of the two crowns;-but the laws and customs are peculiar to Scotland. The English spoken by the Scots, notwithstanding its provincial articulations, is written in the same manner in both kingdoms. At present the pronunciation in Scotland is greatly improving, and among the higher ranks is, daily, advancing nearer to the purity of the capital. The language, spoken in the Highlands, is called Erse, and is nearly the same as that spoken by the vulgar Irish. Islands of Scotland. The Scottish islands may be arranged under three grand clusters; viz. the Hebrides, on the west; on the north, the Orkneys, and further north beyond them, the Shetland Isles. 1. The Hebrides, or Western Isles, are very numerous, and some of them large. The principal are flay, Jura, Oransa, Colonsa, Mull, Lewis or Harris, Skey, Iona, and St. Kilda or Hirta. Iona was once the seat and sanctuary of western learning; and the burying-place of many kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. 2. The Orkney Islands lie to the north of Dungsby Head, and are divided from the continent by a tempestuous strait, called Pentland Frith. The largest of the Orkney Islands, which are about thirty in number, is called Pomona. 3. The Shetland Isles lie to the north-east of the Orcades, or Orkney Islands, and form part of the shire of Orkney. The largest of the Shetland Islands, which are forty-six in number, is Mainland. SUMMARY OF POPULATION IN 1811. Select Books on the Topography of Scotland. Grose's Antiquities of Scotland, 2 vols. 8vo. Forsyth's Beauties of Scotland, 5 vols. 8vo. Pennant's Tour in Scotland, 3 vols. 4to. Heron's Journey in Scotland, 2 vols. 8vo. Tourist's Guide in Scotland, 12mo. Denholm's Account of Glasgow, 8vo. Stark's Picture of Edinburgh,8vo. Martin's Description of the Western Islands, 8vo. Johnson's Tour to the Hebrides, 8vo. Boswell's Tour, 8vo. or 12mo. SECT. IV.-IRELAND. This island is situated on the west side of England, between the 6th and 10th degrees of west longitude, and 51 and 55 degrees of north latitude. Its antient name is Erin, concerning the origin of which numerous conjectures have been made; but it is probably a Phenician or Gaelic term, implying the country of the west. Ireland is bounded on the east by St. George's Channel, or the Irish Sea, which divides it from Great Britain; its other shores are washed by the Atlantic. This island is about 800 miles in length, and about 160 at its greatest breadth. The contents in square miles have been computed at 27,457; and the population at about 4,000,000. Divisions] Ireland is divided into four large provinces, which are subdivided into thirty-two counties, viz. Counties. Ulster, (on the north) contains nine counties. 1. Down.... 2. Armagh ...... 3. Monaghan 4. Cavan.... 5. Antrim .... ....... Principal Towns and Cities. 6. Londonderry.. Londonderry, Colerain, Newton Limavaddy. Omagh, Dungannon, Augher, Strabane, Clogher. 8. Fermanagh.... Enniskillen, Newtownbutler, Liuiskea. 9. Donegall.. Donegal, Ballyshannon, Johnstown, Killybegs. ..... Munster, (on the south) contains six counties. 1. Clare. 2. Cork. 3. Kerry ..... .Ennis, Killaloe, Bryansbridge, Kilfenora. 4. Limerick Limerick, Killmallock, Askeaton, Rathkeal. Leinster, (on the east) contains twelve counties. Counties. 2. Louth. ...... ...... Principal Towns and Cities, Dublin, Swords, Newcastle. Drogheda, Dundalk, Carlingford, Ardee." 3. Wicklow Wicklow, Arklow, Cary's Fort. 4. Wexford Wexford, Enniscorthy, New Ross. 5. Longford.... Longford, Granard, Lanesborough, Johnstown. 6. East Meath .. Trim, Keils, Athboy, Navan, Dunleck, Ratoah. 7. West Meath.. Mullingar, Athlone, Kilbeggan. 8. King's County.Philipstown, Birr, Tallamore, Banagher. .... 9. Queen's County.. Maryborough, Mountmellick, Portarlington. 10. Kilkenny Kilkenny, St. Canice, Thomastown, Callan. 11. Kildare.. Naas, Athy, Kildare, Castledermot, Kilcullen. 12. Carlow Carlow, Old Leighlin, Leighlin-bridge, Tullogh. ...... Connaught, (on the west) contains five counties. Leitrim, Jamestown, Carrick. 2. Roscommon Roscommon, Abbeyboyle, Tulsk, Elphin. Castlebar, Ballinrobe, Foxford, Killala Ninola. Sligo, Coloony, Achonry. ........ 3. Mayo ......... ..... Galway, Loughrea, Athenry, Tuam, Clonfert. Rivers.] The principal are, 1. the Shannon, which rises in Leitrim, and serves as a boundary between Connaught and the three other provinces ;-2. the Blackwater, and the Suire which run through Munster. 