either a sting or a saw; sometimes this is used as a means of defense, as in the case with bees and wasps; by others it serves to provide receptacles for the eggs. To the latter use the gall-flies apply their piercers.

11, natural size and enlarged. This is Cynips dichlocerus, the specific name having reference to the curiously colored antennae, which are red at the lower part, and black beyond,

In the majority of cases, the gall-flies

I.

I WISH to preface my remarks upon the subject of evolution, by stating that evolution is a science which aims to prove that all the creations of God are based upon the unfolding and developing of physical laws and conditions exclusively; that nothing can be attributed directly to miraculous power, or to the direct operations of a divine being; that great results are attained only by a continuous progressive change in the laws of nature in the animal kingdom; and that these changes are attributed namely to natural selection and the use or disuse of the functions of organic forms. Like all other sciences discovered by the wisdom and genius of man, evolution contains many fallacies and errors, as well as many germs of truth. It will, therefore, be my purpose to show that beyond these physical laws, with their variations-beyond the great results these laws de velop there is a master mind, a directing agency, a superior power, an embodiment of creative intelligence, a celestial immortal being-existing in advance of physical existence and laws-a being whom we call God.

To admit evolution in its entirety as taught by scientists of our day, we introduce infidelity, which by fallacious and subtle reasoning destroys all confidence and belief in spiritual organized matter. There can be no question that it is our duty as intelligent beings to make ourselves acquainted with all truths which exist in heaven and on earth; to grasp all knowledge which pertains to the creation of God. Man can attain to this knowledge through the exercise of his intellectual faculties.

In the exercise of our reason on the subject of the origin of the earth and the origin of man, we find there are many barriers in the way; some of which can be attributed to physical weakness and debility and some to other and perhaps more potent causes, such as errors entailed by traditions and the speculative *A lecture delivered by Elder Joseph Stanford before the Y. M. M. I. A. of the Third Ward, Ogden City.

reasoning and theories of men, enshrouding the same in mystery. Το penetrate the gloom we are dependent upon aid rendered by a higher, a more perfectly developed intellectual organization, to assist us in our researches to arrive at facts. Man of his own wisdom cannot find out God. As in our growth from infancy to manhood, we depend upon the experienced guiding minds of parents, guardians and teachers, to assist in the development of thought and intellectual culture, so that we can comprehend that which will be for our profit and benefit, as well as that which is of the opposite nature, so in like manner we depend upon inspirational influence to guide us in arriving at correct conclusions in which questions and subjects pertaining to immortality are involved.

We think we are prepared to admit, what appears to be a self-evident fact, that human beings have, what we will here term for convenience sake, a double nature,—the spiritual and the physical. These conclusions are reached practically by a study of the scriptures, which inform us that God created all, first spiritual, second temporal; also that He is the father of our spirits. The spiritual is designated the immortal part; and it must be admitted that if there is any perpetual existence, any immortality about either, it belongs to the spiritual part, for when death, from any cause, brings a separation of the spirit from the temporal, or physical part, the latter decays and passes back to earth, no matter how well formed and developed it may have been. The brain may have been large and all the faculties and senses well developed and though intellectual genius may have shown with a great brilliancy and power, the whole becomes inanimate by death; all is as silent and still as blocks of wood or stone. What shall we say then of the absent part, the part which manifested all the essences of life and intellectual power? Shall we call it a "conscious existence?" a "property of physical organism?" a theory set up by certain naturalists, evolutionists and professors of mental philosophy? Heaven

forbid! As well might we say that steam, which is the motive power of a locomotive, is the property of iron and steel. True the machinery of the locomotive has to be constructed and arranged according to certain given principles or laws pertaining to the harmony of motion to allow of the steam to deliver its force with effect; at the same time the steam in this respect is a self-existing independent agency possessing the properties of other substances.

We think by this simple illustration, or comparison, that we have, in a brief manner, demonstrated the separate existence of the spiritual and physical part, or body.

