went from the Lawrence during the action. He succeeded Perry in command on Lake Erie in October, 1813. Elliott was with Decatur in the Mediterranean in 1815, and was promoted to captain in March, 1818. He commanded the West India squadron (1829-32); took charge of the navy-yard at Charleston in 1833; and afterwards cruised several years in the Mediterranean. On his return he was courtmartialled, and suspended from command for four years. A part of the sentence was remitted, and in 1844 he was appointed to the command of the navy-yard at Philadelphia. For the part which Elliott took in the battle of Lake Erie Congress awarded him the thanks of the nation and a gold medal. He died in Philadelphia, Dec. 10, 1845. Elliott, JONATHAN, author; born in Carlisle, England, in 1784; emigrated to New York in 1802; served in the United States army in the War of 1812. Among his writings are American Diplomatic Code; Debate on the Adoption of the Constitution; The Comparative Tariffs, etc. He died in Washington, D. C., March 12, 1846. Ellis, GEORGE EDWARD, clergyman; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 8, 1814; graduated at Harvard in 1833; ordained a Unitarian pastor in 1840; president of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and author of History of the Battle of Bunker Hill, and biographies of John Mason, William Penn, Anne Hutchinson, Jared Sparks, Count Rumford, etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 20, 1894. Ellis, HENRY, colonial governor; born in England in 1721; studied law; appointed lieutenant governor of Georgia, Aug. 15, 1756; became royal governor, May 17, 1758. He proved himself a wise administrator, and succeeded in establishing good-will between the colonists and the Creeks. The climate proving bad for his health, he returned to England in November, 1760. He was author of Heat of the Weather in Georgia, etc. He died Jan. 21, 1806. Ellis, JOHN WILLIS, governor; born in Rowan county, N. C., Nov. 25, 1820; graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1841, and admitted to the bar in 1842. He was governor of North Carolina in 1858-61. In the name of his State Elliott, SUSANNAH, heroine; born in he occupied Fort Macon, the works at South Carolina about 1750; made for Wilmington, and the United States arseColonel Moultrie's regiment two stand- nal at Fayetteville, Jan. 2, 1861. ards, which she embroidered; and assist- April of the same year he ordered the ed several American officers in escaping seizure of the United States mint at by concealing them in a hidden room in Charlotte. He died in Raleigh, N. C., her house. in 1861. In can Ellis, SETH H., politician; was date of the Union Reform party for President in 1900, with Samuel T. Nicholas, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. They received a popular vote of 5,698. Ellison's Mill. See MECHANICSVILLE, BATTLE OF. Ellmaker, Amos, jurist; born in New Holland, Pa., Feb. 2, 1787; admitted to the bar in 1808; elected to the State legislature in 1812; appointed district judge in 1815; attorney-general of the State in 1816; was candidate for Vice-President on He the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1832. died in Lancaster, Pa., Nov. 28, 1851. Ellsworth, EPHRAIM ELMER, military officer; born in Mechanicsville, N. Y., April 23, 1837; was first engaged in mercantile business in Troy, N. Y., and as a patent solicitor in Chicago he acquired a good income. While studying law he joined a Zouave corps at Chicago, and in July, 1860, visited some of the Eastern cities of the Union with them and attracted great attention. On his return he organized a Zouave regiment in Chicago; and in April, 1861, he organized another from the New York Fire Department. These were among the earlier troops that hastened to Washington. Leading his Zouaves to Alexandria, Ellsworth was It was then taken to New York, where shot dead by the proprietor of the Mar- graduated at the College of New Jershall House, while he was descending the stairs with a Confederate flag which he EPHRAIM ELMER ELLSWORTH. had pulled down, May 24, 1861. His body was taken to Washington, and lay in state in the East Room of the White House. sey in 1766; was admitted to the bar in 1771; practised in Hartford, Conn.; and was made State attorney. When the Revolutionary War was kindling he took the side of the patriots in the legislature of Connecticut, and was a delegate in Congress from 1777 to 1780. He became a member of the State council, and in 1784 was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. Judge Ellsworth was one of the framers of the national Constitution, but, being called away before the adjournment of the convention, his name was not attached to that instrument. He was the first United States Senator from Connecticut (1789-95), and drew up the bill for organizing the Judiciary Department. In 