make proclamation thereof, it shall be unlawful to export, except under such limitations and exceptions as the President shall prescribe, any arms or munitions of war from any place in the United States to such country, until otherwise ordered by the President or by Congress." In accordance with this resolution President Taft immediately made such a proclamation concerning Mexico, and hereafter such shipments, especially in time of possible revolution, will be prevented to the extent of the Government's power to do so.

Morocco.

By a treaty signed by the Sultan of Turkey early in the year, Morocco has become a French dependency. As the status of Morocco is to be the same as that of the North African state of Tunis, the French will occupy all military positions necessary to maintain order, and the protectorate so established gives France practical control of affairs in Morocco and in reality it becomes a French colony. It is entirely probable that France will take as great an educational interest in Morocco as in Tunis and that the French possession will make for progress in this new dependency.

Peru.

According to Education for February, the Government of Peru is undertaking a reform of its system of elementary education. For this purpose it has called to its aid several school inspectors and a special councillor from the United States. The school system in Peru at present consists of elementary schools, higher grade schools (centros escolares), colleges of secondary instruction, and 4 universities. The elementary schools offer only 2 years of instruction, the centros escolares 5 years (including 2 years of elementary instruction), and the colleges of secondary instruction, which correspond to our high schools, a course of 4 years. Two of the universities are classified as major universities and two as minor, the University of San Marcos in Lima being the only one of the former.

It should be of interest to the friends of education to learn that the South American republics in general are manfesting a live and appreciative interest in education. The

Minister of Education of Uruguay was on a tour of inspection in the United States during most of the year and this effort of Peru marks a spirit of educational progress which is rapidly spreading in the other South American countries.

OLDEST UNIVERSITY IN NEW WORLD.-There are probably few Americans who know that the oldest university in the New World is not Harvard, which was founded in 1636, but San Marcos, founded in 1551 by grant of the King of Spain and the Pope of Rome. The modern San Marcos is a progressive institution little resembling its earlier days, when the curriculum was that of the Middle Ages and its students restricted to the higher orders of the country. At a Students' Congress held at San Marcos during the summer of 1912, representatives from five of our own universities participated. The international character and interest of learning thus holds forth one of the most promising features both for national guidance and leadership and for international peace.

The Philippines.

Report of the Director OF EDUCATION.—The Director of Education in the Philippines reports an enrolment of over a half million pupils in the public schools. They are taught and supervised by over 9000 American and Filipino teachers. The courses of study are made as practical as possible from the primary grades up through the_professional courses of the Philippine University. The Director says: We are not trying to make good Americans of them, but we are trying to made good Filipinos of them, and we are succeeding. We have established as generally as possible throughout the archipelago an educational system which we hope will give the greatest possible number of the islanders the kind of education which will do them the greatest possible good-as islanders."

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Doctor J. Paul Goode, after careful investigation, has these words of strong commendation of the efforts of the United States Bureau of Education in the Philippines:

"It is possible that there is not in all history a better record of work wisely established and well inaugurated

than can be shown by this one bureau in the one decade of its existence. There are now about 5000 schools in operation, with an average monthly enrolment of 500,000, presided over by 9000 American and Filipino teachers and apprentices. Since there is a total population of children of school age of 1,250,000, this enrolment shows that over one-third of all the children of school age are in school. Ten years ago not one in a thousand had ever seen a book. This is a very proud record. And the record of numbers could be much greater if funds were available for extension of equipment, and if properly qualified Filipino teachers could be secured."

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The editor of Education thinks that essentially the same praise could justly be given to our educational efforts in Porto Rico and Cuba, and that the Christianizing and educating of Hawaii which was begun eighty years ago is evidence of the same wise and consecrated effort. Incidentally," he says, "these fresh fields have afforded the opportunity to demonstrate the correctness of some education theories that in the midst of the various influences of an older and more complex civilization could not be so accurately tested." One line of educational endeavor in which this has been especially clear is in demonstrating the supreme value of vocational education from a cultural as well as from a purely practical point of view. It has called forth the highest and best human qualities of these people. "The ability to do something well-something that is worth while, something that benefits the doer and his fellowsgives a new sense of personal worth, a new self-respect, and draws quickly into its train such virtues as industry, frugality, honesty, considerateness of others, and a whole round of moral qualities."

