deputies. In Feb. 1848, he was unanimously elected president of the provisional government, but old age interfered with his activity. He was elected, however, to the constituent assembly, and in 1849 retired to private life. DUPONT DE NEMOURS, PIERRE SAMUEL, a French economist, born in Paris, Dec. 14, 1739, died in Delaware, Aug. 6, 1817. An adherent of Quesnay, he became the expounder of his doctrine. He was the assistant of Turgot during his short tenure of the ministry of finance, 1774-'6. Under the ministry of Vergennes he was employed in framing the treaty of 1783, in which the independence of the United States was formally recognized by England. In the constituent assembly in 1789 he advocated liberal principles, but opposed the harsh measures of the revolutionists; after the fall of the Girondists he was imprisoned, but was saved by the revolution of the 9th Thermidor. In the council of 500 he was suspected of favoring the royalists. In 1795 he repaired to the United States, and returning to France in 1802, became a contributor to several periodicals,

and published pamphlets, among which was an essay Sur l'éducation nationale dans les Etats Unis d'Amérique (Paris, 1812). On the first overthrow of the empire he was appointed secretary to the provisional government. On the return of Napoleon he left France in disgust, repaired to the state of Delaware, where his sons had established a manufactory of gunpowder, and passed his latter years there.

DUPPA, BRIAN, an English bishop, born in Lewisham, Kent, in 1588, died in Richmond in 1662. He was educated at Westminster school, and at Christchurch, Oxford, and after taking orders travelled in France and Spain. He was successively dean of Christchurch, chancellor of the diocese of Salisbury, chaplain of King Charles I., tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and his brother James, duke of York, bishop of Chichester, and in 1641 bishop of Salisbury. He accompanied Charles I. during the conflicts of the civil war, and was highly esteemed by that monarch. He lived in retirement during the protectorate, but was promoted by Charles II. to the bishopric of Winchester, and made lord high almoner. A short time before his death he received a visit from Charles II., and gave his blessing to that king with great solemnity. He published several works of practical piety, of which the "Soul's Soliloquies," a sermon preached before Charles I., is the most important.

DUPRAT, PASCAL, a French publicist, born in 1812, was professor of history at Algiers from 1839 to 1844, and wrote an Essai historique sur les races anciennes et modernes de l'Afrique scptentrionale (Paris, 1845). Coöperating with Lamennais and other reformers, he was sent to the national assembly in 1848, and on June 24 he moved the resolution which conferred the executive power upon Gen. Cavaignac. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he was arrested, and banished from France in 1853. He has since resided in Brussels, and more recently in Lausanne.

DUPREZ, GILBERT LOUIS, a tenor singer, born in Paris, Dec. 6, 1806. He was educated at the conservatoire, and made his début at the Odeon in Dec. 1825. His success not fulfilling his expectations, he went to Italy in 1828, and for 9 years sang in the principal cities with constantly increasing reputation. In 1837 he was able to return to Paris and dictate his own terms to the director of the grand opera, where he made his first appearance as Arnold, in the opera of "William Tell," April 17. His predecessor, Nourrit, a celebrated tenor singer, was so affected by the applause which greeted this representation, that he eventually committed suicide. Thenceforth, until his retirement from the stage, Dec. 14, 1849, the career of Duprez was a series of triumphs. No tenor singer has ever been held in higher estimation by French audiences, among whom his manner of sounding the Ut de poitrine in "William Tell" produced an extraordinary effect. Duprez is an accomplished musician, and has published a work entitled the Art du chant. Several tenor rôles have been written for him. A new opera for which he fur

nished the music and his brother Edouard the libretto was accepted by the manager of the Lyons opera in 1859. His daughter CAROLINE (born in Florence in 1832, and married in 1856 to M. Van den Heuvel) made her début in 1850 in the Sonnambula at the Italian opera, and has held since 1852 a leading position at the opéra comique in Paris.

DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANÇOIS, a French scholar and philosopher, born at Trie-le-Château, Normandy, Oct. 16, 1742, died near Dijon, Sept. 29, 1809. The son of a country schoolmaster, he was first instructed in mathematics and land surveying; and afterward, through the protection of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, was enabled to complete a course of collegiate studies at Paris. He was made professor of rhetoric at the Lisieux college when only 22 years of age, and delivered in 1780, in the name of the university of Paris, a funeral oration in honor of the empress Maria Theresa. In 1787 he was promoted to the chair of Latin eloquence in the college of France. Meanwhile he attended the scientific lectures of the great astronomer Lalande, with whom he became intimately acquainted; and these studies, combined with his thorough knowledge of ancient mythology, led him to undertake to trace the origin of all religions to astronomy. Ancient divinities, he asserted, were but constellations; the names of mythological gods were those of the stars; and the strange adventures ascribed to the former merely an allegorical account of the various motions of the latter, and their relations to each other. The theory was first presented by him in several papers which appeared in the Journal des savants; was more fully expounded in a 4to. volume printed in 1781, under the title of Memoire sur l'origine des constellations et sur l'explication de la fable par l'astronomie; and then, after 14 years of unremitting labor, was unfolded in all its mysteries and particulars in the bulky work, L'origine de tous les cultes, ou la religion universelle (3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1795). This performance did not command the popularity which its author had anticipated; he therefore, in 1796, published an abridgment, which was more acceptable, and has been frequently reprinted. Amid his literary pursuits, Dupuis had been somewhat unwillingly drawn into politics. A deputy to the convention, he acted with the moderate party; he was a member of the council of 500, and a candidate for the directorship. On the establishment of the empire he returned to private life, and in 1806 published his Dissertation sur le zodiaque de Tentyra ou Denderah, which forms the complement of his great work.

DUPUYTREN, GUILLAUME, a French surgeon, born at Pierre-Buffière, Oct. 6, 1777, died in Paris, Feb. 8, 1835. He attracted attention in his boyhood by his beauty, intelligence, and haughty character, and at the age of 12 was placed by a military officer, who was fascinated by his peculiarities, in the college of La Marche at Paris. He there engaged in literary studies,

but was rebellious to discipline, abandoned Latin for the sciences, and became enthusiastic only after undertaking the study of medicine. Repeating the words of Cæsar, that it is better to be first in a village than second at Rome, he resolved to be unsurpassed in the art of surgery. At the age of 18 he was appointed assistant dissector in the école de santé; and in 1801, after a brilliant examination, he became chief of the faculty of medicine. The indisputable superiority of Bichat at this time was a spur to his ambition, and he displayed an unprecedented skill and activity in dissections. He became successively surgeon of the second class in the Hôtel Dieu; inspector-general of the university; professor of medical practice; and in 1815 surgeon-in-chief of the Hôtel Dieu. Having now absolute power in the oldest and wealthiest hospital of France, he regularly passed 5 hours in the morning in performing operations in the presence of over 400 students. With a severe exterior, and a grave and mysterious manner, he kept his audience in perfect stillness. With scalpel in hand and the patient before him, he delivered lectures which were unequalled in Paris for clearness of exposition, elegance of expression, or novelty of ideas. He was never gentle, and never smiled except when he sought to draw from a patient the symptoms of his malady; he seemed to possess only practised senses and a severe logic; and the masterly unconcern with which he framed his discourses in the midst of suffering and death, gained for him a peculiar reputation. Upon the assassination of the duke de Berry, in 1820, Dupuytren was called to the Tuileries for consultation, and 3 years later he was made first surgeon to the king. But though the transition from the Hôtel Dieu to the court increased his renown, yet his proud, silent, and capricious character became the object of innumerable epigrams and calumnies. His health failed in 1833, and he repaired to Italy, but could not be restrained from renewing his studies and observations in Rome. He died after much suffering, which excited rather his curiosity than complaints or disquietude, and left a part of his large fortune for the foundation of a chair of pathological anatomy in the faculty of medicine in Paris, and of a museum which now bears his name. His principal works have been collected in an edition entitled Leçons orales. He simplified many surgical operations, and made some valuable innovations in the art.