1796 he was made chief-justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and at the close of 1799 he was one of the He died in Windsor, envoys to France. Nov. 26, 1807. Elmira, BATTLE OF. JOHN. See SULLIVAN, El Molino del Rey, CAPTURE OF. Al- hill was crowned with a strong castle and most within cannon-shot distance of the military college, supported by numerous city of Mexico is Chapultepec, a hill com- outworks, which, with the steepness of the posed of porphyritic rock, and known in ascent to it, seemed to make it impregnathe Aztec language as "Grasshoppers' Hill." ble. Only the slope towards the city was It rises from the ancient shore of Lake easily ascended, and that was covered with Tezcuco, and was the favorite resort of the a thick forest. At the foot of the hill Aztec princes. It was also the site of the was a stone building, with thick high palace and gardens of Montezuma. That walls, and towers at the end, known as El Molino del Rey-" The King's Mill." About the field. Their best leaders had been slain, and 800 men had been made prisoners. The strong buildings were blown up, and none of the defences of Mexico outside its gates remained to them, excepting the castle of CHAPULTEPEC (q. v.) and its supports. 400 yards from this was another massive stone building, known as Casa de Mata. The former was used (1847) as a cannon foundry by the Mexicans, and the latter was a depository of gunpowder. Both were armed and strongly garrisoned. General Scott, at Tacubaya,, ascertained that Elwyn, ALFRED LANGDON, philanthroSanta Ana, while negotiations for peace pist; born in Portsmouth, N. H., July were going on, had sent church-bells out 9, 1804; graduated at Harvard College of the city to be cast into cannon, and he in 1823; studied medicine, but never determined to seize both of these strong practised; became known as a philanthrobuildings and deprive the Mexicans of pist. He originated the Pennsylvania those sources of strength. He proposed to Agricultural Society and Farm-school, of first attack El Molino del Rey, which was which he was president in 1850; was also commanded by General Leon. The Mex- president of various philanthropic instiican forces at these defences were about tutions. He was the author of Glossary 14,000 strong, their left wing resting on of Supposed Americanisms; and Letters El Molino del Rey, their centre forming to the Hon. John Langdon, during and a connecting line with Casa de Mata and after the Revolution. He died in Philasupported by a field-battery, and their delphia, Pa., March 15, 1884. right wing resting on the latter. To the division of General Worth was intrusted the task of assailing the works before them. At three o'clock on the morning of Sept. 8 (1847) the assaulting columns moved to the attack, Garland's brigade forming the right wing. The battle began at dawn by Huger's 24-pounder opening on El Molino del Rey, when Major Wright, of the 8th Infantry, fell upon the centre with 500 picked men. On the left was the 2d Brigade, commanded by Colonel McIntosh, supported by Duncan's battery. The assault of Major Wright on the centre drove back infantry and artillery, and the Mexican field-battery was captured. The Mexicans soon rallied and regained their position, and a terrible struggle ensued. El Molino del Rey was soon assailed and carried by Garland's brigade, and at the same time the battle around Casa de Mata was raging fiercely. For a moment the Americans reeled, but soon recovered, when a large column of Mexicans was seen filing around the right of their intrenchments to fall upon the Americans who had been driven back, when Duncan's battery opened upon them so destructively that the Mexican column was scattered in confusion. Then Sumner's dragoons charged upon them, and their rout was complete. The slaughter had been dreadful. Nearly one-fourth of Worth's corps were either killed or wounded. The Mexicans had left 1,000 dead on Ely, ALFRED, lawyer; born in Lyme, Conn., Feb. 18, 1815; settled in Rochester, N. Y., in 1835; admitted to the bar in 1841; member of Congress in 1859-63. He was taken prisoner by the Confederates while visiting the battle-field of Bull Run in July, 1861, and confined in Libby prison for six months; was then exchanged for Charles J. Faulkner, the minister to France, who had been arrested for disloyalty. While in Libby prison he kept a journal, which was later published as the Journal of Alfred Ely, a Prisoner of War in Richmond. He died in Rochester, N. Y., May 18, 1892. Ely, RICHARD THEODORE, political economist; born in Ripley, N. Y., April 13, 1854; graduated at Columbia University in 1876; became Professor of Political Economy in the University of Wisconsin in 1892. Among his works are French and German Socialism; Taxation in American States; Socialism and Social Reform; The Social Law of Service; The Labor