hole, the point resting on the bottom stave opposite the bung hole, as shown in Fig. 10. The overslide b is then drawn up until the lip c strikes the under side of the bung stave. The rod is then removed from the cask, the overslide being retained in the same position and raised so that the figures on the scale at the bottom of the overslide can be easily read. Care must be observed that the figures read are in the column corresponding to the variety of the cask being gauged. Then find the same figures in column A of the scale and follow the line above the figures, turning the rod to the left to the corresponding line on the face of the rod, which latter line will indicate the mean diameter.

ILLUSTRATION. Suppose that the rod shows the head diameter to be 19 inches, as shown at E, Fig. 8, and the bung diameter to be 22 inches, as shown at G. The difference between the two diameters (3 inches) will appear in the A column at the foot F of the overslide, and 1.9 in the B or second-variety column, 2 in the C or third-variety column, and 1.6 in the D or first-variety column. By following the line above, 1.9, 2, and 1.6 in the A column on the mean-diameter scale to the right-hand side of the rod, the corresponding line will indicate a mean diameter of 20.9 inches, 21 inches, and 20.6 inches, respectively, as shown at t, t,, and t,.

8. The rod is prepared for finding the length of casks by sliding the fixed caliper arm N, Fig. 11, having the spring S on the head of the rod, taking care to have the spring bolt

enter the hole in the rod so that it will remain stationary. Next slide the movable caliper arm M over the point of the rod, so that this arm will be in line with the other. Apply the rod as follows: Standing at the head of the cask, support the rod in the middle with the left hand, holding the top of the sliding caliper arm with the right hand. Place the rod on the cask in a line with the bung stave, allowing it to rest on the braces of the caliper arms, the fixed caliper arm being lightly held against the head of the cask; then move, with the right hand, the sliding caliper arm against the other head of the cask. The length of the cask will be indicated by the figures on the top of the rod at the inside of the movable arm. The rod is graduated so as to allow for heads inch thick.

9. Wantage Rod.-The wantage rod is graduated on four sides, as shown in Fig. 12, so as to measure the wantage, or ullage, in casks more than half filled varying in capacity from 18 to 145 gallons. When casks are not full, only the actual wantage, as determined by the wantage rod, is allowed. In a gauger's official report, fractional parts of a gallon less than .5 or are not reported, if more than .5 or they are reported as 1.

In using this rod, the following instructions should be observed: Take the wantage rod, Fig. 6, in the right hand with the metal rod a resting entirely in the groove; insert the rod in the cask through the bung hole with the lip b against the under side of the bung stave; with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, clasp the handle c at the head of the metal part in the manner shown in Fig. 13 (a). Hold the rod in a perpendicular position with the lip b, Fig. 6, firmly pressed against the under side of the bung stave, turn with the right hand the eccentric button e on top of the rod, and move the wooden part of the rod downwards as far as the metal guides d, Fig. 6, will permit, as shown in Fig. 13 (b). Withdraw the rod to its former position at once without jarring the contents of the cask, remove it from the cask and read the wet line made by the liquid on the scale, which shows the

capacity of the cask containing the liquid. The graduation nearest the wet line should always be read. When the wet line is midway between graduations, the line that indicates the greater wantage should be read.

10. In Fig. 12, the line WL represents the wet line made by a liquid placed in various-sized casks, the top of the liquid in each cask being at the same distance from the bung stave. The wantage in each of these casks would be represented by the graduations nearest the line WL. Beginning at the left, the wantage in a cask whose capacity is between 37 and 41 gallons would be 4 gallons; in a cask between 30 and 37 gallons, it would be 4 gallons; in a cask between 18 and 21 gallons, it would be 3 gallons; in a cask between 125 and 145 gallons, it would be 7 gallons; and

So on across.

11. To find the wantage in a cask that is less than half full, pull out the metal part of the rod as far as the guides will permit, secure it in this position by turning the eccentric button into the notch in the back of the metal rod. Insert the entire rod into the cask until the wooden part rests on the bottom stave opposite the bung hole, as shown in Fig. 14;

withdraw it at once and the wet line on the wet-and-dry inch column, Fig. 12, counting from the bottom upwards, will show the number of inches and tenths of inches of spirits in the cask. Take the same number of inches and tenths of inches in the same column, count

ing from the top downwards; follow with the eye this line around the rod to the corresponding line on the scale that contains the capacity of the cask being measured.

ILLUSTRATION.-Suppose that the point m, Fig. 12, represents the wet line in the wet-and-dry column on the rod after it has been withdrawn from a cask. This point appears to be 5.5 inches above the bottom of the rod, or,

FIG. 14

in other words, there are 5.5 inches of liquid in the cask. If the same measure, 5.5 inches, is taken from the top downwards in the same column, it will come to a point m'. If this point is followed around the rod it will appear as the line AB. In casks varying in size, as shown on the rod containing 5.5 inches of liquid, this liquid will measure, beginning at the left, 74, 7, 5, 12, 6, 6, 6, 8, 81, 81 gallons, respectively.

RULES FOR GAUGING CASKS, CISTERNS, OR TUBS

12. Rule for Finding the Capacity of a Cask.-To find the capacity of a cask, multiply the square of the mean diameter, in inches, by the decimal .0034 and multiply this product by the length of the cask, in inches; the result will be the capacity of the cask, in wine gallons.

EXAMPLE. Find the capacity of a cask of the second variety, the diameter of which is 18.9 inches at the head and 21.9 inches at the bung, and whose length is 28.9 inches.

SOLUTION.-Head diameter is 18.9 in., bung diameter is 21.9 in., difference is 21.9 18.9 3 in.; 3 x .63

=

added to the head diameter. 18.9

diameter,

=

1.89 in., the amount to be 1.89 = 20.79 in., the mean

20.79 X 20.79 X .0034 X 28.9 = 42.5 gal. Ans.