others, vagrants in general, and Roumanian Jews (art. 219 Passport Regulations); and clergymen of the Armenian faith from Persia and Turkey, who come for the purpose of collecting alms (art. 229 Passport Regulations).

(b) The prohibition of the settlement of foreign Jews in Russia, except Central Asiatic Jews. (Art. 819, Statutes, and note 4 to the same article in the edition of 1902.)

(c) The prohibition of Koreans and other emigrants from the Chinese and Korean domains from settling in localities on the boundaries between Russia and China and Korea. (Art. 818, note 1, Statutes.)

(d) The prohibition of foreigners from becoming inscribed as part of the resident population of the Murman coast. (Art. 849. Statutes.)

(e) The right of the chief civil officer in the Caucasus and of the governor-general of Turkestan to expel foreign subjects from the districts under their administration (art. 27, point 1, regulations regarding the Caucasus, and art. 12, note 3, regulations regarding Turkestan, Vol. II of the Code of Laws, edition of 1892); the right of the administrative authorities to expel foreigners not provided with the proper passport (art. 234, Passport Regulations); the right of the minister of the interior, and in appropriate cases of the minister of war, the governors-general, and governors, to expel foreigners sojourning in Russia and forbid their return thereto; and the right of the minister of the interior to adopt measures concerning the settlement of foreigners in certain localities (opinion of the council of state, sanctioned by the Emperor on May 26, 1903; collection of laws, 1903, art. 964; art. 58, Penal Code); besides which, an expelled foreigner who voluntarily returns to Russia becomes amenable to the provisions of art. 314 of the penal code.

(f) Special conditions for the issue of passports to foreigners sojourning in Russia, and the period during which these passports are valid (arts. 129-145 and 217, passport regulations).

(g) The restriction of the rights of foreigners to acquire real estate in certain governments of the western zone of Russia, as well as in certain localities of the Caucasus region (supplement to art. 830, note 2, statutes); in the steppe districts (Regulations Regarding the Steppes, art. 136, Code of Laws, Vol. II, edition of 1892); and in the region of Turkestan (Regulations Regarding Turkestan, art. 262, Vol. II, edition of 1892, and note 3 to art. 262 of the same regulations, edition of 1895).

(h) The restriction of the rights of foreigners with regard to commerce and industry (art. 828, note I, statutes), to wit: The prohibition from establishing stock companies and commercial firms for navigation on the Caspian Sea (art. 2139, note 2, civil code, Code of Laws, Vol. X, part 1, edition of 1900; art. 58, regulations regarding commerce, Code of Laws, Vol. XI, part 2, edition 1903); from raising the Russian national flag on vessels (art. 122, commercial regulations); from engaging in coastwise navigation (art. 165, commercial regulations); from owning and operating powder factories (art. 265, regulations regarding industry, code of laws, Vol. XI, part 2, edition of 1893); from carrying on mining operations in the seacoast region of the island of Saghalien, in the Turkestan region, and in other

localities (arts. 267 and 268, and note to art. 432, mining regulations,
Code of Laws, Vol. VII, edition of 1893 and 1902, and art. 991, collec-
tion of laws, 1902); from operating naphtha lands in the Caucasus
(art. 547, note 1, mining regulations, edition of 1902); special condi-
tions for the granting of mining concessions in the Kingdom of
Poland (supplement to art. 341, note, mining regulations); and
special requirements imposed on foreigners upon joining trade organ-
izations (art. 377, note 2, industrial regulations).

(i) The establishment of a shortened (2-year) period within which
persons living abroad may claim an estate left by a deceased foreigner
in Russia. (Arts. 1247 and 1248, civil code.)

(1) A special procedure in the guarding of estates left by Turkish
subjects. (Art. 1248, civil code.)

(k) The obligation on the part of the subjects of certain nations
to give a special bond, at the request of the defendant, upon institut-
ing suits in court (art. 571, point 5, regulations for civil courts, Code
of Laws, Vol. XVI, part 1, edition of 1892, and note 2 to art. 571,
edition of 1902).

(1) The prohibition from accepting foreigners into the military
or civil service (art. 824, statutes, and art. 6, regulations on govern-
ment service), with a few exceptions (arts. 41-46, service regula-
tions); law prohibiting them from holding the positions of ushers in
courts of justice (art. 299, organic court regulations), of summoners
in courts of justice (art. 3523, organic court regulations), of notaries
(art. 5, notarial regulations), of stock exchange brokers (art. 695,
commercial regulations), of pilots (art. 308, commercial regulations),
of captains on the seagoing vessels of the merchant marine( arts. 175
and 182, maritime regulations); of sailors on Russian vessels to a
number exceeding one-fourth of the whole crew (art. 197, maritime
regulations); the withholding of the right from foreigners of being
chosen as members of the council of state (art. 20, Regulations Govern-
ing the Council of State, Vol. I, part 2, edition of 1906), and of the
Douma (art. 6, Regulations Governing Election to the Douma, Vol. I,
part 2, edition of 1906); of being elected to the provincial council
arts. 16 and 24, Regulations on Government and District Councils,
Vol. II, edition of 1892), and to the town council (art. 24, municipal
regulations, Vol. VII, edition of 1892), as members of the board of
directors of the Nijni Novgorod fair (art. 8, supplement to art. 665,
commercial regulations); as guardians in the Chernigofsk and Pol-
tafsk governments (art. 258, civil code); the prohibition to employ
them as advocates (art. 355, organic court regulations); and selec-
tion of them as assessors (art. 81, organic court regulations).

