sarily, into a beautiful landscape; and that they ought to compose the extreme distances of a picture. Their heads, grey with age, their desolated sides, their gigantic members hideous though they be, when contemplated from a situation too near them, are admirable, when surrounded by a horizon replete with vapour, into which their outline melts, while they glow with golden light. We may add, that mountains furnish the sources of rivers; that they are the last asylum of liberty, when slavery stalks around; and that they form a substantial entrenchment against the fury of invasion, and the calamities of war.

To the Editor of the LITERARY PANORAMA. ⚫ Sir,

I do not know whether it was the intention of that department of your work, which you denominate " Observanda Externa," to afford subjects for your correspondents to write on, but I must acknowledge that I have considered some of the articles comprised under that title as proper for such a purpose. Among others, the mention of the seizure of the bells of Viterbo, by the troops of Rome, in the 16th century, Panorama, p. 413, led my thoughts to the consideration of bells, their offices and services, as employed by mankind with various intentions; and, with due deference to the Abbé Cancellieri, I think the subject may suit the Literary Panorama. Having an opportunity of recurring to a learned article on this subject, in the second volume of Bronzes, among the Antiquities of Herculaneum, I have both abstracted it, and augmented it, after my own inanner; which I mention, lest your readers should think the worse of the original, by reason of my imperfect representation of it; or of my knowledge, give ine leave to say, on detecting my variations from it.

The use of Bells divides into, 1. the religious-2. the civil, use of them. As the first mention which we have of this article is for a sacred purpose, I shall place first the religious use of this utensil, reserving the eivil for a second paper.

1. The earliest employmeut of Bells which I recollect is, that of their forming a part of the grand pontifical dress, worn on days of public ceremony by Aaron, Exod. xxviii. 33. These were to be of gold, and their sound was to be heard when the High Priest entered the sanctuary of the Lord," that he die not." From this expression we are naturally led to infer, that the idea of preservation, from evil, even death, was attached to these bells; and that, although there could be no truly preservative virtue in the tingling of a number of small bells from the bottom of a robe, yet there was a meaning attached to it,

and it was intended by way of honour to the sanctuary, or to some object therein. This idea of protection, or perservation, we shall find generally connected with bells. There can be little doubt but this part of the High Priest's dress was continued to succeeding ages; yet there is not, that I recollect, any later mention of bells among the religious i plements of the Hebrews they were, we know, hung to the necks of horses and camels, but not generally with a religious intention. If we turn to the Heathen, we find repeated notice of this article. The priests of the Syrian Goddess, according to Lucian (De Dea Syria, 29.) appended bells to a high pole, which was situated in the front of their temple, and to which they addressed prayers, and presented offerings. The priests of Proserpine, at Athens, when they designed to invocate their goddess, rang a bell, as we learn from the Scholiast on Theocritus, Id. ii. 36. And this is still a custom in the East, in Siam, &c. where the worshipper deposits his offering before the temple, rings a little handbell which he finds ready at the place, and, after a certain number of tinglings, retires, leaving his donation to the care of the deity. Bells were also placed at the Oracle of Dodona, and at Delphos: these were of bronze. Bells were used in lustrations, and, in short, they were of general use, wherever sanctifi cation and purification were required. This is verified by many antique marbles. They were used at funerals, and were considered as driving away evil spirits from about the dying, (Ovid, Fast. v. 441.); and for this reason some have supposed, that they were appended to the triumphal car; because their sound was understood to avert the effects of those truly malignant spirits, envy, and an evil eye. Zonaras, indeed, tells us, that to the triumphal car hung a bell and a whip; adding, that this was intended to remind the triuniphant hero of the versatility of fortune, and the possibility of his being reduced from that exalted station to slavery itself, hinted at by the whip; or to death, perhaps an ignominious death, indicated by the bell. But this appears to be a refinement, not in the conteinplation of those who devised this incident. It appears rather to have been, as already stated, of the same intention as the talla, which was worn at the breast of him who triumphed, expressly for protection, as we read in Macrobius, Sat. i. 6. It has been thought that, for the same reason, the conqueror sacrificed in the capitol at Rome, to Nemesis, a goddess whose office it was to punish pride, and those who forget themselves through haughtiness; whence the admonition, Respice post te: hominem te memento, as Tertullian transmits it, Apolog. 33. Certainly, a man can never stand in greater need of this advice: Look behind

hee; remember thou art man," at any time, than at the period of his triumph.