DUQUESNE, ABRAHAM, & French naval officer, born in Dieppe in 1610, died in 1688. He was the son of a seaman, was educated in his native town, early entered the naval service, and gained distinction in several encounters with the Spaniards, especially in 1637 off the Lerins isles, in 1641 off Tarragona, and in 1643 off Cape Gata. On the suspension of hostilities he offered his services to Sweden, then at war with Denmark, received the rank of vice-admiral, and completely defeated the Danish fleet under the command of King Christian IV. He then

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fitted out a squadron at his own expense, with which he prevented the Spaniards from entering Bordeaux, then the stronghold of the rebellious princes. This act of patriotism and daring was rewarded by his promotion to the rank of commodore, while he received as an indemnity for his outlay the island and the chateau of Indret, near Nantes. He continued his successful operations against the Spaniards until the peace of 1659; then he served against the pirates on the coast of Africa. He was made a naval lieutenant-general in 1667, and in the war against Holland was twice engaged against De Ruyter in 1676 in the Mediterranean, first off Stromboli, and afterward in sight of Mt. Etna. In both engagements the Dutch were defeated, and in the latter they lost their commander. A few weeks later Duquesne destroyed the remains of their fleet, and thus for a while secured the supremacy of France upon the sea. Louis XIV. bestowed upon him the estate of Du Bouchet with the title of marquis. He was afterward ordered to clear the Mediterranean of the Barbary pirates; defeated the Tripolitans off the island of Scio in 1681; attempted in 1682 the bombardment of Algiers, which he was obliged to abandon on account of stormy weather; resumed it the next year, and forced the dey to sue for peace. The first condition imposed by Duquesne was the liberation of a considerable number of Christian slaves, and the last the sending of an embassy to Versailles to implore pardon from Louis XIV. In 1684 Duquesne led a successful expedition against Genoa, and soon after retired to his native city.

DURAM, or DURÃO, JOZÉ DE SANTA KITA, a Brazilian poet, born near Mariana in the province of Minas Geraes in 1737, died in Lisbon in 1783. He qualified himself for the service of the church by his studies at Rio Janeiro and at Coimbra in Portugal, was graduated doctor of divinity at the university of the latter city, and joined the religious order of St. Augustine. In the course of his travels in Spain and Italy he became acquainted with Alfieri and other eminent men of letters, and subsequently during his residence at Coimbra composed a poem founded upon the story of the Galician adventurer Diogo Alvarez Correa, surnamed Caramuru, the legendary hero of Bahia. This poem was published at Lisbon in 1781, under the title of Caramuru, poema epico do descobrimento da Bahia, and a French version appeared at Paris in 1829. On its first appearance the poem was not highly estimated, but since then it has risen to the rank of a national epic in Brazil.

DURAN, AGUSTIN, a Spanish scholar, porn in Madrid about 1793. He received a university education with a view of embracing the profession of the law, but a handsome fortune which fell to his lot permitted him to devote himself to letters. He paid much attention to the study of foreign, especially to French literature, and in 1828 published anonymously a pamphlet on the influence which modern criticism has exercised on the decline of the ancient

Spanish drama. He has edited a very important collection of Moorish, miscellaneous, and historical ballads, and ballads of chivalry (Madrid, 1828-'82; republished in Paris in 1838, and in Barcelona in 1840; a new edition, forming part of the extensive Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 1849-'51). He has also written a history of the Spanish drama from its origin to the middle of the 18th century, which is not yet published.

