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Darke, WILLIAM, military officer; born in Philadelphia county, Pa., in 1736; served under Braddock in 1755, and was with him at his defeat; entered the patriot army at the outbreak of the Revolution as a captain; was captured at the battle of Germantown; subsequently was promoted colonel; and commanded the Hampshire and Berkeley regiments at the capture of Cornwallis in 1791. He served as lieutenant-colonel under General St. Clair, and was wounded in the battle with the Miami Indians, Nov. 4, 1791. He died in Jefferson county, Va., Nov. 26, 1801.

American expedition for the same purpose. open air. Birds became silent and went They followed the route pointed out by to rest; barn-yard fowls went to roost, the English engineer, and, after intense and cattle sought their accustomed evensuffering, returned and reported the pro- ing resorts. Houses were lighted with posed route wholly impracticable. The candles, and nearly all out-of-door work success of the Suez Canal revived the was suspended. The obscuration began project, and in 1870 two expeditions were at ten o'clock in the morning and consent out by the United States govern- tinued until night. The cause of the ment-one under Commander T. O. Sel- darkness has never been revealed. The fridge, of the United States navy, to the air was unclouded. Isthmus of Darien; and the other, under Captain Shufeldt, of the navy, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Three routes were surveyed across the narrow part of the Isthmus of Darien by Selfridge, and he reported all three as having obstacles that made the construction of a canal impracticable. He reported a route by the Atrato and Napipi rivers as perfectly feasible. It would include 150 miles of river navigation and a canal less than 40 miles in extent. It would call for 3 miles of rock cutting 125 feet deep, and a tunnel of 5 miles, with a roof sufficiently high to admit the tallestmasted ships. Selfridge estimated the entire cost at $124,000,000. The whole matter was referred in 1872 to a commission to continue investigations. A French company undertook the construction of a canal between Aspinwall and Panama in 1881, under the direction of FERDINAND DE LESSEPS (q. v.). After expending many millions of dollars, the project was abandoned in 1890. See CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY; NICARAUGA SHIP CANAL; PANAMA CANAL.

Darley, FELIX OCTAVIUS CARR, designer and painter; born in Philadelphia June 23, 1822; evinced a taste for drawing at an early age, and while a lad in a mercantile house spent his leisure time in sketching. For some of these he was offered a handsome sum, and this induced him to choose art as a life pursuit. He spent several years in Philadelphia, always living by his pencil, and in 1848 he went to New York, where he made admirable illustrations for some of Irving's humorous works. Among these were The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and

Dark and Bloody Ground. Two sections of the United States have received Rip Van Winkle. These works procured this appellation. First it was applied to Kentucky, the great battle-field between the Northern and Southern Indians, and afterwards to the portion of that State wherein Daniel Boone and his companions were compelled to carry on a warfare with the savages. It was also applied to the Valley of the Mohawk, in New York, and its vicinity, known as Tryon county, wherein the Six Nations and their Tory allies made fearful forays during the Revolution.

Dark Day. On May 12, 1780, a remarkable darkness overspread all New England, varying in intensity at different places. In some sections persons could not read common printed matter in the

for him the reputation, at home and abroad, as a leader in the art of outline illustrations. He illustrated a great many books and made numerous admirable designs for bank-notes. For Cooper's works he made 500 illustrations. More than sixty of them were engraved on steel. He executed four large works ordered by Prince Napoleon while in this country. These were: Emigrants Attacked by Indians on the Prairies; The Village Blacksmith; The Unwilling Laborer, and The Repose. He illustrated several of Dickens's works, and during the Civil War delineated many characteristic scenes. Some of the more elaborate pictures on the United States government

bonds were made by him; and also the beautiful design of the certificate of stock given as evidence of subscription for the C'entennial Exhibition in 1876. Among his later works in book illustrations were 500 beautiful designs for Lossing's Our Country. Mr. Darley went to Europe near the close of the war, studied models in Rome, and returned with a portfolio full of personal sketches. He died in Claymont, Del., March 27, 1888.

Darling, HENRY, clergyman; born in Reading, Pa., Dec. 27, 1823; graduated at Amherst College in 1842; ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church in 1847; published Slavery and the War (1863), etc. He died in Clinton, N. Y., April 20, 1891.

what she had overheard. Through this timely information Washington was prepared and the British expedition proved to be a failure.

