Friends have no creed, and no sacraments. As the flotilla passed the palace at GreenThey claim that a spiritual baptism and wich, the Queen, sitting at an open a spiritual communion without outward window, waved her hand towards the comsigns are all that are necessary for men. mander in token of good-will and farewell. They believe in the Old and New Testa- Touching at Greenland, Frobisher crossed ments as the Word of God, and, therefore, over and coasted up the shores of Labraaccept the atonement and sanctification. dor to latitude 63°, where he entered Belief in the "immediate influence of the what he supposed to be a strait, but which Holy Spirit" is said to be the most promi- was really a bay, which yet bears the He landed, nent feature of their faith. They have name of Frobisher's Inlet. monthly meetings, embracing a number of and promptly took possession of the local meetings. They also have quarterly country around in the name of his Queen. meetings, to which they send delegates, Trying to sail farther northward, he was and these latter may deal with cases of barred by pack-ice, when he turned and discipline and accept or dissolve local or sailed for England, bearing a heavy black monthly meetings. The highest body, stone which he believed contained metal. however, is the yearly meeting, to which He gave the stone to a man whose wife, all other meetings are subordinate. The in a passion, cast it into the fire. The Friends in the United States are divided husband snatched the glowing mineral into four bodies, known as the Orthodox, from the flames and quenched it in some Hicksite, Wilburite, and Primitive. The vinegar, when it glittered like gold. On first mentioned greatly exceeds the others fusing it, some particles of the precious in strength. In 1900 they reported 1,279 metal were found. When this fact became ministers, 820 meeting-houses, and 91,868 known a gold fever was produced. Money members. The last reports of the other branches showed: Hicksites, 115 ministers, 201 meeting-houses, and 21,992 members; Wilburites, 38 ministers, 52 meeting-houses, and 4,329 members; and Primitives, 11 ministers, 9 meeting-houses, and 232 members.

Fries, JOHN, rioter; born in Bucks county, Pa., in 1764. During the windowtax riots in Northampton, Bucks, and Montgomery counties, Pa., in 1798-99, Fries headed the rioters, liberated several prisoners whom the sheriff had arrested, and in turn arrested the assessors. Fries was arrested and tried on the charge of high treason, pronounced guilty, and sentenced to be hanged in April, 1800. President Adams issued a general amnesty which covered all the offenders.

Frobisher, MARTIN, navigator; born in Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, about 1536; was a mariner by profession, and yearned for an opportunity to go in search of a northwest passage to India. For fifteen years he tried in vain to get pecuniary aid to fit out ships. At length the Earl of Warwick and others privately fitted out two small barks of 25 tons each and a pinnace, with the approval of Queen Elizabeth, and with these he sailed from Deptford in June, 1576, declaring that he would succeed or never come back alive.

goes, yet faith was not exhausted, and Frobisher sailed in May, 1578, with fifteen ships in search of the precious metal. Storms dispersed the fleet. Some turned back, two of them went to the bottom of the sea, and three or four of them returned laden with the worthless stones. Frobisher had won the honor of a discoverer, and as the first European who penetrated towards the Arctic Circle to the 63d degree. For these exploits, and for services in fighting the Spanish Armada, he was knighted by Elizabeth, and in 1590-92 he commanded a squadron sent against the Spaniards. In 1594 he was sent with two ships to help Henry IV. of France, and in a battle at Brest (Nov. 7) he was mortally wounded.

Froebel, JULIUS, author; born in Griesheim, Germany, July 16, 1805; educated in his native country. He came to the United States in middle life and was naturalized; lectured in New York, and in 1850 went to Nicaragua, Chihuahua, and Santa Fé as a correspondent of the New York Tribune. In 1857 he returned to Germany. He was the author of Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States; The Republican, etc. He died in Zurich, Nov. 6, 1893.

by Frontenac in 1673 at the foot of Lake Ontario, at the present Kingston. After the repulse of the English at Ticonderoga (July 8, 1758), Col. John Bradstreet urged Abercrombie to send an expedition against this fort. He detached 3,000 men for the purpose, and gave Colonel Bradstreet command of the expedition. He went by the way of Oswego, and crossed the lake in bateaux, having with him 300 bateau-men. His troops were chiefly provincials, and were furnished with eight pieces of cannon and two mortars. They landed within a mile of the fort on the evening of Aug. 25, constructed batteries, and opened them upon the fort at short range two days afterwards Finding the works untenable, the garrison surrendered (Aug. 27) without much resistance. The Indians having previously deserted, there were only 110 prisoners. The spoils were sixty cannon, sixteen mortars, a large quantity of small arms, provisions and military stores, and nine armed vessels. On his return, Bradstreet assisted in building Fort Stanwix, in the Mohawk Valley, on the site of Rome, Oneida county.