DURAND, ASHER BROWN, an American painter and engraver, born in Jefferson, N. J., Aug. 21, 1796. His paternal ancestors were French Protestants, who emigrated to America after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. From early childhood he manifested a taste for drawing, and was fond of studying and copying trees, foliage, and other attractive objects of nature. His art education, however, properly commenced in the shop of his father, a skilful watchmaker, where he learned to cut ciphers on spoons and other household implements, and, chiefly by his own efforts, acquired some knowledge of the elementary processes of engraving. His first attempts at the production of prints were made with plates hammered out of copper coins, and with tools of his own construction, his models being the cards inserted in the cases of watches. A French gentleman, struck with the talent which some of these evinced, employed him to copy a portrait painted on the lid of a snuff box, and the success with which this commission was executed encouraged him to make engraving his profession. In 1812 he was apprenticed to Peter Maverick, one of the most prominent engravers of the time, with whom, after the expiration of his term in 1817, he entered into partnership. For a long time his employment consisted in copying prints from English books, and working on plates for bank notes. His engraving of Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence," the first work which he attempted on a large scale, and which cost him 3 years' labor, brought him into general notice, and thenceforth for many years his graver was in constant demand for portraits of various dimensions, and figure pieces. Of the former, the "National Portrait Gallery" affords the best example, while his "Musidora" and "Ariadne," the latter engraved from Vanderlyn's picture, are among the most creditable specimens of the art produced in this country. He had always, however, entertained the idea of ultimately becoming a painter, and in 1835, having for the previous 10 years been a regular contributor of portraits, small figure pieces, or landscapes in oil, to the exhibitions of the national academy of design, he finally abandoned engraving as a profession. For several years afterward he painted principally portraits and landscapes, and occasionally figure pieces, a class of subjects to which he would willingly have devoted himself had the opportunities for studying from life or from models been sufficiently abundant. As landscape painting, however, accorded with his early tastes, and was

not liable to this objection, he soon began to give his exclusive attention to it, and for many years has been an industrious contributor to this department of his art. From the outset he has been a close student of nature, giving great attention to the forms of trees, the different species of which he carefully distinguishes in his pictures, and elaborating the objects of a landscape with scrupulous exactness. His pictures, embracing some of the finest mountain and valley scenery in the country, are eminently pleasing and true in color and tone, and frequently have an idyllic beauty characteristic of the artist's turn of mind. Those representing woodland scenes are conceived with much poetic feeling, and present fine studies of trees and foliage. His collected works, many of which are of large dimensions, and some of which have been engraved, would convey an unusually correct idea of American scenery under many different aspects. Of his figure pieces, which are the rarest of his works, the principal are "Harvey Birch and Washington;"" An Old Man's Reminiscences;" "The Wrath of Peter Stuyvesant;" ;""God's Judgment on Gog;" "The Dance on the Battery;" "The Capture of Major André," &c. Among his earlier landscapes may be enumerated: "The Morning and Evening of Life," a pair; "Lake Scene-Sunset;""The Rainbow;" ;" "Wood Scene," &c. During the last few years he has produced "Primeval Forest" (1853); "In the Woods" (1854); "The Symbol," from Goldsmith's "Deserted Village" (1856); "Franconia Mountains" (1858); and "Reminiscences of Catskill Cloves" (1859). In 1854 he painted a portrait of William C. Bryant, the engraving from which, published in 1858, received its finishing touches from his hand. Mr. Durand is one of the few remaining original members of the national academy of design, and upon the resignation of Prof. Morse was chosen the president, a position which he still holds. He has resided in New York during the greater part of his life. His son, JOHN DURAND, has for several years conducted the "Crayon," a monthly publication specially devoted to the interests of the fine arts.