Movement in America, etc. Ely, WILLIAM G., military officer; born about 1835; joined the National army on the first call for volunteers. On June 13, 1863, he was captured in the engagement at Fort Royal Pike. After spending eight months in Libby prison, he endeavored to make his escape with 108 others through the famous underground passage dug beneath Twentieth Street. Four days later fifty of the number, in cluding Colonel Ely, were retaken. He was, however, soon afterwards exchanged, and led his regiment, on June 4, 1864, at the battle of Piedmont; received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers in the same year. Elzey, ARNOLD, military officer; born in Somerset county, Md., Dec. 18, 1816; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837; served with distinction through the Florida and Mexican wars. When the Civil War broke out he resigned from the National army and entered that of the Confederates; was promoted on the field to the rank of brigadier-general by Jefferson Davis for gallant service, and later attained to that of majorgeneral. He died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 21, 1871. For Emancipation Proclamations. many years there has been a fiction that Gen. Benjamin F. Butler issued the first proclamation freeing the slaves. That officer never issued such a proclamation, but he was the first to suggest to the government a partial solution of the very perplexing question as to what was to be done with the slaves during the Civil War. It was held that the Constitution of the United States did not give to Congress, or to the non-slave-holding States, any right to interfere with the institution of slavery. This was reaffirmed by Congress in a resolution passed by the House, Feb. 11, 1861, without a dissenting voice, to reassure the South that, in spite of the election of Mr. Lincoln, the North had no intention of usurping power not granted by the Constitution. But when, after the outbreak of the war, the army began to occupy posts in the seceding and slave-holding States, the negroes came flocking into the Union lines, large numbers being set free by the disorganized condition of affairs from the usual labor on the farms and plantations of the South. Then the question arose, What can be done with them? General Butler, when they came into his camp at Fort Monroe, detained them and refused to surrender them upon the application of their owners on the plea that they were contraband of war, that is, property which could be used in military operations, and therefore, by the laws of war, subject to seizure. He set the ablebodied men to work upon government for tifications, and when they brought their women and children with them he issued rations to them and charged them to the service of the men. The President sustained General Butler's action in this case and the example was followed by other commanders. The government ordered strict accounts to be kept of the labor thus performed, as it was not yet determined that these laborers should be regarded as free. On Aug. 6, 1861, the President signed an act passed by Congress which declared that when any slave was employed in any military or naval service against the government the person by whom his labor was claimed, that is, his owner, should forfeit all claims to such labor. The intent at the time this bill was passed was that it should be in force only tentatively, for few were then able to see what proportions the war would assume and what other measures would be found necessary to end it. General Frémont, then in command of the Western Department of the army, chose to assume that the confiscation act of Congress had unlimited scope, and Aug. 31, 1861, issued a proclamation confiscating the property and freeing the slaves of all citizens of Missouri who had taken, or should take, up arms against the government. This action of Frémont embarrassed President Lincoln greatly. For whatever may have been his hope that the outcome of the war would be the final abolition of slavery, he could not fail to see that to permit the generals of the army to take such a course then in this matter was rather premature. He accordingly wrote to General Frémont requesting him to modify his proclamation. The general replied with a request that the President himself would make the necessary modifications. President Lincoin therefore issued a special order, Sept. 11, 1861, declaring that the emancipation clause of General Frémont's proclamation "be so modified, held, and construed as to conform with and not to transcend the provisions on the same subject contained in the act of Congress approved Aug. 6," preceding. Another instance of the kind occurred at the hands of General Hunter, the following year. That officer, being in command at Hilton Head, N. C., proclaimed the States of Georgia, Florida, and South |