THE MOROS.-With the Filipino in 1898 we got the Moro, a fierce, naked wild man, with a wavy-bladed "kris ". and a big shield, who roams the jungles of Mindanao away down under the Southern Cross near Borneo. And with him, so says Frederick Simpich of the U. S. consular service, in the Christian Herald for January 1, 1913, we got a Moslem problem, a problem like Italy has found in Tripoli, and England in India and Egypt. "Now this con

flict of the Cross and the Crescent is an old story in the East-as old as the Crusades, of course; but when Uncle Sam got the Moro he met it for the first time.” He knew many different races and how to deal with them. “But a real dyed-in-the-beard disciple of Islam, a pilgrim of Mecca who spurns pork and counts it glory to slay a Christianwell, this indeed was a new problem to Uncle Sam.” And this notorious Moro is no ordinary Oriental, weak, servile, and fawning; he does not bow readily to conquerors from the Western World. "Proud, cruel, and cunning, despising cowardice, robust and agile, sober, audacious and vindictive, -small wonder adjacent tribes feared him, and that his fame as a pirate, a butcher, and slayer had spread throughout the East." That is the "bad boy" of the Philippines on whom Uncle Sam has been trying the effects of the Golden Rule.

When we undertook their pacification and uplift, sad, sudden, and sickening failure was freely predicted. "Today in Mindanao vast farms of hemp and cocoanuts flourish in the fertile valleys; scores of contented Moros are on Yankee pay-rolls; and even our most captious critics, the British cousins, admit that Yankee rule in Mindanao has been a glad surprise to the civilized world." In the beginning there was bloodshed and the sacrifice of some American lives before the Moro learned that he could trust us. But slowly the change came, and "to-day these quondam pirates prefer labor to loot; they dive for pearls, weave cloth, manufacture cane furniture, grow tree-cotton, hemp, and cocoanuts. Under American direction they have learned to build bridges, docks, and wharves. Trade is growing fast, and the Moro has caught the commercial spirit of the Americans, Europeans, Chinese, and the more advanced island pagans, who ply their vocations about them. Schools and courts are established, reasonable taxes taken, and justice is quick, direct, and effective. In short, Yankee uplift is making a man of the Moro."

With a continuation of the processes that are lifting the Moro out of his savagery, and with the education and increase in influence of the younger generation, he no doubt will eventually be ready for the responsibilities of full citi

zenship. But Mr. Simpich feels that there would be serious danger of his retrograding if such responsibilities were thrust upon him before he has had time fully to outgrow his savage nature.

Spain.

Spain has within recent years been awakening to the influence of the newer educational movements. There is now a strong desire in many quarters to acquire the best the foreign nations have to offer in education. To this end nearly 100 students, through the assistance of the Government, are now resident students at foreign universities and technical schools. But this is entirely aside from the many who are studying in the institutions of Spain itself, under the guidance of men who have gained distinction in letters, in history, in archæology, and philology.

A number of patriotic students who lead in these forward movements held a summer school at Madrid during 6 weeks of the past summer, under the presidency of Professor Pidal, who is well known by reputation in our own universities. Spain may yet regain some of the reputation for its schools which was so worthily built up by its famous universities during the Middle Ages.

Sweden.

THE PEOPLE'S HIGH SCHOOLS.-The people's high schools, referred to in the "Annals of Educational Progress in 1910," which originated in Denmark, have become a characteristic institution of all the Scandinavian countries. These schools are for the benefit of the adult youth, and the curriculum is carefully chosen to promote their material interests as well as their intellectual and moral uplift. Both one and two year courses are provided for in these schools, and the courses are so arranged that the men students attend from September 1 to May 1, while the women students attend from May to August I. The schools are located in convenient centres, where most of the young people remain for the period of study.

These high schools are a unique feature, and have proved such a powerful agent for raising the general standard of