Thus we see that bells have been used to accompany man at his lowest estate, and at his highest; the day of his burial, and the day of his triumph; but the idea of preservation combines with both instances; and it was equally prudent and necessary to divert the malevolence of envy from the victorious conqueror, as to disperse invisible agents of evil from the procession which conveyed the remains of a mortal to their last honie. In what degree these sentiments are still retained in Italy, and under the sanction of the church of Rome, the following account of the bap tism of a bell, at Veletri, may inform us.

"The bell was placed at the lower end of the body of the church, hanging on two gudgeons, covered with rich hangings of violet-coloured velvet, the bell itself accoutred with a kind of robe of the saine. There were

two theatres built on each side of it for the musicians, and an amphitheatre for the ladies, who were to be present at the ceremony. The pillars and walls of the church were richly adorned with silk and pictures. Near the bell was erected an altar, upon which lay a white satin robe that was to be put upon the bell, when it should be baptized, with a great garland of choice flowers; a censer, and a vessel with holy water: round the altar were rich velvet elbow-chairs for the priests who were to perform the ceremony; over against it was a throne, most magnificently hung, for the god-father and god-mother of the bell. About 10 o'clock the company came, and having taken their places, the officiating bishop struck up the first psalm, which was continued by the music. After the psalms were ended, the bishop began the Llessing of the holy water, to sanctify it in the 1st place, that afterwards it might sanctify the bell. This benediction being finished, the bishop and priests dipt spunges into the water, with which they rubbed over the bell, from the top to the bottom, within and without, repeating abundance of prayers.-Ut hoc Tintinnabulum, cœlesti Benedictione, perfundere, purificare, sanctificare & conscerare digneris.

That thou wouldest be pleased to rinse, purify, sanctify, and consecrate this bell, with thy heavenly benediction." The bell being thus well washed, they dried it with clean napKins; and the bishop having taken the vial of holy oil, he therewith anointed the cross of metal on the top of the bell, in order to "make the devils fice at the ringing of it." It hoc audientes Tintinnabulum tremiscant

fugiant, ante Crucis in eo depictum vexillum. He afterwards made seven other crosses with this oil, on the outside of the bell, and our on the inside. This done, he made the god-father and god-mother draw near, and demanded of them in Italian, Whether they

were the persons who presented this bell to be consecrated? Having answered that they did; he then asked them, Whether the metal of the bell, and the workmanship of it, had been paid for to the artificers? They answered, Yes. [This demand is made, because it hath sometimes happened, that for want of payment, the workmen have seized and fetched away their bells, and melted them down to profane uses.] His third question was, Whether they believed all that the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman Church believes, concerning the holiness and virtue of bells? The answer was affirmative also. Lastly, he demanded what name they desired should be put upon the bell? To which the lady answered, Mary. Then the bishop took two great silk ribbands, which had been fastened to the gudgeons of the bell, and gave each of them one in their hands, and pronounced, with a loud voice, the words of consecration: Consecretur Sanctificetur Signum istud, in nomine Patris & Filii & Spiritus Sancti, Amen. "Let this Sign be consecrated and sanctified in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, Amen." Then turning himself to the people, he said, The name of this bell is Mary. Afterwards he took the censer, and censed it on the outside round about, and afterwards under the bell, filling it with sacred fumes, and repeating prayers and invocations, that it might be filled with the dew of the Holy Spirit. Tu hoc Tintinnabulum Spiritus Sancti rore perfunde, ut ante sonitum illius semper fugiat Bonarum Inimicus. "Do thou besprinkle this bell with the dew of thy Holy Spirit, that at the sound of it, the enemy of all good may always take his flight." The office was carried on with a great number of psalms; the music all the while performing wonders. The bishop, to close the ceremony, arrayed the bell with the white robe of a proselyte or convert, and with a loud voice read the Gospel of Mary and Martha. The bishop then gave his benediction; and the priests received great presents from the god-father and god-mother.