(m) The establishment of certain special conditions governing the
receiving of pensions by foreigners and their families (arts. 29, 597,
and 604, Regulations on Pensions, Vol. III, edition of 1896); the
withholding of the right from foreigners to receive pensions granted
to orders, in case of their leaving the country (art. 166, Regulations
Regarding Orders, Vol. I, part 2, edition of 1892).

(n) The withholding of the right from foreigners to receive the
Order of St. Vladimir. (Art. 397, Point V, Regulations on Orders.)
Proceeding, then, to the second question propounded in the note of
the United States ambassador, the first division considers that among
the laws relating to the loss of citizenship it is proper to class art.

853, statutes, together with arts. 102 and 103 of the civil code, and the note to art. 10 and the supplement to art. 88, statutes, which have in view the loss of the rights of Russian citizenship by a Russian woman who marries a foreigner. To them may also be added, in accordance with the explanation of the civil cassation division of the governing senate (1898, No. 32), the case of the loss of the rights of Russian citizenship by a Russian subject upon being ordained a foreigner, in accordance with the law of March 12, 1891.a

Next comes the third question contained in the note of the United States ambassador, concerning the renunciation of citizenship, which may be divided into two parts, the first part relating to the acquisition by a Russian subject of some other citizenship. In this regard it may be observed that the law does not define the cases in which such change of citizenship is permitted, but requires a special permission in each case. As a general rule the release from Russian citizenship can only be obtained by imperial consent, solicited by the minister of foreign affairs through the council of ministers (note 2 to art. 32, and art. 59, Organization of Council of Ministers, Vol. I, part 2, edition of 1892, and also imperial ukaze of April 24, 1906, Art. V), but under some circumstances the right to issue emigration certificates without requesting the imperial permission in each case is granted to the governor-generals, as follows: In Warsaw, with regard to the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Poland (imperial order of March 28, 1891), and in Kieff, Volynsk, and Podolsk, with regard to foreign settlers who have acquired Russian citizenship (point 13, Section II, supplement to note 2 to art. 680, Statutes). At all events the release from the status of a Russian subject in the case of persons of the male sex over 15 years of age may only be granted after they have completely fulfilled the obligations of the military service, or after being released from service in the permanent army by drawing lots (art. 3, Regulations regarding military liability, Code of Laws, Vol. IV, edition of 1897). The acquisition of citizenship in a foreign nation without the permission of the Government is considered as a crime, punishable according to the penal code, and entailing the forfeiture on the part of the guilty party of all property rights and perpetual banishment from the territory of the nation, and in case of voluntary return to Russia, deportation to the colonies (art. 325, Penal Code, Code of Laws, Vol. XV, part 1, edition of 1902). In this connection it may be observed that the fate of persons who have committed the criminal act indicated in art. 325 and art. 326 of the Penal Code has always attracted the imperial attention, and appropriate provisions were contained in a most gracious manifest with a view to granting remission to the guilty parties. Thus, in particular, according to the imperial manifest of August 11, 1904 (Art. XXVI), Russian subjects sojourning abroad and amenable to punishment according to arts. 325

a Foreigners are also granted the right to adopt foundlings and persons without relatives, but such adopted persons retain the status of Russian subjects (art. 163, civil code).

In art. 304, passport regulations, edition of 1890, which was not embodied in the edition of 1903, a foreigner who had acquired Russian citizenship prior to February 10, 1864, was allowed to return to his former citizenship upon the payment of his debts and arrearages.

c Art. 326 of the penal code fixes the penalty for persons who have left the country, and who fail to return upon being summoned by the Government.

and 326 of the Penal Code are exempted from the punishment fixed by these articles, and are merely subjected to police surveillance for two years upon their return to Russia.

As regards the cases in which the rights of Russian citizenship may be restored to a person who formerly had such citizenship but afterwards renounced it, as mentioned in the second part of the third question contained in the note of the United States ambassador, such cases are provided for in art. 853 of the statutes, according to which a female Russian subject who has married a foreigner and afterwards becomes a widow or is divorced, may recover Russian citizenship by exhibiting a certificate of the cessation of her marital status. The same rule applies to Jewesses who are Russian subjects, on condition that they do not leave the country upon marrying a foreign Jew. (Art. 820, Statutes.)

