the above totals, were, for the year 1910, imports, $4,283,617, and exports, $361,538. American capital in the island represents a total investment of $141,000,000, distributed as follows: Railways, $34,000,000; sugar and tobacco, $68,000,000; real estate, $18,000,000; banks, $5,000,000; agricultural industries (other than those specifically mentioned), $4,000,000; mortgages, $3,500,000; navigation companies, $1,500,000; and miscellaneous investments, $7,000,000. The English capital invested in the island amounts to nearly $90,000,000, about $5,000,000 of which is in steamships, $5,000,000 in real estate, and the balance mostly in railway interests, aggregating nearly $80,000,000. COMMERCE The bulk of articles imported free of duty were: Coal and timber, which came practically all from United States. Agricultural implements, such as ploughs, hoes, and machetes, from United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. Trees in natural or fresh state, nearly all from United States. Wood pulp for making paper: From United States, France, Germany, Belgium, and Canada. Mineral water: From Spain, France, Germany, United States, and Belgium. Cheesecloth: From United States and Netherlands. Barbed wire: From United States, Belgium, and United Kingdom. From the tables above it will be seen that nearly one-half of the imports were from the United States, which led in all kinds of articles, except gold and silver ware, cotton and manufactures, vegetable fibres and manufactures, wool, hair, and manufactures, silk and manufactures, dried fish, and beverages. Of the European countries the United Kingdom follows as second, followed by Spain, Germany, and France in close succession. NOTE II THE text of the Platt Amendment as passed by the Senate and the House of the United States Congress, and after much delay accepted by the Cuban Convention on the 28th of May, 1902, by the very close vote of 15 to 14, reads as follows: "That, in fulfilment of the declaration contained in the Joint Resolution, approved April 20th, 1898, entitled 'For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect; the President is hereby authorised to leave the government and control of the Island of Cuba to its people so soon as a government shall have been established in said Island, under a Constitution which, either as a part thereof or in any ordinance appended thereto, shall define the future relations of the United States with Cuba, substantially as follows: "(1) That the Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign Power or Powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorise or permit any foreign Power or Powers to obtain by colonisation or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said Island. "(2) That said Government shall not assume or contract any public debt, to pay the interest upon which and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island, after defraying the current expenses of government, shall be inadequate. "(3) That the Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. (4) That all acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupation thereof are ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected. (5) That the Government of Cuba will execute, and as far as necessary extend, the plans already devised or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities. of the Island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein. "(6) That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed Constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto left to future adjustment by treaty. "(7) That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defence, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States. 66 '(8) That by way of further assurance the Government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States." APPENDIX B HAYTI IN HISTORY NOTE I HAYTI, a land of mountains, as its name in Carib implies, has an area of something over ten thousand miles, occupies the western half of the Island of Hispaniola, and has a population which is estimated at two million, or about 236 inhabitants to the square mile. In the Gulf of Gonaïves on the west there are dozens of natural harbours where the largest vessels can find roomy shelter at all tides. The island was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage and was the scene of his greatest activity. It remained under Spanish dominion for two hundred years, though the western portions were largely under the control of the buccaneers, chiefly French, who held the fortified island of Tortuga a few miles off the northwest coast. By the treaty of Ryswick (1697) Spain ceded what is practically the present republic of Hayti to the French and then began on a very remarkable scale, such as never has been equalled elsewhere, except perhaps in Java, the exploitation of tropical plantations and labour by foreign capital, energy, and intelligence. Within a little more than fifty years following the first Spanish settlement on the island the native inhabitants were practically exterminated. This led to the introduction of negro slaves from Africa, who were needed to take the place of the Indians in the mines and particularly in the fields, for during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Hayti had become a country of large plantations owned by rich French landholders. At the beginning of the French Revolution the population of Hayti was overwhelmingly black, but slave, and controlled by a handful of white French soldiers, landowners, and overseers. In 1793, France being then at war with England, the English General Whitelocke invaded the country. Freedom was offered by the French authorities to all slaves who would enroll themselves in the army against the enemy. This was followed soon afterwards, in August of the same year, by a decree abolishing slavery. As a result of the military assistance rendered by the blacks the English were forced to evacuate the island. The principal credit for successful resistance to the English was due to Toussaint l'Ouverture, a former runaway slave, who upon the publication of the emancipation proclamation returned from the Spanish part of the island, to assist and finally to lead his fellow freedmen against the invaders. Tous saint was at first honoured by the French and even made military governor, but afterwards fell under suspicion. In May, 1801, a constitution was promulgated by Toussaint, which act was treated by Napoleon as rebellion. From this date began the struggle for independence which lasted nearly three years. In 1802, Toussaint, Rigaud, and other leaders were induced by Leclerc, the French commander, to surrender under guarantees. Faith was not kept by the French, and Toussaint was sent as a prisoner to France, where he died. The blacks again arose under Dessalines and Christophe, and in December, 1803, the French abandoned the contest. Dessalines, on January 1, 1804, promulgated the declaration of Haytian independence and was himself proclaimed Emperor. He ruled until November, 1806, when he was assassinated. Henri Christophe was in the following month elected President under a new constitution establishing the Republic. He refused the presidency and proclaimed himself king with the title of Henri I. This led to civil war and a division of the country, Henri I. ruling as king in the north and Alexandre Pétion as president in the south. was succeeded by Jean Pierre Boyer. cide in 1820, and Boyer became President of the whole country. He extended his authority also over the Spanish end of the island, now the Dominican Republic. In 1844 the Dominicans threw off the yoke of Hayti and became independent. Pétion died in 1818 and NOTE II A BAROMETRIC record of the political convulsions which the island has passed through is furnished by the following brief table: 1804. Dessalines crowned Emperor as Jacques I. 1806. Dessalines assassinated; San Domingo again separated from Hayti and reoccupied by Spain. |