The doctrine of the Church of Rome concerning bells is, first, that they have merit, and pray God for the living and the dead. Secondly, that they produce devotion in the hearts of believers. Thirdly, that they drive away storms and tempests; and, fourthly, that they drive away devils."

EAST-INDIA COLLEGE AT HERTFORD.

Report of Committee, December 23, 1906. The Committee take leave to acquaint the Court, that in pursuance of the 6th Clause of the Code of Regulations for the Government of the College, which was approved in Court the 27th December 1805, they proceeded to the East-India College at Hertford, on the 19th instant, attended by several Members of the Court of Directors, the Assistant Secretary, Dr. Wilkins, the Oriental Visitor, and the Clerk to this Committee, for the purpose of closing the first Public Examinations of the Students, which began on the 8th, and assigning the Meda's and Prizes as recommended by the Principal. and agreed to by the Committee-that on the arrival of the Committee at the College, being received by the Principal and the several Professors, they proceeded to the Great Room, where the Students were previously assembled, and commenced the examinations of the last day-that the following Prizes were then awarded to the under-mentioned Students, viz.

The Gold Medals to

1st Class. Mr. Sotheby, for Oriental Learning; Mr. Fraser, sen. Classical Learning; Mr. M'Kenzie, Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, History, Political Economy, and Law.*

Gold Medals were awarded also to Mr. Bird and Mr. Molony, on account of their extraordinary merit in the different Departments, although not strictly entitled thereto by the Code of Regulations.

3.

Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.

4. History, Law, and Political Economy. mentioned, the Committee submit the said Lists, That in conformity with the Regulations aboveannexed to this Report, as well as another List in Theology, Natural Jurisprudence, and the Evidences of Revelation, laid before the Committee by the Principal, to the Court's inspection, and in so doing have great satisfaction in acquainting them, that the examinations of the Students have been highly gratifying to the Committee, creditable to the Students, honourable, to the Principal and Professors, and augur the most flattering prospect of realizing all the benefits hoped for, and expected to be derived from, the establishment of the East-India College.

In Oriental Learning.

Messrs. Sotheby, Fane, Hon. D. Ruthven, M'Kenzie, Heath, Belli, Wellesley, Babington, Whish. Bird Hunter, Curtis, Smalley, Hon. Wm. Leslie Melville, Campbell, Smith, Scott, Molony, Ainslie, Farish, Lewin, Hollond, Nisbet, Forde, Dickinson, Boldero, Stockwell, Russell, Rogers, Bayley, Oakes.

In the Department of Classical and General Literature.

1st Class.-Messrs. Fraser, sen. McKenzie, Bird, Molony, Sotheby, Wellesley, Hon. W. L. Melville, Smalley, [Hunter, Nisbet,] Fane.

The Students in the several Lists, whose names. are distinguished thus *, are entitled to a Gold Medal.

Those with this distinction †, to a present of Books, value five guineas.

Those with prefixed, Books to the value of three gucas.

The Students whose names

are connected within crotchets, are considered as of equal merit, and therefore occur in the order of the Alphabet.

2d Class.-Messrs. Heath, + Sullivan, [Babington, Russell, Whish,] [Ainslie, Curtis] Bay. ley, Campbell, Belli, [Forde, Scott.]

3d Class-Messrs. Stockwell, Farish, HolJond, [Boldero, Rogers, Smith,] Lewin, Fraser, jun. Dickinson, Oakes.

In the Department of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy.

1st Class-Messrs. M'Kenzie,* [Fraser, sen. Molony.] [Hunter, Sotheby,] [Bird, Smalley,] [Hon. W. L. Melville, Nisbet, Wellesley,] [Fine, Hon. D. Ruthven.]

2d Class.-Messrs. Heath,+ Ainslie, Babington. [Campbell, Sullivan,] [Curtis, Russell, Whish.] Belii, [Bayley, Forde, Scott.]

3d Cass.-Messrs. Stockwell, [Boldero, Farish, Hollond, Smith,] [Dickinson, Fraser, jun. Lewin, Oakes, Rogers.]

In History, Political Economy, and Law, Mr. M'Kenzie*. -History, Messrs. Bird,* Fraser, and Molony.-Political Economy, Messrs. Bird, Molony, Fraser, sen. Sotheby, [Hon. W. L. Melville, We lesley,] [Hon. D. Ruthven, Smalley.]Nisbet, [Fane, Hunter.]-Law, Messrs. Molony*, Fraser, and Bird.