Dartmoor Prison, a notable place of detention in Devonshire, England. At the close of the War of 1812-15 prisoners held by both parties were released as soon as proper arrangements for their enlargement could be made. At the conclusion of peace there were about 6,000 American captives confined in Dartmoor Prison, including 2,500 American seamen impressed by British cruisers, who had refused to fight in the British navy against their countrymen, and were there when the war began. Some had been captives ten or eleven years. The prison was situDarlington, WILLIAM, scientist; born ated on Dart Moor, a desolate region in of Quaker parents in Birmingham, Pa., Devonshire, where it had been conApril 28, 1782; studied medicine, lan- structed for the confinement of French guages, and botany, and went to Calcutta prisoners of war. It comprised about 30 as surgeon of a ship. Returning in 1807, acres, enclosed within double walls, with he practised medicine at West Chester seven distinct prison - houses, with enwith success; was a Madisonian in poli- closures. The place, at the time in questics, and when the war broke out in 1812 tion, was in charge of Capt. T. G. Shorthe assisted in raising a corps for the ser- land, with a military guard. He was vice in his neighborhood. He was chosen accused of cruelty towards the captives. major of a volunteer regiment, but did It was nearly three months after the not see any active service. He was a mem- treaty of peace was signed before they ber of Congress from 1815 to 1817 and were permitted to know the fact. From from 1819 to 1823. In his town he that time they were in daily expectation founded an academy, an athenæum, and a of release. Delay caused uneasiness and society of natural history. Dr. Darling- impatience, and symptoms of a deterton was an eminent botanist, and a new mination to escape soon appeared. On and remarkable variety of the pitcher April 4 the prisoners demanded bread plant, found in California in 1853, was Instead of hard biscuit, and refused named, in his honor, Darlingtonica Cali- to receive the latter. On the 6th, fornia. He wrote and published works on botany, medicine, biography, and his tory. Dr. Darlington was a member of about forty learned societies in America and Europe. He died in West Chester, Pa., April 23, 1863.

Darrah, LYDIA, heroine; place and date of birth unknown; lived in Philadelphia in 1777. One of the rooms in her house was used by the British officers, who planned to surprise Washington's army. She overheard their plans, and early in the morning of Dec. 3 left her home, ostensibly for the purpose of purchasing flour, but in reality to give warning to Washington. After a walk of several miles in the snow she met one of Washington's officers, to whom she revealed

so reluctantly did the prisoners obey orders to retire to their quarters, that when some of them, with the appearance of mutinous intentions, not only refused to retire, but passed beyond the prescribed limits of their confinement, they were fired upon by order of Captain Shortland, for the purpose of intimidating all. The firing was followed up by the soldiers, without excuse. Five prisoners were killed and thirty-three were wounded. This act was regarded by the Americans as a wanton massacre, and when the British authorities pronounced it "justifiable" the hottest indignation was excited throughout the republic. The last survivor of the Dartmoor prisoners was Lewis P. Clover, who died in Brooklyn, Long Island, N. Y.,

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in February, 1879, at the age of eighty- River, in the western part of New Hampnine years.

shire, and grants of about 44,000 acres of Dartmouth College, one of the highest land were made. Governor Wentworth institutions of learning in the English- gave it a charter (1769), under the title of American colonies; chartered in 1769. It Dartmouth College, so named in honor of grew out of an earlier school established Lord Dartmouth. The institution was reby Rev. Dr. Wheelock at Lebanon, Conn., moved, with the pupils, to Hanover, in designed for the education of Indian chil- 1770, where President Wheelock and all dren, he being encouraged by his success others lived in log cabins, for it was an in educating a young Mohegan, Samson almost untrodden wilderness. Dr. WheeOccom, who became a remarkable preacher. lock held the presidency until his death, in Pupils from the Delaware tribe were re- 1779 (see WHEELOCK, ELEAZAR), and was ceived, and the school soon attracted pub- succeeded by his son, John, who was sent lic attention. James Moor, a farmer, gave to Europe to procure funds for the suptwo acres of land and a house for the use port of the college. He obtained considerof the school, and from that time it was able sums, and philosophical implements. known as Moor's Indian Charity School. In 1816 a religious controversy led to a Occom accompanied Rev. N. Whittaker to conflict with the legislature, and the latter England to raise funds for the increase of created a new corporation, called Dartthe usefulness of the school, and about mouth University, in which the property $50,000 were subscribed. A board of trus- of the old corporation was vested. A lawtees was organized, of which Lord Dart- suit ensued, carried on for the college by mouth, one of the subscribers, was elected Daniel Webster, which resulted (1819), president. The children of the New Eng- finally, in the establishment of the inland Indians came to the school in large violability of chartered rights and the numbers, and Dr. Wheelock resolved to restoration of the old charter. Wheelock transfer it to a place nearer the heart of was raised to the presidency in 1817, by the Indian population in that region. He the new board, but died a few months selected Hanover, on the Connecticut afterwards. He was succeeded by William