DURANGO, an inland state or department of Mexico, 280 m. long from N. to S., and 150 m. broad; area, 48,489 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 162,218. It was formerly sometimes called New Biscay. The surface is rocky and mountainous, being traversed by the Sierra Madre, which unites the plateau of Anahuac with the Rocky mountains. There are a few small streams, the principal of which is the Rio de las Nases, but no large rivers. In the valleys of these streams are some fertile and well cultivated tracts, producing good crops of rice, maize, and corn, but the general character of the soil is barren and incapable of much improvement. There are some pasture lands, however, and considerable numbers of cattle are reared. The mountains furnish gold, silver, and iron, which are extensively and profitably mined. This department is subject to frequent inroads of the Comanches

and other Indian tribes, who overrun the country at certain seasons, pillage the settlements, drive off the cattle, and massacre all who come in their way.-DURANGO, or VICTORIA, the capital of the state, is situated on an elevated plain at the foot of the Sierra Madre, 7,295 feet above the level of the sea; pop. in 1853, about 8,000. It is the see of a bishop, contains several good buildings, and enjoys an extensive trade in cattle and leather. It is in the vicinity of iron mines, and has a mint. The general appearance of the town is picturesque, but it is excessively dirty, infested by scorpions, and has, of late years, rapidly declined in population. It was founded in 1551.

DURAZZO (anc. Epidamnus or Dyrrachium; Turkish, Dratch; Alb. Duraessi), a maritime town of European Turkey, in the province of Albania, on the E. coast of the Adriatic, 50 m. S. W. of Scutari; pop. about 7,000. It is strongly fortified, has a safe and commodious harbor, and carries on a considerable trade in corn, tobacco, and British manufactured goods, which are imported from Trieste. It occupies the site of the ancient Epidamnus, which was founded by a colony of Corcyreans and Corinthians in the 7th century B. C. The feuds of its nobles and people were one of the immediate causes of the Peloponnesian war. In the Roman times it became one of the chief points of communication between Italy and the East. During the civil war of Pompey and Cæsar it was occupied by the former, who obtained in its vicinity a victory over the forces of his antagonist. In the 11th century it was captured by the Normans, and subsequently by the Venetians, from whom it was taken by the Turks about the end of the 15th century.

DURBIN, JOHN PRICE, D.D., an american clergyman, born in Bourbon co., Ky., in 1800. After receiving the elements of education in a district school, he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1819, was sent to Limestone circuit, Ky., and the next year was received into the Ohio conference and stationed on Greenville circuit, Ohio. He availed himself of every opportunity for study, and with his grammar and commentary, by the light of pine knots in the log cabins of the wilderness, he spent his evenings in mastering their contents. He was soon after stationed in Hamilton, O., 12 miles from Oxford, the seat of the Miami university. He entered this institution, pursuing his studies from Monday until Saturday, when he would attend to his duties as pastor, and then return to his studies in college. While stationed subsequently in Cincinnati he was admitted to the Cincinnati college, where he received the degree of A.B. in 1825, and subsequently that of A.M. Soon after this he was elected professor of languages in Augusta college, Ky. In 1829 he was nominated as chaplain to the senate of the United States, and only failed of election by the casting vote of Mr. Calhoun, which that distinguished statesman afterward regretted. His friends, without his

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knowledge, again secured his nomination in 1831, and he was elected by a large majority. His sermon in the capitol on the centennial anniversary of Washington's birth was one of his most successful efforts. In 1832 he was elected professor of natural science in the Wesleyan university, and in 1833 was appointed by the general conference editor of the "Christian Advocate and Journal," New York. The following year he was elected president of Dickinson college, Penn., where he continued until 1842. He then made a journey through portions of the old world, and returning the next year, published "Observations in Europe, principally in France and Great Britain" (2 vols. 12mo., New York, 1844), and "Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor" (2 vols. 12mo., New York, 1845), which had a large sale. He was a member of the general conference of 1844, and took an important part in the debate which resulted in the division of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1845 he resigned the presidency of the college, and was stationed in Philadelphia as presiding elder. In 1850 he was elected corresponding secretary of the missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal church, which post he occupies at the present time.

DUREAU DE LA MALLE, ADOLPHE JULES CÉSAR AUGUSTE, a French author, born March 2, 1777, died May 18, 1857. Under the auspices of his father, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH RENÉ, the translator of Tacitus and Sallust (born 1742, died 1807), he received an excellent education. He first wrote poetry and afterward on archæology, geography, political economy, and climatology. His most important work, Economie politique des Romains, appeared at Paris in 1840.