To the fourth of the aforementioned questions it may be observed that sojourn abroad by a Russian subject does not, as a rule, involve · the loss of citizenship, although it entails certain legal consequences in some cases. Thus, the period of permissible sojourn abroad by a Russian subject is fixed at five years (art. 207, Passport Regulations), and persons who remain abroad beyond this period without special and sufficient cause and special permission given by the minister of the interior (Collection of Laws, 1904, art. 801, point 48), except minors," are considered as being absent with unknown whereabouts. and their property is placed under the management of a custodian (art. 327, Penal Code; art. 7, and note to art. 7, Statutes; note to art. 36, regulations on civil suits, Code of Laws, Vol. XVI, part 2. edition of 1902). A person who has absented himself from the country and does not return upon summons by the Government is subject to the deprivation of all property rights and perpetual banishment from the territory of the nation, and, unless he adduces evidence extenuating his guilt within a period fixed by the court, he is recognized as being absent with unknown whereabouts and his property is placed under the management of a custodian. (Art. 326, Penal Code, edition of 1902.)

To the fifth question, as to what protection is afforded the persons and property of Russian subjects sojourning abroad, it must be remarked that this subject is by its nature comprised among the obligations of Russian consuls, who may in this behalf make oral or written representations to the local authorities and even make formal demands of them. (Art. 47, Consular Regulations, Code of Laws, Vol. XI, part 2, edition of 1903.) The cases in which such protection should be afforded are enumerated in general in the consular regulations. Among the consular duties are the following: Intervention in lawsuits and examination of complaints (arts. 100, 103, 104, 105, Consular Regulations, and arts. 268 and 282, Commercial Code, Vol. XI, part 2, edition of 1903); performance of the duties of guardian or custodian for the widows and children of Russian subjects who have died abroad (art. 77, Consular Regulations); custody of inheritances and delivering them to the proper parties (arts. 73, 75, 76, Consular Regulations, and art. 1238, note 2, Civil Law, Vol. X, part 1,

a In the case of minors who are under the control of their parents the five-year period is reckoned from the date of their majority.

edition of 1900); the taking into safe-keeping of documents, valuables, and money (art. 80, Consular Regulations); the authentication. of documents executed within the consular jurisdiction ( arts. 16, 17, 108, Consular Regulations); the keeping of registers (art. 81, Consular Regulations, and art. 930, Statutes; the issue of passports (art. 88, Consular Regulations); giving testimonials as to persons who have suffered mental derangement, and guardianship of the persons and property of insane persons (art. 82, Consular Regulations; art. 370, Civil Code); the furnishing of means for medical treatment and burial of Russian sailors, and their return to Russia (art. 70, Consular Regulations); examination of the condition of arriving and departing vessels and their crews (arts. 49-56, 59, 60, Consular Regulations; looking after the discharge of seamen and their return to Russia (arts. 292-297, Commercial Regulations); supplying the places of deceased captains of vessels or skippers (art. 74, Consular Regulations); looking after the cases in which Russian vessels are injured and lending assistance in case of shipwreck or injury sustained at sea (art. 490, Commercial Regulations; arts. 61-67, 83, Consular Regulations); supervision of the purchase and sale of vessels (arts. 57 and 58, Consular Regulations); supervision of bottomry and respondentia loans (art. 68, Consular Regulations); cooperation with Russian war vessels and their crews (arts. 20-46, Consular Regulations); the warning of captains of vessels or skippers against localities which are dangerous owing to the hygienic conditions of the people (art. 98, Consular Regulations).

Taking up, finally, the sixth question propounded in the note of the United States ambassador concerning the manner in which foreigners may acquire Russian citizenship, it may be stated that the laws regarding this subject are set forth in Chapter III, Book I, Section VI, of the Statutes (arts. 836-857); art. 438, Sec. I, point 10, and art. 499, General Organization of Governments, and in art. 103, point 1, Administration of the Governments of the Kingdom of Poland, while certain conditions for the granting of citizenship may be regulated by special conventions concluded with nations on the subject (art. 839, note, Statutes.) With regard to the granting of Russian citizenship the law distinguishes several categories of foreigners. Thus, citizenship is not granted to any foreign Jews except central Asiatic (art. 819, Statutes), to dervishes (art. 821, Statutes), nor to a married foreign woman separately from her husband (art. 840, statutes.) On the other hand, foreign women who have married Russian subjects are considered as such without making any application or taking the oath of allegiance, as are also the wives of foreigners who have acquired Russian citizenship (art. 855, Statutes). Then there is a category of foreigners to whom the law grants the right to acquire Russian citizenship if they so desire and to whom the oath is administered by consent of the local government administration or its immediate superior in service. To these foreigners belong: (a) The children of foreigners who are born and educated in Russia or who, though born abroad, have completed a course of studies in the Russian intermediate or higher educational institutions (art. 850, Statutes); (b) children of legal age of foreigners who have acquired Russian citizenship (art. 851, Statutes); (c) foreigners employed in the Government service, as well as clergymen of foreign denominaH. Doc. 326, 59-2-32