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Allen. At the close of 1900 the college the constitution, are social, literary, hisreported sixty-one professors and instruct- torical, monumental, benevolent, and honors, 741 students, 85,000 volumes in the orable in every degree." In 1900 there library, 9,000 graduates, and $2,300,000 in were 400 chapters in the United States, productive funds. Rev. William J. Tucker, North and South, with about 8,000 memD.D., LL.D., was president. bers. The president was Mrs. Kate Cabell Currie, Dallas, Tex.; recording secretary, Mrs. John P. Hickman, Nashville, Tenn.

Dartmouth College Decision. By an act of the legislature of New Hampshire in 1816, the name of Dartmouth College was changed to Dartmouth University, the management was changed, and the State un dertook to control the affairs of the college. Daniel Webster was retained to oppose the action of the State, and the case was ultimately carried up to the United States Supreme Court, the decision of which established the inviolability of private trusts.

Daughters of the King, THE, a religious society of the Protestant Episcopal Church, founded in New York City, Easter evening, 1885. It is often confused with the KING'S DAUGHTERS (q. v.), a society from which it differs in many respects. Its chief purposes are to aid rectors in their parish work and to extend Christianity among young women. In 1900 the president of the council was Mrs. E. A. Bradley; secretary, Miss Elizabeth L. Ryerson. The office of the council is in the Church Missions House, 281 Fourth Avenue, New York City.

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Daughters of the Revolution, organization established in New York City, Aug. 20, 1891. Any woman is eligible for membership who is a lineal descendant of a military, naval, or marine officer, or of a soldier or marine or sailor in actual service under the authority of any State or colony or of the Continental Congress, or of the Congress of any of the colonies or States, or of a signer of the Declaration of Independence, or of a member of the Continental Congress, or of any colonial or State Congress, and of any other recognized official who supported the cause of American independence. State societies exist in a large number of States. In 1900 the president-general was Mrs. Henry Sanger Snow; recording secretary-general, Mrs. L. D. Gallison. The office of the general society is at 156 Fifth Avenue, New York.

Daston, SARAH, an alleged witch; born about 1613. When eighty years old she was imprisoned in Salem as a witch, and although the practice of punishing supposed witches was meeting with public disapprobation the superstitious party clamored for her conviction. She was tried in Charlestown, Mass., in February, 1693, and was acquitted. Later her persecutor, Minister Parris, was driven out of Salem. Daughters of the American Revolution, a society organized in Washington, D. C., Oct. 11, 1890. All women above eighteen years of age who are descended from patriots, soldiers, sailors, or civil officers who supported the cause of independence, are eligible to membership. In 1900 there were 492 State chapters in fourteen States and Territories, in the District of Columbia, and in Hawaii, with a total membership of about 27,000. The president-general was Mrs. Daniel Manning; recording secretary-general, Mrs. Albert Ackers, Nashville, Tenn. At the annual national convention in Washington in February, 1901, the membership was reported at 35,092, and Mrs. Charles W. Davenant, SIR WILLIAM, dramatist and Fairbanks, of Indiana, was elected presi- poet; born in Oxford, England, in 1605; dent-general, and Mrs. E. W. Howard, of son of an innkeeper, at whose house Virginia, recording secretary-general. Shakespeare often stopped while on his Daughters of the Confederacy, an journeys between Stratford and London, organization established in Nashville, and who noticed the boy. Young Davenant Tenn., Sept. 10, 1894. Its membership left college without a degree. Showing consists of the widows, wives, mothers, much literary talent, he was encouraged sisters, and lineal female descendants of in writing plays by persons of distinction, the men who served in the Confederate and on the death of Ben Jonson in 1637 army and navy, or who were connected he was made poet-laureate. He adhered in any way with the Confederate cause. to the royal cause during the civil war The objects of the society, as declared in in England, and escaped to France, where

