*Survey. 29: 419-20. Ja. 4, '13. Pen and Book as Tests of Character. Jane Addams.

Survey. 30: 369-70. Je. 14, '13. New Expedient for Restricting Immigration. M. J. Kohler.

Survey. 31:766-7. Mr. 21, '14.

Tie that Binds Immigration,

Work and Citizenship. Frances A. Kellor.

World To-day. 11:735-8. Jl. '06. Americans of the Future. Daniel T. Pierce.

World's Work. 14: 8959-60. Je. '07. Immigration to the South.

EUROPEAN WAR AND IMMIGRATION

Congressional Record. 52: 3070. F. 4, '15. Effects of the War on Immigration. H. H. Seldomridge.

*Immigrants in America Review. 1:9-10. Mr. '15. Domestic Policy. Frances A. Kellor.

*New Republic. 1: 10-1. D. 26, '14. Wanted-An Immigration Policy.

*North American Review. 201: 348-50. Mr. '15. Bogy of Alien Illiteracy. George Harvey.

*North American Review. 201: 667-70. My. '15. Effects of the War on Immigration. George Harvey.

Outlook. 108: 567-9. N. 11, '14. War and Immigration.

Survey. 32:495. Ag. 15, '14. War and Its Effects on Immigration.

*Survey. 34: 153-4. My. 15, '15.

from Russia after the War. *Survey. 34: 170. My. 22, '15. Increase.

Immigration That May Come Leo Pasvolsky.

European Immigration on the

The following societies issue reports, pamphlets, etc.

American Jewish Committee, 356 2d Av., N. Y. City.
Asiatic Exclusion League, 316 14th St., San Francisco.

Committee for Immigrants in America. 95 Madison Av, N. Y. City.
Immigration Restriction League, Boston, Mass.

National Liberal Immigration League, 150 Nassau St., N. Y. City. North American Civic League for Immigrants, 95 Madison Av., N. Y. City.

1,300,000

1,250,000

1,200,000

1,150,000

1,100,000

1,050,000

1,000,000

950,000

900,000

850,000

800,000

750,000

700,000

650,000

600,000

550,000

500,000

450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

-Chart prepared by John B. J. Gerety from Government Statistics Official reports of outgoing aliens have been kept only since

1907.

The dates given signify in each case the year ending in June.

Statistics for 1915 were available to the end of May only. The average monthly immigration for the year up to that date was 27,645. If that number be added to the eleven months' total, the approximate number for the year will be obtained.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

United States. Immigration Commission.
Abstracts of Reports

Conclusions and Recommendations

Sources of Immigration and Character of Immigrants

From 1820 to June 30, 1910, 27,918,992 immigrants were admitted to the United States. Of this number 92.3 per cent came from European countries, which countries are the source of about 93.7 per cent of the present immigration movement. From 1820 to 1883 more than 95 per cent of the total immigrants from Europe originated in the United Kingdom, Germany, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Switzerland. In what follows the movement from these countries will be referred to as the "old immigration." Following 1883 there was a rapid change in the ethnical character of European immigration, and in recent years more than 70 per cent of the movement has originated in southern and eastern Europe. The change geographically, however, has been somewhat greater than the change in the racial character of the immigration, this being due very largely to the number of Germans who have come from AustriaHungary and Russia. The movement from southern and eastern Europe will be referred to as the "new immigration." In a single generation Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia have succeeded the United Kingdom and Germany as the chief sources of immigration. In fact, each of the three countries first named furnished more immigrants to the United States in 1907 than came in the same year from the United Kingdom, Germany, Scandinavia, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland combined.

The old immigration movement was essentially one of per-4 manent settlers. The new immigration is very largely one of individuals a considerable proportion of whom apparently have no intention of permanently changing their residence, their only purpose in coming to America being to temporarily take advant

age of the greater wages paid for industrial labor in this country. This, of course, is not true of all the new immigrants, but the practice is sufficiently common to warrant referring to it as a characteristic of them as a class. From all data that are available it appears that nearly 40 per cent of the new immigration movement returns to Europe and that about two-thirds of those who go remain there. This does not mean that all of these immigrants have acquired a competence and returned to live on it. Among the immigrants who return permanently are those who have failed, as well as those who have succeeded. Thousands of those returning have, under unusual conditions of climate, work, and food, contracted tuberculosis and other diseases; others are injured in our industries; still others are the widows and children of aliens dying here. These, with the aged and temperamentally unfit, make up a large part of the aliens who return to their former homes to remain.

The old immigration came to the United States during a period of general development and was an important factor in that development, while the new immigration has come during a period of great industrial expansion and has furnished a practically unlimited supply of labor to that expansion.

As a class the new immigrants are largely unskilled laborers coming from countries where their highest wage is small compared with the lowest wage in the United States. Nearly 75 perIcent of them are males. About 83 per cent are between the ages of 14 and 45 years, and consequently are producers rather than dependents. They bring little money into the country and send or take a considerable part of their earnings out. More than 35 per cent are illiterate, as compared with less than 3 per cent of the old immigration class. Immigration prior to 1882 was practically unregulated, and consequently many were not self-supporting, so that the care of alien paupers in several states was a serious problem. The new immigration has for the most part been carefully regulated so far as health and likelihood of pauperism are concerned, and, although drawn from classes low in the economic scale, the new immigrants as a rule are the strongest, the most enterprising, and the best of their class.

Causes of the Movement

While social conditions affect the situation in some countries, the present immigration from Europe to the United States is in

1

the largest measure due to economic causes. It should be stated, however, that emigration from Europe is not now an absolute economic necessity, and as a rule those who emigrate to the United States are impelled by a desire for betterment rather than by the necessity of escaping intolerable conditions. This fact should largely modify the natural incentive to treat the immigra tion movement from the standpoint of sentiment and permit its consideration primarily as an economic problem. In other words, the economic and social welfare of the United States should now ordinarily be the determining factor in the immigration policy of the Government.

Comparatively few immigrants come without some reasonably definite assurance that employment awaits them, and it is probable that as a rule they know the nature of that employment and the rate of wages. A large number of immigrants are induced to come by quasi labor agents in this country, who combine the business of supplying laborers to large employers and contractors with the so-called immigrant banking business and the selling of steamship tickets.

་

Another important agency in promoting emigration from Europe to the United States is the many thousands of steamshipticket agents and subagents operating in the emigrant-furnishing districts of southern and eastern Europe. Under the terms of the United States immigration law, as well as the laws of most European countries, the promotion of emigration is forbidden, but nevertheless the steamship-agent propaganda flourishes everywhere. It does not appear that the steamship lines as a rule openly direct the operations of these agents, but the existence of the propaganda is a matter of common knowledge in the emigrant-furnishing countries and, it is fair to assume, is acquiesced in, if not stimulated, by the steamship lines as well With the steamship lines the transportation of steerage passengers is purely a commercial matter; moreover, the steerage business which originates in southern and eastern Europe is peculiarly attractive to the companies, as many of the immigrants travel back and forth, thus insuring east-bound as well as west-bound traffic.

Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining

A large proportion of the southern and eastern European immigrants of the past twenty-five years have entered the manu