Frontenac, LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE, colonial governor; born in France in 1620; was made a colonel at seventeen years of Frontenac, FORT, a fortification built age, and was an eminent lieutenant-gen

Frost, CHARLES, pioneer; born in Tiverton, England, in 1632; came with his father to America, who settled on the Piscataqua River in 1636. Frost was a member of the general court from 1658 to 1659, and a councillor from 1693 to 1697. He was accused by the Indians of having seized some of their race for the purpose of enslavement and was killed in 1697.

Frost, JOHN, author; born in Kennebunk, Me., Jan. 26, 1800; graduated at Harvard in 1822; was the author of History of the World; Pictorial History of the United States; Book of the Army; Book of the Navy, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 28, 1859.

eral at twenty-nine, covered with decora- tle in which he was severely wounded, tions and scars. Selected by Marshal when 700 of his men, with a section of Turenne to lead troops sent for the relief rifled 10-pounders and his whole supply of Canada, he was made governor of that train, fell into the hands of the Conprovince in 1672, and built Fort Frontenac federates. (now Kingston), at the foot of Lake Ontario. in 1673. He was recalled in 1682, but was reappointed in 1689, when the French dominions in America were on the brink of ruin. With great energy he car ried on war against the English in New York and New England, and their allies, the Iroquois. Early in 1698 an expedition which he sent towards Albany desolated Schenectady; and the same year he suc cessfully resisted a land and naval force sent against Canada. He was in Montreal when an Indian runner told him of the approach to the St. Lawrence of Colonel Schuyler (see KING WILLIAM'S WAR). Frontenac, then seventy years of age, called out his Indian allies, and, taking a tomahawk in his hand, he danced the wardance, and chanted the war-song in their presence and then led them successfully against the foe. He afterwards repulsed Phipps at Quebec, having been informed of his expedition by an Indian runner from Pemaquid. So important was that repulse considered that King Louis caused a medal to be struck with the legend, "France victorious in the New World." This success was followed by an expedition sent by Frontenac against the Mohawks in 1696; and he led forces in person against the Onondagas the same year. Frontenac was the terror of the Iroquois, for his courage and activity were wonderful. He restored the fallen fortunes of France in America, and died soon afterwards, in Quebec, Nov. 28, 1698.

Front Royal, BATTLE AT. On May 23, 1862, General Ewell fell with crushing force, almost without warning, upon the little garrison of 1,000 men, under Colonel Kenly, at Front Royal. Kenly was charged with the protection of the roads and bridges between Front Royal and Strasburg. His troops were chiefly New Yorkers and Pennsylvanians. Kenly made a gallant defence, but was driven from the town. He made another stand, but was pushed across the Shenandoah. He attempted to burn the bridge behind him, but failed, when Ewell's cavalry in pursuit overtook him. Kenly again gave bat

Frost, JOHN, soldier; born in Kittery, Me., May 5, 1738; was a captain of colonial troops in the Canadian campaign of 1759, and lieutenant-colonel at the siege of Boston in 1775. In 1776 he was promoted to colonel and served under General Gates until Burgoyne's surrender, when he was ordered to Washington's army and participated in the battle of Monmouth and other engagements. After the close of the war he was appointed judge of the court of sessions for York county, Me. He died in Kittery, Me., in July, 1810.

Frothingham, RICHARD, historian: born in Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 31, 1812: was proprietor of the Boston Post, and was several times elected to the legis lature; mayor of Charlestown in 1851-53. Among his publications are History of Charlestown; History of the Siege of Boston; The Command in the Battle of Bunker Hill; Life of Joseph Warren; Rise of the Republic, etc. He died in Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 29, 1880.

Fry, JAMES BARNET, military officer: born in Carrollton, Green co., Ill., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1847. After serving as assistant instructor of artillery at West Point, he was assigned to the 3d Artillery, then in Mexico, where he remained till the close of the war. After doing frontier duty at various posts, he was again instructor at West Point in 1853-54, and adjutant there in 1854-59.

pirate in Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 7, 1873. See FILIBUSTER.

the Ohio. He died at a place at the mouth of Will's Creek (now Cumberland), Md., while conducting the expedition, May 31, 1754. He had been colonel of the militia (1750) and a member of the governor's council. When Frye died, the command of the expedition to the Ohio was assumed by George Washington, who had been second in command.

