Select Voyages and Travels in Asia.

1. Greece, the Levant, Asia Minor, and Palestine. Chandler's Travels in Greece, 2 vols. 4to. Eton's Turkish Empire, 8vo, Dallaway's Constantinople, 4to. Fortis' Dalmatia, 4to. Thornton's present state of Turkey, 2 vols. 8vo. Clayton's Journal from Cairo to Mount Sinai, Maundrell's Aleppo, and Pitts' Mahometans, have lately been reprinted in one vol. 8vo. Pococke's description

of the East, 2 vols. fol. Russel's Aleppo, 2 vols. 4to. Chateaubriand's Travels in Greece, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. Clarke's Travels in Greece, Egypt, and the Holy Land, 4to.

2. The Russian Empire, Tartary, Persia, and Arabia, Pallas' Tra-. vels in Russia, 2 vols. 4to. Coxe's, 8vo. Tooke's View of the Russian Empire, 3 vols. 8vo. Storch's Picture of Petersburgh, 8vo. Grieve's Kamtschatka, 4to. Clarke's Travels in Russia, Tartary, and Turkey, 4to. Bell's Journey from St. Petersburgh to Ispahan, 2 vols. 4to, Buchanan's Journey from Madras, &c. 3 vols. 4to. Turner's Embassy to the Court of Teeshoo Lama, 4to. Waring's Tour to Schiraz, 4to. Niebuhr's Travels in Arabia, 2 vols. 8vo. Morier's Account of the Embassy to the Court of Persia, 4to.

3. The East Indie sand China. Du Halde's China, 2 vols. fol. or 4 vols. 8vo. Pennant'sOntlines of the Globe, 4 vols. 4to. Symes' Account of an Embassy to Ava, 3 vols. 8vo. Valentia's Travels in India, &c. 3 vols. 4to. or 4 vols. 8vo. Staunton's Account of Macartney's Embassy to China, 3 vols. 8vo. Barrow's Travels in Chiua, and Cochin China, 2 vols. 4to. Williamson's East India Vade-Mecum, 2 vols. 8vo. Haensel on Nicobar Islands, by Latrobe, 8vo.

4. Asiatic Islands—Australasia—Polynesia. Thunberg's Travels in Japan, Java, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. Hunter's Port Jackson, 8vo. Collins' New South Wales, 4to. Mann's Picture of New South Wales, 4to. Keate's Pelew Islands, with Hawkins' Supplement, 4to. Marsden's Sumatra, 4to. Percival's Ceylon, 4to. Cordiner's Ceylon, 2 vols. 4to. Stavorinus' Voyages to Java, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. Woodard's Narrative of Malays, &c. 8vo. Narrative of Tongataboo, 8vo.

CHAP. VI.-AFRICA.

THIS division of the globe is less populous and also less temperate than either Europe or Asia; it is of much greater extent than the former, and considerably less than the latter.

Boundaries.] Africa is a peninsula of very great extent, joined to Asia by a neck of land about sixty miles in width, called the Isthmus of Suez; which is situate between the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean. Its length from north to south (from Cape Bona to the Cape of Good Hope) is 4900 miles; and its breadth (from Cape Verd to Cape

Guardasui near the straits of Babel Mandel) is from east to west 4500 miles. The greatest part of this extensive country lying within the tropics, the heat is almost insupportable to an European; and is much increased by the deserts of burning sands which reflect the rays of the sun with astonishing power. In many parts of Africa, snow never falls, except on the tops of the highest mountains, and the inhabitants of these scorching regions would as soon expect to see marble liquefied, as that water should lose its fluidity and be condensed into ice. In crossing the arid deserts, the sands are often so excited by the winds, that whole caravans are buried under them: this, however, is amply compensated by the more fertile parts, for nothing can be more beautiful than the luxuriancy of the landscape which is continually clothed with all the beauties of spring, summer, and harvest; the variety of animals is here also much greater than in any other part of the world.

Rivers.] The most considerable rivers are the Gambia ; the Senegal, the Niger, and the Nile, which divides Egypt into two parts, and after a prodigious course from its source in Abyssinia, discharges itself into the Mediterranean.

Mountains.] The principal Mountains are, the Atlas, the mountains of the Moon still higher; and those of Sierra Leone, or the mountain of the Lions. The Peak

of Teneriffe situate on an island of the same name, is two miles high and in the form of a cone or sugar-loaf.

Capes.] The most noted Capes or Promontories, are Cape Verd, and the Cape of Good Hope.

Straits.] There is but one strait in Africa called Babel Mandel, by which the Red Sea and the Indian ocean are joined.

Lakes.] Though Africa is watered by several large rivers, it contains but few lakes: we are acquainted only with two, viz.—that of Maravi in Caffraria, and that of Dambéa, called by the Arabs Bahr-Dambéa, in Abyssinia.

Divisions.] Africa is divided into the following kingdoms and states.—In the NORTH, are the coast of Barbary and the Desert of Barca, which include the empire of Marocco, and the countries of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. To the south of this tract lie Biledulgerid and Zaara of which we know scarcely any thing. In the northeast, we meet with Egypt, Ethiopia, (including Nubia,) and

Abyssinia; in the middle, proceeding from the west, are Guinea and Nigritia or Negro-land; in the south lie Congo and Caffraria, which extends to the Cape of Good Hope. In the east, are the coasts of Zanguebar and Ajan, and the kingdom of Adel

Islands.] The principal African islands in the Indian ocean, are Zocotra, Babel Mandel, Comora, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Bourbon; in the Atlantic ocean, St. Helena, Ascension, and St. Matthew; (St. Thomas, Anaboa, Prince's island, and Fernandopo in the Gulph of Guinea ;) Cape Verd islands, Mayo, or May, Fogo, Goree, the Canaries, the Madeiras, and the Azores.

