militia and volunteers, which can only be gauged by their training. One of the best National Guards in the country is that of Pennsylvania, yet its actual training is confined to one week in camp and about seventy hours of drill per anпит.* At the beginning of hostilities this militia would furnish as good volunteers as the United States could hope to obtain, and how long does any reasonable man suppose that these troops would stand against the regulars of France, Germany or Japan? How much faith would the officials of any corporation place in an agent or employé whose training is limited to one week and seventy hours of work a year? Yet our national legislature has persevered these many years in the delusion that an untrained citizen-soldiery could not possibly jeopardize the destinies of the nation.

Throughout its history Congress has shown a conspicuous absence of appreciation of its duty with respect, not only to the country in time of war, but to the people who support the struggle. When men make the greatest of sacrifices, including the willingness to give their lives for the welfare of their country, surely they have a right to demand that the national legislature shall do its duty toward them. Yet how often has the American people been treated as a sacrifice on the altar of the God of War, in atonement for the sins of omission and commission of Congress. General Henry Lee, a distinguished officer during the Revolution, epitomized the matter admirably when he asserted that " A GOVERNMENT IS

THE MURDERER OF ITS CITIZENS WHICH SENDS THEM TO THE FIELD UNINFORMED AND UNTAUGHT, WHERE THEY ARE TO MEET MEN OF THE SAME AGE AND STRENGTH, MECHANIZED BY EDUCATION AND DISCIPLINE FOR BATTLE." †

No truer words were ever uttered than those of the greatest of all Americans and no more fundamental military wis

* Information contained in a letter from Gen. Thomas J. Stewart, the Adjutant-General of Pennsylvania, dated January 28, 1911, to the author of this book.

† Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, I, p. 97.

dom was ever embodied in a maxim than in Washington's declaration that "TO EXPECT, then, THE SAME SERVICE FROM

RAW AND UNDISCIPLINED RECRUITS AS FROM VETERAN SOLDIERS IS TO EXPECT WHAT NEVER DID AND PERHAPS NEVER WILL

HAPPEN. Yet Congress has persisted from the very beginning in believing that untrained troops are a sufficient bulwark for national defence on land, and even President Wilson in his annual message to Congress on December 8, 1914, announced that "We must depend in every time of national peril, in the future as in the past, not upon a standing army, nor yet upon a reserve army, but upon a citizenry trained and accustomed to arms." Earnestly as it is to be hoped that in the near future the majority of American men may be given sufficient military training to make them a dependable force in time of war, the fact none the less remains that never once, from the beginning of our national career until the present day, have we possessed "a citizenry trained and accustomed to arms." And President Wilson has written more than one work treating of American history.

Washington to the President of Congress, February 9, 1776. Sparks, III, p. 279.

CHAPTER XXII

MILITARY POLICY, LEGISLATION AND EVENTS FROM 1902 TO JUNE 1, 1915 *

A

SIDE from the usual annual appropriations for the support of the Army, for fortifications and for the Military Academy, the appropriations to meet deficiencies and the sundry civil expenses, the military legislation enacted during 1902 was confined to three important measures. The Act of June 28th allotted $2,000,000" for the enlargement of buildings" at West Point "and for other necessary works of improvement in connection therewith." 1 The Army Appropriation Act of June 30th set apart $15,000 "for the continuance of the Army War College, having for its object the direction and coordination of the instruction in the various service schools, extension of the opportunities for investigation and study in the Army and militia of the United States," and also authorized the Secretary of War to expend $400,000 "for the erection of the necessary buildings for the Army War College, established at Washington Barracks, District of Columbia." 2 The third and last measure the Act of July 1st- required the Secretary of War to furnish" indelibly marked " certificates "in lieu of a lost or destroyed discharge" to any officer or enlisted man honorably discharged from the military service of the United States or to his widow," but with the proviso "that such a certificate shall not be accepted as a voucher for the payment of any claim against the United States for pay, bounty, or other allowance, or as evidence in any other case." 3

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*The author ventures to suggest that the reader who is not interested in the intricate details of military legislation - which of necessity comprise a large part of this chapter- should either omit or glance hurriedly through them, and should devote his attention to the parts dealing with military events.

MILITARY EVENTS DURING 1902

In the Philippines the remnants of insurrection were still kept up in the provinces of Batangas and Tayabas under the leadership of Malvar, and in the island of Samar by the guerillas under Lukban. The active operations of the troops in Luzon under General J. Franklin Bell culminated in the surrender of Malvar on April 16th, while Lukban was captured and his successor Guevara surrendered to the forces under General Frederick D. Grant on April 27th. These events put an end to the warfare which had been waged by the natives with such ruthlessness since the dispersal of Aguinaldo's government in 1899. On July 4th President Roosevelt issued a proclamation announcing the termination of the insurrection and granting "complete pardon and amnesty " to the natives. The office of Military Governor was discontinued, and the Secretary of War in a General Order conveyed to the Army the thanks of the President for the services rendered to the country by its conduct "in the great and difficult undertakings" in Cuba and the Philippines.* Moros of the Sulu archipelago and Palawan were still defiant, but expeditions under Colonel Frank Baldwin and Captain John Pershing effected a distinctly summary pacification which put an end to their resistance for the time being.5

The

On February 24, 1902, the Electoral College of Cuba, chosen at a general election on December 31, 1901, convened and elected a President, Vice-President, Senate and House of Representatives. On May 20th T. Estrada Palma was inaugurated as the first President of the Cuban Republic, and during the afternoon of that same day the American forces under the command of Brigadier General Leonard Wood, Military Governor, were withdrawn from the island.

On June 11th the Military Academy at West Point celebrated with appropriate ceremonies, attended by a notable assemblage of distinguished alumni, the completion of a century of honourable and useful existence.

[1902

During the month of September joint manœuvres, suggested by Brigadier General Wallace F. Randolph, Chief of Artillery, took place on the New England coast. Simulated attacks were made by a fleet of warships against the fortifications at the eastern end of Long Island Sound, situated at New London, the entrance to Narragansett Bay and at New Bedford. A force of Regular troops and a small number of militia participated in the defence, and much profit was derived from the admirable spirit in which these manoeuvres were carried out.

6

As has been seen on page 255, Section 28 of the law of February 2, 1901, permitted the appointment of men not over forty years of age to the grades of first or second lieutenant in the Regular Army when their fitness had been favourably passed upon by examining boards, as well as allowing enlisted men who had served one year in the Army to be appointed second lieutenants. Many proceeded to avail themselves of this opportunity and, in connection with this innovation, Secretary Root made the following pertinent comments in his annual report for 1902: 7

"An examination of the sources from which are drawn the officers of the Army, as now constituted under the Act of February 2, 1901, shows how important it is to go on with the military education of officers in some such general and systematic way as was outlined in my last report. Of the 2,900 officers of the line of the Army, 1,818 have been appointed since the beginning of the war with Spain. Of these 1,818 but 276 were supplied by the West Point Academy; the remaining 1,542 have come 414 from the ranks, 512 from civil life, and 616 from the volunteers of the war with Spain and in the Philippines.

"The volunteers and the enlisted men have of course acquired useful experience, and they were all selected on the ground of their military conduct and intelligence. Yet it is generally true of the whole 1,542, constituting more than one-half of all the officers of the line, that they have had no systematic military education. They constitute nearly the entire body of first and second lieutenants. After some years, when their seniors