1880. Rafael Nuñez, a man of liberal antecedents, although a member of the conservative party, was installed as President. The following year a strong revolution was organised against him by liberal influences in Cauca and Antioquia, but was put down after heavy loss of life. 1882. Señor Laldua succeeded Nuñez as Chief Executive, but he died in 1883. 1883. Vice-President General Otalora succeeded as Chief Executive. 1884. Señor Rafael Nuñez was declared President. His reactionary policies gave dissatisfaction to the liberals, who had supported him. 1885. A widespread and powerful revolution broke out in the provinces of Panama, Boyaca, Cundinamarca, and Magdalena, under the leadership of Generals Reyes and Velez. It was subdued, and peace was proclaimed in September. 1886. On August 6 Dictator Nuñez proclaimed a new Constitution, extending the President's term to six years and making a centralised government. He declared himself elected President for the term ending August 7, 1892. 1888. Dictator Nuñez appointed Carlos Holguin to administer the government at Bogotá. Nuñez himself remained in Cartagena on account of his health; but Nuñez was consulted about everything, and his orders were law. Armed uprisings were frequent in all parts of the country, but were suppressed without great difficulty. 1892. Dictator Nuñez declared himself President for the ensuing six years, and appointed Señor Miguel Caro to administer affairs in Bogotá, while he continued as before to reside in Cartagena. 1894. In September President Nuñez died. Señor Miguel Caro assumed the unexpired term. Uprisings were continuous and severe, but Señor Caro suppressed them all. 1898. M. A. Sanclemente was chosen President by the conservatives. A powerful revolution broke out in all parts of the country, aided by Venezuela in its latter stages. This was a bitter and bloody insurrection, entailing widespread disaster. 1900. Señor J. M. Marroquin, the Vice-President, deposed and imprisoned the President by un golpe de cuartel, an uprising of troops, fomented and directed by General Rafael Reyes. 1903. Revolution of Panama, and its recognition as an independent republic by the United States and other foreign countries. The separation took place because of the refusal or failure of Colombia to approve a treaty for the construction of the Panama Canal. 1904. General Rafael Reyes was installed as President, and soon afterwards declared himself Dictator. The following is a partial list of the disturbances on the Isthmus of Panama since 1850. It is by no means complete, but it shows what the relations between Colombia and the Sovereign State of Panama had been for half a century, when a complete separation was brought about and the new state of affairs promptly recognised by the United States. December, 1858. Attempted secession of Panama. April, 1859. Outbreaks and frequent riots. 1860. Revolution and landing U. S. force preserves the city from pillage. May, 1861. Landing of American troops again requested by the authorities. October, 1861. Insurrection and civil war. April, 1862. Blockade to prevent rebels crossing Isthmus. June, 1862. Mosquera's troops (President of Colombia) refused admittance to Panama. March, 1865. Revolution. Intervention requested and U. S. marines and sailors landed. August, 1865. Riots; invasion of Panama. March, 1866. Unsuccessful revolution. April, 1867. Attempt to overthrow government. August, 1867. Revolution. July, 1868. Revolution and Provisional Government. August, 1868. Revolution and Provisional Government overthrown. April, 1871. Revolution followed by counter revolution. April, 1873. Revolution and civil war which lasted until August, 1876. Civil war which lasted until April, 1877. December, 1878. Revolt. June, 1884. Revolutionary attempt. March, 1885. Revolution. April, 1887. Disturbance on Panama Railroad. November, 1887. Disturbance on line of canal. January, 1889. Riot. January, 1895. Revolution which lasted until April. March, 1895. Incendiary attempt. October, 1899. Revolution. February, 1900, to July, 1900. Revolution. January, 1901. Revolution. July, 1901. Revolutionary disturbances. September, 1901. City of Colon taken by rebels. March, 1902. Revolutionary disturbances. July, 1902. Revolution. "The above is only a partial list of the revolutions, rebellions, insurrections, riots, and other outbreaks that have occurred during the period in question; yet they number 53 for the 57 years. It will be noted that one of them lasted for nearly three years before it was quelled; another for nearly a year. In short, the experience of over half a century has shown Colombia to be utterly incapable of keeping order on the Isthmus. Only the active interference of the United States has enabled her to preserve so much as a semblance of sovereignty. Had it not been for the exercise by the United States of the police power in her interest, her connection with the Isthmus would have been sundered long ago. In 1856, in 1860, in 1873, in 1885, in 1901, and again in 1902, sailors and marines from United States warships were forced to land in order to patrol the Isthmus, to protect life and property, and to see that the transit across the Isthmus was kept open. In 1861, in 1862, in 1885, and in 1900 the Colombian Government requested the United States Government to land troops to protect its interests and maintain order on the Isthmus." These conclusions are drawn by Mr. Crutchfield in his work "American Supremacy." They seem to be justified by the revolutionary data which were compiled from the consular and diplomatic records of the State Department. APPENDIX F THE DANISH WEST INDIES THE population of the Danish islands is steadily decreasing. It has fallen from over forty-three thousand in 1835 to less than thirty-one thousand in 1901. The islands are without any constitutional or chartered form of government and are ruled directly by the king, represented by a resident governor. Santa Cruz is the only island of the group that can be said to enjoy any commerce or cultivation. In 1906 the business done in the whole group of islands, including imports as well as exports, amounted to something less than two million dollars. Sugar and rum are the only articles of export, but experimental cotton growing is under way. The trade with Denmark, formerly considerable, has fallen off nearly to the vanishing point of recent years. Various measures for the development of the islands and for their representation in the Danish Parliament are under considera tion. APPENDIX G THE BRITISH ISLANDS NOTE I THE following trade returns from the British West Indies for the years 1906-7-8 show decided improvement. The table of revenue is also more satisfactory. This improvement is most striking in the case of Jamaica and of Dominica, showing the happy influence of the increasing fruit trade with the United States and in a lesser degree with the United Kingdom. In the year 1909, according to the latest available official returns, total imports to the British West Indies were valued |