Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400-1000

activity administration already areas aristocrats army authority became become began beginning Benevento Berengar bishops Byzantine Carolingian central centre certainly changes charters Church cities collective common continued counts court dukes early early medieval economic emperor Empire especially estates evidence example existed families force Frankish Franks gave German gifts hand important independent interests Italian Italy kingdom kings land landowners late later leases least less Liutprand Lombard Lombard kingdom Louis Lucca major Milan military monasteries names Naples ninth North northern owners Parma particularly Paul Pavia peasants perhaps period plain political probably problems Ravenna referred remained rents Roman Rome royal rule seems seen Senate slaves social society sometimes South southern Spoleto status structure tenants tenth century territory traditional Tuscany urban usually village wars whole