3, 4, 5, 6. The Barrow, the Noire, the Boyne, and the Liffey, which all run through Leinster;-and 7, 8. the Bann, and Derg, in Ulster. Canals.] There are several canals cut through different parts of the kingdom, for the convenience of inland navigation; particularly that between the Shannon and Liffey, which is carried through an extent of sixty miles. Lakes.] The Lakes, or Loughs, of Ireland, are very numerous; the chief among them are, those of Earn, Neagh, Killarney, Foyle, Swilly, Corbes, and Derg. Mountains.] The chief mountains are those of Mourne, and Iseah, iu the county of Down. The principal articles of commerce are, cattle, hides, tallow, butter, cheese, salt, honey, wax, hemp, wool, frieze, and great quantities of excellent linen and thread. But Ireland is also rich in mineral treasures. A fine mine of native gold was discovered a few years since in the county of Wicklow, which is now beneficially worked for govern ment. There are likewise several productive silver mines. Copper has been recently found in the county of Wicklow, and at Mucross in Kerry. One of the chief mineral productions of Ireland is iron, the mines of which were little known till the time of Elizabeth. The beds of coals, occurring in various regions of Ireland, have not yet been explored to their proper extent. That of Castlecomer, in the county of Kilkenny, is celebrated, among mineralogists, as the purest which has yet been traced in any quarter of the globe. One of the most beautiful marbles of Ireland, is found near Kilkenny, and others have been discovered in various parts of the island. Slate of various kinds, is also abundant. Religion.] The established religion and ecclesiastical discipline of Ireland is the same with that of England. Among the bulk of the people in the most uncultivated parts, popery, and that too of the most absurd, illiberal kind, is prevalent. The religion established by law is under the government of four archbishops, and eighteen bishops; but Dissenters of various denominations are liberally tolerated. 1. The Archbishop of Armagh is styled, Primate and Metropolitan of all Ireland.' 2. The Archbishop of Dublin is styled, Primate of Ireland.' 8. Ossory. 9. Dromore. 10. Limerick, Ardford, and Aghadoe. 11. Waterford and Lismore. 12. Cork and Ross. 13. Cloyne. 14. Killaloe and Kilfe nora. 15. Elphin. 16. Kildare. 17. Clonfert and Kilmac duagh. 18. Killala and Achonry, In the year 1172, Henry II. conquered this island, and assumed the title of Lord of Ireland,' as did his successors till the reign of Henry VIII. who assumed the title of 'King of Ireland.' Until lately it was governed by a Lord Lieutenant, with the functions of royalty. The legislative power resided in two houses of Parliament: but since January 1801, a union has been effected between Ireland and Great Britain; and the people of Ireland are now represented in the Imperial Parliament of the United Kingdom. Select Books on the Topography of Ireland. Carlisle's Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, 4to. Grose's Antiquities of Ireland, 2 vols. 8vo. Young's Tour in Ireland, 2 vols. 8vo. Weld's Scenery of Killarney, 4to. or 8vo. Hoare's Tour, 8vo. Wakefield's Statistical View of Ireland, 2 vols. 4to. Topography of the United Kingdom. Carlisle's Topographical Dictionary of England, 2vols.4to. Capper's Topographical Dictionary of the United Kingdom, 8vo. Grose's Antiquities of England and Wales, 8 vols. 8vo. Brayley and Britton's Beauties of England and Wales, 11 vols. 8vo. (not completed.) Mavor's British Tourists, 6 vols. 18mo. Cruttwell's Tour through Great Britain, 6 vols. 8vo. Guide to all the Watering Places, 12mo. Lysons' Environs of London, 4 vols. 4to. and Out Parishes, 4to. Wallis' London, 12mo. or the Picture of London, 12mo. The Agricultural Reports, printed in 8vo. of the different counties, contain a mine of valuable information for the Topographical student. Any of these may be had separately. Dicey's Account of Guernsey, 8vo. Falle's Jersey, 12mo. and in Warner's Collections for a History of Hampshire, 6 vols. 4to. Heath's Scilly Islands, 8vo. Wood's Isle of Man, 8vo. 1. Antient Geography.—Dr. Adam's Antient Geography, 8vo. Turner's Classical Geography, 12mo. D'Anville's Antient Geography, 2 vols. 8vo. is the completest work. Patterson's Classical Atlas, 4to. 3. Modern Geography.-Goldsmith's Easy Grammar of Geography, 12mo. and Geography for Young Persons, 8vo. Walker's Elements of Geography, and of Natural and Civil History, 8vo. Pinkerton's Geography, 8vo. is judiciously abridged from his larger work in 3 vols. 4to. Walker's Gazetteer, 8vo. W. Adams' Gene ral Atlas, 4to. 3. On the Use of the Globes.-Butler on the Globes, 12mo. Keith's and Adams' Treatises may be consulted with advantage. The best globes are to be had of Adams, Cary, and Jones. * In addition to the Atlases and Maps already named, those of Cury may he recommended for their general accuracy and neatness of execution. |