REMARK.- To divide accurately some of the words here given as exercises, and a vast number of others, a considerable amount of knowledge respecting the principles of the English language is required: but, in matters of doubt and difficulty, assistance may be obtained from the Dictionaries of Sheridan, Walker, or Knowles, which exhibit the pronunciation of words; and from those of Webster and Richardson, which assign their origin.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES, CHIEFLY FOR COMPOSITORS.

Write the following words, and insert the hyphen in those places only in which the division appears best at the end and beginning of lines, according to Remark 2, last page:

Philosophy, intermediate, theology, magnificence, venturesome, biographer, questionable, lithography, professing, zoology, demigod, personate, widowhood, kaleidoscope, periphrasis, supervisor, geology, animation, abhorrence, government, tautology, permanent, classical, forgetfulness, superficial, congenial, circumstances, metamorphosis, subdivision, patronage, subordinate, beneficent, resistless, sufficient, superhuman, pantheism, disappointment, typographical, microscope, disinterestedness, benevolence, superficial, contradiction, sensibility, happiness, misanthropy, imperfect, circumference, counteracting, disproportionately, excitement, semicircle, predominate, artificial, portfolio, equilibrium, manufacture, preternatural, nomenclature, supernumerary, terraqueous, malefactor, primogeniture, resemble, suicide, transaction, intercept, education, counterfeit, superlative, transgression, supernatural, predestinate, typography, polysyllable, introduction, confident, philology, sympathy, misinform, spiritless, provision, appearance, belonging, cleverness, uniform, outnumber, bedchamber, gardening, fishmonger, disrespectful, plenipotentiary, doctorship, neighbourhood, bedlamite, nonconformity, nightingale, antediluvian, parsonage, correspond, forgetfulness, superabundant, metaphorically, hydrophobia, antitrinitarian, putrefaction, alteration, haughtiness, semidiameter, improvement, proposition, serpentine, disjunction, intercourse, animalcule, bookselling, commonwealth, colloquial, reasoning, polyglot, puerility, correctness, understanding, preliminary, qualification, attaining, composition, commencement, incompetence, exclusive, disapprobation, adventure, introduction, gentleman, trinity, acquaintance, consciousness, transubstantiation, considering, persuasion, trigonometry, parallelogram, successfully, improper, diffidence, moreover, inference, hydrostatics, recollection, ameliorative, authorities, unwilling, autocrat.

100

MARKS OF QUOTATION.

MARKS OF QUOTATION [" ""] are used for the purpose of showing, that the words between them are taken from an author or a speaker. These marks are formed by means of two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a quotation.

RULE I.

THE CITATION OR TRANSCRIPTION OF THE WORDS OF A SPEAKER OR AN AUTHOR.

When a word, phrase, or passage, peculiarly belonging to a speaker or an author, is written or printed, it is distinguished by marks of quotation; as,

"Knowledge is power" was an aphorism of Lord Bacon's. poet says, "The proper study of mankind is man."

-The

We well know, that by abuse the greatest blessing may be turned into a curse. "A powerful and unbridled imagination," says Sir Walter Scott, "is the author and architect of its own disappointment. But the Giver of all talents, while he has qualified them each with its separate and peculiar alloy, has endowed the owner with the power of purifying and refining them." Coleridge speaks of imagination as "the power which first unsensualizes the mind;" and Cecil declares it to be "the grand organ whereby truth can make successful approaches to the mind."

REMARK. When a writer repeats his own language, and wishes to draw to it particular attention, he properly uses the same marks as he would employ were he transcribing the sentiments of another. Thus, if the author of the present work wished again to give directions respecting the gramma.. tical points usually required before extracts, he might, instead of referring merely to page 27, copy Rule XII. with some of the remarks; prefixing and appending the characters in question, as follow:-"A short quotation, or any remarkable expression that resembles a quotation, is preceded by a comma;" but "a colon is usually put before quotations when long, and formally introduced.""If the clauses or phrases succeeding each other are very closely connected, the comma is superfluous."

Exception 1. Marks of quotation may be omitted where the matter taken or transcribed is not given in the exact words of the author; as,

Socrates said, that he believed in the immortality of the soul.

REMARK. In the direct form, the latter portion of the sentence would be correctly written thus: "I believe that the soul is immortal."

Exception 2. It is usual to omit the quotationmarks, when a mere phrase or saying from a foreign language, or a passage from Holy Writ, is distinguished by Italics; as,

Nil mortalibus arduum est is a bold, but encouraging assertion. → Judging of the whole compass of English poetry, "Paradise Lost" may be justly termed a chef-d'œuvre. - One of the evangelists says, Jesus wept.