In Theology, Natural Jurisprudence, and the Evidences of Revelation.

1st Class.-Messrs. M'Kenzie, Molony, Fraser, sen. Bird, Sotheby, Smalley, Hon. W. L. Melville, Wellesley, Nisbet, Hunter, Fane, Hon. D. Ruthven.

2d Class.-Messrs. Heath, Sullivan, Babington, Campbell, Russell, Belli, Whish, Bayley, [Ainslie, Curtis.]

3d Class-Messrs. Hollond Fraser, jun Stockwell: Farish, Lewin, Scott, Forde, Rogers, Oakes, [Boldero, Dickinson.]

After the Medals and other Prizes were awarded, according to the arrangements in the foregoing Lists, a Declamation was delivered by Mr. M'Kenzie, containing an inquiry, "Whether the ascendancy gained by Philip of Macedon over the Grecian States, were beneficial or detrimental to Greece at large?"-By Mr. Fraser, sen. on the question, "Whether the conduct of Cicero were justifiable in submitting to Cæsar?"-By Mr. Molony, in defence of the opposite conduct of Cato--and after the recital of a poetical composition by Mr. Bird, on the Conquest of India by Alexander; the Students severally read select passages from Persian authors, and exhibited various specimens of their writing in the Oriental Characters above-mentioned.

The Principal stated to the Committee, that he had attended the Examinations at the Preparatory School at failey-bury, and that the result thereof is highly flattering to the Master, favourable to the Pupils, and promises a future supply of Students well qualified for the College.

AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE OF THE DEATH
OF LORD NELSON.

[Extracted from Dr. Beatty's Work, entitled Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson with the Circumstances preceding, attending, and subsequent to, that Event; the professional Report of his Lordship's Wound; and several interesting Anecdotes. With an admirable Portrait of his Lordship, and a Plate representing the wound, and Course of the Ball.]

It was from the Redoubtable that Lord Nelson received his mortal wound. About fifteen minutes past one o'clock, which was in the heat of the engagement, he was walking the quartet-deck with Captain Hardy, and in the act of turning near the hatchway with his face towards the stern of the Victory, when the fatal ball, was fired from the enemy's mizen-top; which, from the situation of the two ships (lying on board of each other), was brought just abaft, and rather below, the Victory's main-yard, and of course not more than fifteen yards distant from that part of the deck where his Lordship stood. The ball struck the epaulette on his left shoulder, and penetrated his chest. He fell with his face on the deck. Captain Hardy, who was on his right, on turning round, saw the Serjeant-Major (Secker) of Marines with two seamen raising him from the deck; where he had fallen, on the same spot on which a little before, his Secretary had breathed his last, with whose blood his Lordship's clothes were much soiled. Captain Hardy expressed a hope that he was not severely wounded; to which the gallant Chief replied: They have done for me at last, Hardy." "I hope not," answered Captain Hardy. "Yes," replied his Lordship, back-bone is shot my through."

66

Captain Hardy ordered the seamen to carry the Admiral to the cock-pit. While the men were carrying him down the ladder from the middle-deck, his Lordship observed, that the tiller-ropes were not yet replaced, and desired one of the Midshipmen stationed there to go upon the quarter-deck and remind Captain Hardy of that circumstance, and request that new ones soould be immediately rove. Having delivered this order, he took his handkerchief from his porket and covered his face with it, that he might be conveyed to the cockpit at this crisis unnoticed by the crew.

