The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609

able accordance already Alva Antwerp appeared army attempt authority became become Beggars Brabant Brussels called Calvinism Calvinists carried Catholic cause century Charles Church citizens civilization continued Council Count danger Dutch enemy especially fact Flanders followed forces foreign formed France French Friesland Gelderland German Ghent give Government Groningen hand Holland and Zealand importance independence influence interests Italy John King lands language leaders less Leyden longer marched matter means Mechlin ministers moreover movement natural Netherlandish Netherlands never nevertheless nobility nobles North northern once opposition Orange organization Parma party peace period Philip political position possessed possible Prince Protestant provinces question raised Reformed region religion religious remained resistance revolt rule ruler seemed side soon South southern Spain Spaniards Spanish Stadtholder States-General subjects taken town trade troops true Union Utrecht Walloon whole