REMARK 1.- Names of ships and titles of books are sometimes written without the inverted commas, and put in Italic characters; as, "Falconer, the author of The Shipwreck, embarked on board the Aurora frigate in the year 1769, and was supposed to have perished with the vessel at sea." "We may justly regard Paradise Lost as one of the noblest monuments of human genius."

REMARK 2. In old works, it was a common practice to introduce all extracts from Scripture in Italic characters; but, except when there is a necessity for calling particular attention to certain words or expressions, authors now generally prefer using marks of quotation.

Exception 3.

When an example or an extract, particularly if in verse, is begun in a new line, and set on a smaller type, the marks of quotation may be dispensed with ; as,

No one, after Dr. Johnson, will attempt to praise the genius of Shakspere, without being subject to the charge of folly or presump tion. Thus the doctor beautifully writes:

REMARK.

Each change of many-coloured life he drew,
Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new :
Existence saw him spurn her bounded reign,
And panting Time toiled after him in vain.

- In cases, however, of this kind, perhaps the generality of authors and printers, employ, agreeably to rule, the inverted commas and the apostrophes.

RULE II.

ONE QUOTATION WITHIN ANOTHER.

When a quotation is introduced within a quotation, the included one should be preceded by a single inverted comma, and closed by a single apostrophe; as,

1. When treating of Christian orators, Maury asks the following apposite questions: "What is this you call eloquence? Is it the wretched trade of imitating that criminal, mentioned by a poet in his satires, who 'balanced his crimes before his judges with antithesis'? Is it the puerile secret of forming jejune quibbles — of rounding periods of tormenting one's-self by tedious studies, in order to reduce sacred instruction into a vain amusement?"

2. In describing the vast influence of a perfect orator over the feelings and passions of his audience, Sheridan forcibly says: Notwithstanding the diversity of minds in such a multitude; by the lightning of eloquence, they are melted into one mass; the whole assembly, actuated in one and the same way, become, as it were, but one man, and have but one voice. The universal cry is 'Let us march against Philip; let us fight for our liberties; let us conquer or die!""

REMARK 1. Double marks may be used before and after a quotation inserted in that which has been introduced into an extract; as, "Channing, the friend of humanity, in every condition and under every garb, says,— When I consider the greater simplicity of their lives, and their greater openness to the spirit of Christianity, I am not sure but that the "golden age' of manners is to begin among those who are now despaired of for their want of refinement.""

REMARK 2. Some writers and printers observe the following direction, in preference to the rule given in the text: That a single inverted comma should be prefixed to a single quotation occurring in composition, and a single apostrophe annexed to it; but that two inverted commas should be introduced before, and two apostrophes after, another quotation occurring within the primary one; as, 'There are times when the spirit, oppressed with pain, worn with toil, tired of tumult, sick at the sight of guilt, wounded in its love, baffled in its hope, and trembling in its faith, almost longs for the "wings of a dove, that it might fly away," and take refuge amidst the "shady bowers," the "vernal airs," the "roses without thorns," the quiet, the beauty, the loveliness of Eden.' But the great objection to this mode of setting off extracts is, that, by using single marks to the quotations which are of primary importance, and double to those which are merely secondary, we exhibit the former more obscurely than the latter.

Exception. The marks under consideration may with propriety be omitted in some instances, where several quotations are so much involved, one within another, that the insertion of all the inverted commas and the apostrophes would tend to obscure the meaning of the entire passage; as,

In the New Testament, we have the following words: "Jesus answered the Jews, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods'?"

REMARK. By considering the example itself as an extract, there will be found here no fewer than five quotations; and yet, though two only are set off with quotation-marks, the passage is perhaps more intelligible, and to the eye certainly less offensive, than if printed thus: "In the New Testament, we have the following words: 'Jesus answered the Jews, "Is it not written in your law, 'I said, "Ye are gods"'?"'" — Ridiculous as it may appear, this mode of exhibiting quotations is only the application of the principle contained in the rule, but carried out beyond its legitimate purpose and extent. In the Gospel (John x. 34), the citations are made without any inverted commas, or apostrophes.

RULE III.

EXTRACTS COMPOSED OF SUCCESSIVE PARAGRAPHS.

When an extract is composed of successive paragraphs, each is commenced with inverted commas; but the apostrophes are not used till the quotation finally terminates.

EXAMPLE.

To exemplify this rule, a passage, consisting of more than one paragraph, may be taken from an essay by Godwin:

"No subject is of more importance, in the morality of private life, than that of domestic or family life.

Every man has his ill humours, his fits of peevishness and exacerbation. Is it better that he should spend these upon his fellow-beings, or suffer them to subside of themselves?

"It seems to be one of the most important of the arts of life, that men should not come too near each other, or touch in too many points. Excessive familiarity is the baue of social happiness."