We believe that man is a progressive being, and so far we admit the theory of evolution. But the evolution, believed in and taught by men who claim to lead in progressive thought in this science, we cannot accept; it is too objectionable to every better sense and feeling of refined nature. We can concede that the long entertained sectarian doctrine, that God's word alone created the world, brought stars into being and gave the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air their existence, has given way to a more en. lightened, consistent and natural view of the subject. And if we admit that evolution applied as the principle by which the world was created by a gradual unfolding of principles and laws operating upon the elements through successive ages-if we admit that these laws and forces brought about the creation of this planet-we cannot endorse the application to a still continuous evolutionary change which it is understood by Huxley, Spencer, Allen and other writers to be undergoing; that by its own inherent powers of gravitation it still enlarges by attracting the atoms of matter which fill the illimitable depths of space surrounding it.

Spencer states that where "the old school saw cataclysms and miracles the new school sees slow development;" in other words he might have said we have exchanged scriptural writings and authority-the ethics of Moses and Jesusfor evolution as taught by Darwin and

other naturalists and geologists of the nineteenth century.

Whether the earth took six thousand years or more or less in its formation is not material to the purpose of this lecture. We believe, however, that when God came upon this planet, immediately prior to His giving it as a heritage to man, that the laws pertaining to its creation had received their full development; in fact the Lord was well pleased with it as the result of His great creative power, and he pronounced it finished on the sixth and rested on the seventh day.

It was through man's disobedience in keeping certain laws governing his course on the earth, given to him by his Creator, that the earth underwent great and important deteriorating changes. According to Bible history, in the days of Noah a flood of rain swept over the earth's entire surface covering it many feet deep; the foundations thereof were broken up, and it was covered with water for many days, or until the ark with its living freight landed upon Mount Ararat. In the days of Peleg the earth was divided. At other periods seas and rivers overflowed their bounds. Earthquakes produced the sudden sinking away of towns and cities, and the elevation of mountain regions, producing deep ravines and cañon gorges. Volcanoes burst forth and with their molten fire covered up the habitations of men and their magnificent surroundings. These commotions in nature, marring the whole face of this once beautiful planetary creation, was not the work of "gradual slow development;" and this denial is more than confirmed. When we refer to the time of the death of the Son of God, let what immediately followed His crucifixion and resurrection, as predicted by prophetic power and as recorded not only in the sacred writings of Scripture, but also penned by the great Jewish historian Josephus, stand as facts to deny the modern theory (of evolution) as applied to the causes of the changed, deformed, convulsed appearance of this once fair world. To refer to these periods, and the manner in which these great events and changes occurred in all their details, is

not necessary at the present time. What we have already stated serves the purpose in denying the "slow gradual development" and goes to establish the evidences of the existence of a divine power, an overruling agency, superior in its effects and operations to physical laws, regulating independently the creations of God. We will now return to man.

If we admit in part evolution (applied) as the principle upon which the world was created-a gradually unfolding of principles and laws operating upon the elements through successive ages-this cannot be admitted as an argument that man has descended from the lower animals, that he has come up through certain changes, from the lowest order of animated physical existence, to his present manly form. To imagine that we once belonged to the lowest order of animal creation is an absnrd idea, and one which will not bear the test of reason. The argument used, in great part, to establish this theory is that the use or disuse of the functions of any portion of the organism of animals, either man or beast, results in a change of structural form, and although these variations may be ever so slight in one generation, they are continued perpetually through the reproductive laws of nature so that through a succession of ages an entire change in form is the natural result. Natural history is quoted wherein instances are given of the "diminution of the jaws of dogs by their having been petted and pampered and fed on soft food, so that the apparatus for tearing and masticating has decreased in size through the disuse of these functions." That "in domestic rabbits the want of exercise,has modified the proportional length of the limbs in comparison with the body;" also "that our domestic ducks, geese and other fowls have almost lost their power of flight; through disuse the length and scope of the wing is being gradually reduced." In all classes of animals and fowls, statements purporting to be facts, are related showing the effects of use and disuse in changing the length of legs, the form of the jaw, the character of the ear, the facial expression, the length of intestines,

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and in various other ways modifications and changes in the structural forms, in nature. Darwin in his "Descent of Man," says: "I attribute all changes of corporal structure and mental power to the inherited effects of use and disuse with respect both to the body and the mind." Again: "I think there can be no doubt that use in our domestic animals has strengthened and enlarged certain parts and disuse diminished them; and that such modifications are inherited." Spencer says: "It is proved that change in the balance of functions registers its effects on the reproductive elements which are transmitted in their most minute details, both as regards civilized man and other animals." Again he says: "What shall we say then of general implication? Are we to stop short with the admission that inheritance of functionally produced modifications takes place universally?" The same au thor further says: "If we admit the inheritance of functionally produced changes, we are justified in concluding that this inheritance of functionally produced changes has been, not simply a co-operating factor in organic evolution, but has been a co-operating factor without which organic evolution in its higher forms, at any rate, could never have taken place.”