founded the St. Thomas Theological Seminary in Bardstown, Ky.; and in 1823 secured a charter from the Kentucky legislature raising the institution he had founded to the grade of a university. He died in Bardstown, Ky., in 1841.

he became a Roman Catholic. After the spiritual retreats for the laity. In 1806 death of his King he projected (1651) a he accepted a professorship in the College colony of French people in Virginia, the of St. Mary's; in 1810 went West and only American province that adhered to royalty, and, with a vessel filled with French men, women, and children, he sailed for Virginia. The ship was captured by a parliamentary cruiser, and the passengers were landed in England, where the life of Sir William was spared, it is believed, by the intervention of John Milton, the poet, who was Cromwell's Latin secretary. Sir William had a strong personal resemblance to Shakespeare, and it was currently believed that he was a natural son of the great dramatist. This idea Sir William encouraged. He died in April, 1668. Davenport, HENRY KALLOCK, naval officer; born in Savannah, Ga., Dec. 10, 1820; joined the navy in 1838; commanded the steamer Hetzel in 1861-64; took part in the engagements on James River and off Roanoke Island; and was promoted captain in 1868. He died in Franzensbad, Bohemia, Aug. 18, 1872.

Davenport, JOHN, colonist; born in Coventry, England, in 1597. Educated at Oxford, he entered the ministry of the Established Church. He finally became a Non-conformist, was persecuted, and retired to Holland, where he engaged in secular teaching in a private school. He returned to London and came to America in June, 1637, where he was received with great respect. The next year he assisted in founding the New Haven colony, and was one of the chosen " seven pillars" (see NEW HAVEN). He concealed Goffe and Whalley, two of the "regicides," in his house, and by his preaching induced the people to protect them from the King's commissioners sent over to arrest them (see REGICIDES). In 1668 he was ordained minister of the first church in Boston, and left New Haven. He was the author of several controversial pamphlets, and of A Discourse about Civil Government in a New Plantation. He died in Boston, March 15, 1670.

Davidson, GEORGE, astronomer; born in Nottingham, England, May 9, 1825; came to the United States in 1832; graduated at the Central High School, Philadelphia, in 1845; engaged in geodetic field and astronomical work in the Eastern States in 1845-50, and then went to San Francisco, and became eminent in the coast survey of the Pacific; retiring after fifty years of active service in June, 1895. He then became Professor of Geography in the University of California. Of his numerous publications, The Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington; and The Coast Pilot of Alaska are universally known and esteemed.

Davidson, JOHN WYNN, military officer; born in Fairfax county, Va., Aug. 18, 1824; graduated at West Point in 1845, entering the dragoons. Accompanying Kearny to California in 1846, he was in the principal battles of the war with Mexico. He was also active in New Mexico, afterwards, against the Indians. In 1861 he was made major of cavalry, and early in 1862 brigadiergeneral of volunteers, commanding a brigade in the Army of the Potomac. After serving in the campaign on the Peninsula, he was transferred (August, 1862) to the Department of the Mississippi, and cooperated with General Steele in the capture of Little Rock, Ark. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers in March, 1865; promoted to lieutenant-colonel, 10th Cavalry, in 1866; was Professor of Military Science in Kansas Agricultural College in 1868-71; promoted to colonel, 2d Cavalry, in 1879. He died in St. Paul, Minn., June 26, 1881.

David, JEAN BAPTIST, clergyman; born Davidson, WILLIAM, military officer; in France, in 1761; educated at the born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1746; Diocesan Seminary of Nantes; became a was appointed major in one of the North priest in 1785; came to the United States Carolina regiments at the outbreak of in 1792; and was superintendent of mis- the Revolution; took part in the battles sions in lower Maryland. He was the of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monfirst priest in America to establish mouth; commissioned brigadier-general;

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