CANALS 91. The accompanying table shows the principal canals of the United States used for commercial purposes: Norfolk, Va., to Currituck Sound, N. C. Whitehall, N. Y., to Troy, N. Y. Chesapeake City, Md., to Delaware City, Cumberland, Md., to Washington, D. C. Mississippi River, La., to Bayou Black, New Brunswick, N. J., to Bordentown, Easton, Pa., to Bristol, Pa. At Des Moines Rapids, Mississippi River. Albany, N. Y., to Buffalo, N. Y. Galveston, Tex., to Brazos River, Tex. Carroll, Ohio, to Nelsonville, Ohio Chicago, Ill., to La Salle, Ill. Around lower rapids of Rock River, Ill. Connects with Mississippi River. Coalport, Pa., to Bristol, Pa. Cincinnati, Ohio, to Toledo, Ohio. Easton, Pa., to Jersey City, N. J. Big Muscle Shoals, Tenn., to Elk River New Orleans, La., to Lake Pontchartrain, Savannah River, Ga., to Ogeechee River, Cleveland, Ohio, to Portsmouth, Ohio. Connects Lakes Superior and Huron at St. Mary's River. Mill Creek, Pa., to Philadelphia, Pa. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Columbia, Pa., to Havre de Grace, Md. 25 Rochester, Ohio., to Roscoe, Ohio. IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN PEAKS 92. The most important mountain peaks in the United States and Alaska are as follows: GAUGING AND ELEMENTARY PHYSICS GAUGING 1. Introduction.-The United States laws require that all spirits distilled within its boundaries shall be measured by a representative of the government, known as an internalrevenue gauger. After an applicant for this position is appointed, but before he is assigned to duty, he must "take an oath faithfully to perform his duties and shall give bond, with one or more sureties satisfactory to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, for the faithful discharge of the duties assigned to him by law or regulations; and the penal sum of said bond shall not be less than five thousand dollars; neither a distiller, rectifier, nor wholesale liquor dealer will be accepted as surety on the bond of any gauger or storekeeper." The first efforts of an applicant for the position of gauger, after attending a civil-service examination, should be to acquire a thorough knowledge of all the requirements of the laws and regulations relating to the office. The important bearing of the duties of such a position on the revenues and commercial interests of the country imperatively demands that carefulness and accuracy of execution should be observed at all times. Such knowledge can be readily acquired by making a study of the Gaugers' Manual, which can be obtained without cost by applying to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C. Copyrighted by International Textbook Company. Entered at Stationers' Hall, London 2. Definitions.-Gauging, as applied to the United States internal-revenue service, is the method of measuring the capacities or contents of casks, tubs, or cisterns. A cask resembles two frustums of a cone with their larger bases placed together, Fig. 1. Head Diameter Quarter Bung a Height Quarter Hoop Diameter Hoop Bottom Diameter d' FIG. 1 The bung diameter of a cask is the diameter measured half way between the two ends; it is usually the greatest diameter, as shown at ab, Fig. 1. The head diameter of a cask is the diameter measured at the head or bottom of a cask between the chimes, as shown at cd and c' d', Fig. 1. The mean diameter of a cask is the mean between the bung diameter and the head diameter. In the United States internalrevenue service, it depends on the variety of cask. 3. Varieties of Casks.-Casks are divided into three classes, according to the curvature of the staves at what is termed the quarter hoop, as shown at ef and e' f', Fig. 1, mid way between the bung and the chime. The casks having the least curvature are termed the first variety, Fig. 2; those having medium curvature, the second variety, Fig. 3; and those having the greatest curvature, the third variety, Fig. 4. When no variety of cask is mentioned, the second variety is assumed to be the one meant, as it is the one most commonly used. 4. The mean diameter of the first-variety casks is found by multiplying the difference between the head diameter and the bung diameter by the decimal .55 and adding the product to the head diameter; the sum will be the mean diameter. The mean diameter of the second variety is found by multiplying the difference between the head and the bung diameter by the decimal .63 and adding the product to the head diameter; while the mean diameter of the third variety is found by multiplying the difference between the head and the bung diameter by the decimal .70 and adding the product to the head diameter. EXAMPLE.-The head diameter of a second-variety cask is 19 inches and the bung diameter is 22 inches; what is the mean diameter? SOLUTION.-Mean diameter is .63 X (2219) + 19 : = 20.89 in. Ans. 5. Capacity. The capacity of a cask, tub, or cistern. is the number of gallons that such a vessel will contain when filled. The unit of measurement considered in expressing the capacity of a vessel is the United States wine gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches. The unit of measurement in Great Britain is the Imperial gallon, which contains 277 cubic inches. The beer gallon contains 282 cubic inches. GAUGING INSTRUMENTS 6. The instruments used in gauging are: 1. Standard Gauging Rod.-The instrument known as the Prime and McKean's combination gauging rod, Fig. 5, is prescribed by the Commissioners of Internal Revenue for determining the capacity of casks when the same is not determined by the weighing beam. |