DÜRER, ÁLBRECHT, a German painter and engraver, born in Nuremberg, May 20, 1471, died there, April 6, 1528. His father, a skilful goldsmith, wished him to follow the same profession; but yielding to his son's inclination to become an artist, he placed him, when 15 years of age, with Michael Wohlgemuth, the leading painter of Nu remberg. With him Albrecht remained 4 years, after which he travelled through Germany and the Low Countries, employing several years in the study not merely of his own art but of many of the most important collateral branches. In 1494 he established himself permanently in Nuremberg, and shortly after, at the solicitation of his father, married the daughter of Hans Fritz, an artisan of that place. The union was not a happy one, as the shrewish temper of his wife sorely taxed the equanimity of the painter, and it is even said shortened his life. During his apprenticeship to Wohlgemuth, and his absence from Nuremberg, he had painted and engraved on wood, although nothing is known with certainty of his youthful works. The earliest well authenticated picture by him bears the date of 1498, and is a portrait of himself. Another similar portrait, dated 1500, and now in the Pinakothek at Munich, gives a vivid impression of the artist. It represents a man in the prime of life, in whose noble features and earnest eye

are seen the evidences of a reflective mind. He stands in a dignified attitude, and his hair falls in beautiful profusion over his shoulders. In his last portrait, a woodcut of the year 1527, the face is marked by lines of care, and the head is shorn of the flowing locks in which the artist was wont to take a complacent pride. In 1498 appeared his first great series of woodcuts, illustrating the Revelation of St. John; a work of singular power, in which the artist's imagination, however, is controlled by the fantastic element which then pervaded German art. Throughout the series the wonderful and monstrous meet in living bodily forms. In 1506, by the aid of his friend Wilibald Pirkheimer, Dürer made a journey to northern Italy, and remained a considerable time at Venice, Bologna, and other places, for the purpose of improving himself in his art; but so firmly was he grounded in his peculiar style, that the graceful productions of the Italian schools had no influence upon him. From the time of his return to Nuremberg, in 1507, ensued a period of singular artistic activity, and among the great works which he then produced may be enumerated the paintings of the "Martyrdom of the 10,000 Saints," at Vienna; the "Assumption of the Virgin," burned at Munich; the "Adoration of the Trinity," at Vienna; "Christ taken from the Cross," at Nuremberg; and the "Adoration of the Magi," at Florence; the woodcut series of the "Greater" and "Lesser Passion," the "Life of the Virgin," the "Triumphal Arch of the Emperor Maximilian," &c.; the copperplate engravings of "The Knight, Death, and the Devil," "Melancholy," "St. Jerome;" and portraits of his friends Pirkheimer, Melanchthon, and Erasmus. The print of "The Knight, Death, and the Devil" suggested to Fouqué his tale of "Sintram and his Companions." It is supposed by Bartsch and others that the woodcuts which pass under Dürer's name were cut by engravers from his drawings on the wood. His career was prosperous, and he enjoyed the friendship of many of the most learned men of the day, to whom his cultivation of letters no less than his artistic genius commended him. The people of Nuremberg delighted to honor their great painter, who was for many years one of the chief burghers of his native town. The emperors Maximilian I. and Charles V. successively appointed him court painter, and the chief cities of Germany were emulous for the possession of his works. In 1520 Dürer made a second journey to the Netherlands, and showed that he was not too old to labor, and be instructed in his art. Melanchthon tells us that Dürer confessed to him that his previous works fell short of his present conception of the beauty of nature, and that he regretted bitterly that he had painted so many pictures void of that simplicity which is the greatest charm of art. Under the influence of this visit his subsequent works exhibit a soberer feeling, and a refinement of that exuberant fancy in which he formerly delighted. In 1526 were produced his 2 pictures containing figures of the size of life of the apostles John and Peter, Mark