To follow these authors through all their mystic meanderings expressing their views on evolutionary changes in the different creations of organic life, although very interesting and in many respects instructive, showing a great depth of thought and minute research on a science which it is stated that "there existed thirty years ago no tenable theory about the genesis of living things," we do not deem necessary.

We have quoted sufficient to get a clear and definite understanding of the position taken relative to the principal of evolution, its bearing and application to the world, to man, and the other creations of organic life.

We will now present for consideration some of the leading and most prominent features of Darwin's philosophy in his "Descent of Man.”

The predigree of man according to Darwin's theory is traced as follows: "First, A marine animal of the maggot form. Second, A group of lowly organized fishes. Third, Ganoid and other fishes. Fourth, The Amphibians. Fifth, The ancient Marsupials. Sixth, The Quadrumana and all the higher mammals. Seventh, The Lemuroidea. Eighth, Simiadae. Ninth, Old world monkey, and New world monkey. Tenth, Man."

These ten classes, or groups, of animals are supposed to be connected together by intermediate deversified forms which go through certain transitions. At this point, to ascertain more clearly and logically the meaning or understanding to be conveyed by Darwin in his theory on "The Descent of Man," we have thought it advisable to quote Mr. George Ticknor Curtis, and give briefly his criticism on this predigree, as we believe that this gentleman has reviewed this subject in all fairness, without prejudice, with the sole view to benefit the reading public. He says: "First, The group of marine animals—that is to say, an aquatic animal in the form of a grub, caterpillar, or worm, which is the first condition of an insect from the egg. We are told that these animals were provided with gills for respiration in the water, but with the most important organs of the body such as the brain and heart, imperfectly or not at all developed. It is manifest that this creature is a mere hypothesis, constructed no doubt by the aid of analogy, but exist ing only in the eye of scientific imagination."

"Second, The group of lowly organized fishes. These are said to have probably been derived from the above aquatic worm, and they are described to have been as lowly organized as the lancelet which is a known fish of negative character, without brain, vertebral column, or heart * * and consisting of a

*

simple tough leathery sack with two small projecting orifices, *** and somewhat resemble tadpoles, and have the power of swimming freely about."

"Third, The Ganoids. It is said these fishes descending from the others were covered with peculiar enameled bony

scales, and possessed a swim bladder, which was converted into an organ used exclusively for respiration."

"Fourth, the Amphibians. Here we come to what is now a very numerous group, of which it is said the first specimens received, among other modifica. tions the transformation of the swim bladder of their fish progenitors, into an air breathing lung. But whether the advance from an animal living in the water and incapable of existing out of that element, to an animal capable of living on the land as well as in the water, was small or large, we look in vain at present for the facts that constitute that advance."

"Fifth, The ancient Marsupials. These were an order of mammals such as the exisiting kangaroos, opossums, etc., of which the young, born in a very incomplete state of development, are carried by the mother in a ventral pouch. They are supposed to have been the predecessors of the Placental mammals in which the embryo, after it has attained a certain stage, is united to the mother by a vascular connection called the placenta, which enables the young to be born in a more complete state."

"Sixth, the Quadrumana and all the Placental mammals. These are supposed to stand between Implacental mammals and the Lemurids. The latter were a group of four handed animals distinct from the monkeys and, "resembling the insectivorous quadrupeds.”

"Seventh, the Lemuroidea. This branch of the Placental mammals is now only actually represented by a few varieties."

"Eighth, Simiadae. This is the gen eral term given by naturalists to the whole group of monkeys, and between these last two divisions the interval is not very wide."

"Ninth, the Catarrhine or old world monkeys. These are the great stem or branch of the Simiadae, which became the progenitors of man. His immediate progenitors were probably a group of monkeys called by naturalists Anthropo morphous Apes, being a group without tails, and in other respects resembling man."