Several wounded Officers, and about forty men, were likewise carried to the Surgeon for assistance just at this time, and some others had breathed their last during their conveyance below. Among the latter were

Lieut. Wm. Andrew Ram, and Mr. Whipple, Captain's Clerk. The Surgeon had just examined these two Officers, and found that they were dead, when his attention was ar rested by several of the wounded calling to him, Mr. Beatty, Lord Nelson is here: Mr. Beatty, the Admiral is wounded." The Surgeon now, on looking round, saw the handkerchief fall from his Lordship's face, when the stars on his coat, which had also been covered by it, appeared. Mr. Burke the Purser, and the Surgeon, ran immediately to the assistance of his Lordship, and took him from the arms of the seamen who had carried him below. In conveying him to one of the Midshipmen's births, they stumbled, but recovered themselves without falling. Lord Nelson then inquired who were supporting him; and when the Surgeon informed him, his Lordship replied, "Ah, Mr. Beatty! you can do nothing for me. I have but a short time to live my back is shot through." The Surgeon said, he hoped the wound was not so dangerous as his Lordship imagined, and that he might still survive long to enjoy his glorious victory." The Rev. Dr. Scott, who had been absent in another part of the cockpit administering lemonade to the wounded, now came instantly to his Lordship; and in the anguish of grief wrung his hands, and said: Alas, Beatty, how prophetic you were!" alluding to the apprehensions expressed by the Surgeon for his Lordship's safety previous to the battle.

pene

His Lordship was laid upon a bed, stripped of his cloaths, and covered with a sheet. While this was effecting, he said to Dr. Scott, "Doctor, I told you so. Doctor, I am gone;" and, after a short pause, he added in a low voice, "I have to leave Lady Hamilton, and my adopted daughter Horatia, as a legacy to my country." The Surgeon then examined the wound, assuring his Lordship that he would not put him to much pain in endeavouring to discover the course of the ball; which he soon found had trated deep into the chest, and had probably lodged in the spine. This being explained to his Lordship, he replied, "he was confident his back was shot through." back was then examined externally, but without any injury being perceived; on which his Lordship was requested by the Surgeon to make him acquainted with all his sensations. He replied, that "he felt a gush of blood every minute within his breast: that he had no feeling in the lower part of his body and that his breathing was difficult, and attended with very severe pain about that part of the spine where he was confident that the ball had struck;" for, said he, "I felt it break my back." These symptoms, but more particularly the gush of blood which his Lordship complained of,

:

The

together with the state of his pulse, indicated to the Surgeon the hopeless situation of the case; but, till after the victory was ascertained and announced to his Lordship, the true nature of his wound was concealed by the Surgeon from all on board, except Captain Hardy, Dr. Scott, Mr. Burke, and Messrs. Smith and Westemburg, the Assistant Surgeons.

The Victory's crew cheered whenever they observed an enemy's ship surrender. On one of these occasions, Lord Nelson anxiously inquired what was the cause of it; when Lieutenant Pasco, who lay wounded at some distance from his Lordship, raised himself up, and told him that another ship had struck, which appeared to give him much satisfaction. He now felt an ardent thirst; and frequently called for drink, and to be fanned with paper, making use of these words: "Fan, fan," and "drink, drink." This he continued to repeat, when he wished for drink, or the refreshment of cool air, till a very few minutes before he expired. Lemonade, and wine and water, were given to him occasionally. He evinced great solicitude for the event of the battle, and fears for the safety of his friend Captain Hardy, Dr. Scott and Mr. Burke used every argument they could suggest, to relieve his anxiety. Mr. Burke told him, were decisively defeated, and that he hoped his Lordship would still live to be himself the bearer of the joyful tidings to his coun try." He replied, 66 It is nonsense, Mr. Burke, to suppose I can live: my sufferings are great, but they will all be soon over." Dr. Scott entreated his Lordship "not to despair of living;" and said, "he trusted that Divine Providence would restore him once more to his dear country and friends."-" Ah, Doctor!" replied his Lordship, "it is all over; it is all over."

"the enemy

Many messages were sent to Captain Hardy, by the Surgeon, requesting his attendance on his Lordship, who became impatient to see him, and often exclaimed: "Will no one bring Hardy to me He must be killed: he is surely destroyed." The Captain's Aide-de-camp, Mr. Bulkeley, now came below, and stated that "circumstances respecting the fleet required Captain Hardy's presence on deck, but that he would avail himself of the first favourable moment to visit his Lordship." On hearing him deliver this message to the Surgeon, his Lordship inquired who had brought

it.

Mr. Burke answered, "It is Mr. Bulkeley, my Lord."-" It is his voice," replied his Lordship: he then said to the young gentleman, Remember me to your

father."

An hour and ten minutes however elapsed, from the time of his Lordship's being wounded, before Captain Hardy's first subsequent