The exports of Africa are gold-dust, ivory, gum, indigo, dates, raisins, wax, goat-skins, ostrich feathers, coral, &c. Its imports are clothes, muslins, Indian goods, turnery, hard-ware, toys, and spirits.

General Remarks on Africa.

1. Arabic is spoken in Egypt. and throughout the northern parts of Africa, but with less purity than in Syria and Arabia with the other African langurges, which are very numerous, we are utterly unacquainted.

2. Islamism, or the religion of Mohammed is professed wherever the Arabic language is in use: in Egypt and Abyssynia the Jacobite sect of the Greek church prevails; and the rest of the African nations, generally speaking, are given up to idolatry. A respectable mission has for some years been established in Caffraria, (under the auspices of the London missionary society,) which has been crowned with considerable success; and from which the most beneficial consequences may be expected to flow. Another mission to the western coast of Africa has also been formed within a few years, by a society for missions to Africa and the east; from which equal benefits may be derived.

And, now that the inquitious and detestable slave trade* has been abolished, we may reasonably indulge the pleas

Clarkson's History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 2 vols. 8vo. is an interesting work, and deserving of an attentive perusal, more particularly by young persons, who may be unacquainted with the horrors of this nefarious traffic,

ing hope, that the injured Africans will speedily receive the two grand blessings of life,-Christianity and its concomitant, civilization from the combined influence of these societies and of the African Institution, whose express object is to promote the comfort and civilizing of this part of the globe.

3. Egypt is under the dominion of the grand signior, who is represented there by a pacha: this governor commands the different beys who are masters of various parts of the country; and some of whom frequently render themselves more powerful than the pacha. The cities of Tripoli and Tunis, together with their respective territories, are species of republics, or states under the grand signior's protection, with a chieftain called a bey. The state of Algiers is more considerable; its sovereign is called a DEY,

4. Marocco is under the government of a despot, called an emperor. The extensive country called Ethiopia (and which includes Nubia, Abyssinia, and Abex) is governed by a king, whose power is absolute: he is styled by the natives Nagusha Nagasht, or king of kings, and by the Turks, Prester Khan, i. e. king of slaves; of this last appellative, prester John (by which name the Ethiopian sovereign was formerly known) is obviously a corruption.

Of the minor African states, the governments are despotic in the extreme; the sovereigns, little acquainted with the interests of their subjects, rarely study to promote their comfort. The mild tenour of Christianity alone can change this desolate appearance, and render Africa what she once was,—the seat of literature and commerce.

Select Voyages and Travels in Africa.

1. Africa in general. Park's Travels, 8vo. Horneman's Travels, 4to. The Proceedings of the African Ássociation, 2 vols. 8vo. contain an excellent abridgment of Messrs. Park and Hornemann's Travels. The Annual Reports of the African Institution, 8vo.

2. Abyssinia, Egypt, and Nubia. Bruce's Travels, 7 vols. 8vo. or abridged by Shaw, in one volume. Valentia, in his Travels, 4to. or 8vo. Volney's Travels in Syria and Egypt, 2 vols. 8vo. Denon's Travels in Egypt, by Aikin, 3 vols. 8vo. Sonnini's Travels in Egypt, 3 vols. 8vo. Sir Robt. Wilson's in Egypt, 2 vols. 8vo.

3. Mohammedan States in the North. Shaw's Barbary, 2 vols. 8vo. Lempriere's Tour, 8vo. Macgill's Tunis, 8vo. Jackson's Marocco, 4to.

4. Western Coast and Interior. Matthews' Voyage to Sierra Leone, 8vo. Saugnier and Brisson's to the Coast of Africa, 8vo. Snelgrove's Account of Guinea, 8vo. Park's Travels in Africa, 8vo.

5. Cape of Good Hope. Kolben's Account of the Cape, 2 vols. 8vo Sparrman's Voyage to the Cape, 2 vols. 4to. Paterson's four jour neys into Caffraria, 4to. Barrow's Travels into the interior of Southern Africa, 2 vols. 4to, and account of the Booshuana nation in his Cochinchina. Lichstenstein's Southern Africa, 4to.

6. African Islands. Glas' History of the Canary Islands, 4to. Drury's Account of Madagascar, Svo. Brooke's St. Helena, 8vo.

CHAP. VII.-AMERICA.

SECT. I. BOUNDARIES, &c. OF AMERICA.

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AMERICA was discovered in the years 1492 and 1494, and is the largest of the four great quarters or divisions of the world: it is situated between the 80th degree of north latitude, and the 56th degree of south latitude; and is between eight and nine thousand miles in length. It is computed to be about three thousand six hundred and ninety miles in breadth, from Greenland to the most western part of North America.

Boundaries.] The new world (as this vast continent is frequently called) is bounded on the north, by the Frozen Ocean; on the south, by the great Southern Ocean; on the east, by the Atlantic Ocean; and on the west, by the Pacific Ocean.

America is divided into two vast continents, which are connected by the isthmus of Panama, and are respectively called North and South America.

Peninsulas.] 1. Florida, to the south-east of North America;-2. The peninsula of Yucatan in the Gulf of Mexico, near the isthmus of Panama;-3. California, to the west of North America.

Islands.] On the eastern coast of North America, are Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and St. John's, all in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; to the south of these, are the Bermudas or Summer Islands, and the Lucayas, or Bahama Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. At the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico are the Antilles, which have been divided into the great, and little Antilles; the former class includes Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola or St. Domingo, which last is now in the possession of the blacks, and is by them de