On March 16, 1861, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general, and later in the same year became chief of staff to Gen. Fry, JOSHUA, military officer; born in Irwin McDowell. In 1861-62 he was on Somersetshire, England; educated at Oxthe staff of Gen. Don Carlos Buell. He ford, and was professor of mathematics was appointed provost-marshal-general of in the College of William and Mary, in the United States, March 17, 1863, and Virginia. He served in public civil life was given the rank of brigadier-general, in Virginia, and in 1754 was intrusted April 21, 1864. General Fry registered with the command of an expedition 1,120,621 recruits, arrested 76,562 de- against the French on the head-waters of serters, collected $26,366,316, and made an exact enrolment of the National forces. He was brevetted major-general in the regular army, March 13, 1865, for "faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services." After the war he served as adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of the divisions of the Pacific, the South, the Missouri, and the Atlantic, till 1881, when he was retired from active service Frye, JAMES, military officer; born in at his own request. He was the author Andover, Mass., in 1709; served in several of Final Report of the Operations of the local offices, and in the army at the capt Bureau of the Provost-Marshal-General in ure of Louisburg in 1755. At the opening 1863-66; Sketch of the Adjutant-General's of the Revolution he commanded the Essex Department of the United States Army Kegiment (Massachusetts), taking an acfrom 1775 to 1875; History and Legal tive part in the battle of Bunker Hill. Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great He afterwards commanded a brigade of Britain and the United States, from their the army investing Boston. He died Jan. origin in 1692 to the Present Time; Army 8, 1776. Sacrifices; McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run; Operations of the Army under Buell; and New York and Conscription. He died in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.

Fry, JOSEPH, military officer; born in Andover, Mass., in April, 1711; was an ensign in the army that captured Louisburg in 1745, and a colonel in the British army at the capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm in 1757. He escaped and reached Fort Edward. In 1775 Congress appointed him brigadier-general, but in the spring of 1776 he resigned on account of infirmity. He died in Fryeburg, Me.,

in 1794.

Fry, JOSEPH, naval officer: born in Louisiana, about 1828: joined the navy in 1841; was promoted lieutenant in September, 1855; resigned when Louisiana, seceded; was unable to secure a command in the Confederate navy, but was commissioned an officer in the army. In 1873 he became captain of the Virginius, known as a Cuban war steamer. His ship was captured by a Spanish war vessel, and he, was shot as a with many of his crew,

Frye, WILLIAM PIERCE, lawyer; born

WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE.

in Lewiston, Me., Sept. 12, 1831; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850; and became a lawyer. He served as a mem

should give a certificate to that effect, which was a sufficient warrant for remanding the person seized back to slavery. Any person in any way obstructing such seizure or removal, or harboring or concealing such fugitive, was liable to a penalty of $500. For some time the law attracted very little attention, but finally this summary violation of the right of personal liberty without a trial by jury,

ber of the Maine legislature in 1861- magistrate, on being satisfied that the 62 and in 1867; was mayor of Lewiston charges against the fugitive were true, in 1866-67; attorney-general of Maine in 1867-69; Representative in Congress in 1871-81; and was elected to the United States Senate in 1881, 1883, 1888, 1895, and 1900. For a number of years he was chairman of the Senate committee on commerce. In 1898 he was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty with Spain, under the terms of the protocol, and afterwards ably defended the treaty in committee and on the floor of or any appeal on points of law, was dethe Senate. In recognition of his services in behalf of peace the legislature of Maine set apart a day for him to become a guest of the State, and he was given a flattering reception.

nounced as dangerous and unconstitutional; and most of the free-labor States passed acts forbidding their magistrates, under severe penalties, to take any part in carrying this law into effect. It beFryer, JOHN, Orientalist; born in came a dead letter until revived in 1850. Hythe. England, Aug. 6, 1839; grad- The domestic slave-trade increased the uated at Highbury College in 1860; Pro- liability of free persons of color being fessor in Alfred University, Hong-Kong, kidnapped, under the provisions of the in 1861; Professor of English Literature fugitive slave act of 1793. A petition in T'ung-Wen College, Peking, in 1863-65; was presented to Congress in 1818 from for many years connected with the Chi- the yearly meeting of Friends at Baltinese government in an official capacity more, praying for further provisions for for the purpose of translating modern protecting free persons of color. This had scientific books into Chinese. Professor followed a bill brought in by a committee Fryer has published a large number of books, essays, and reports in the Chinese language, and was appointed Professor of Oriental Languages and Literature in the University of California in 1896. He published a full account of the Buddhist missions in America, in Harper's Magazine, under the title The Buddhist Discovery of America 1,000 Years before Columbus. See HUI SHEN.

at the instigation of Pindall, a member from Virginia, for giving new stringency to the fugitive slave act. While this bill was pending, a member from Rhode Island (Burritt) moved to instruct the committee on the Quaker memorial to inquire into the expediency of additional provisions for the suppression of the foreign slave-trade. Pindall's bill was warmly opposed by members from the free-labor States as going entirely beyond the constitutional provision on the subject of fugitives from labor. They contended that the personal rights of one class of citizens were not to be trampled upon to secure the rights of property of other citizens. The bill was supported by the Southern members and a few Northern ones; also by Speaker Henry Clay; and it passed Fugitive Slave Laws. In 1793 an act the House of Representatives by a vote was passed by Congress for the rendition of 84 to 69. Among the yeas were ten of fugitive slaves. It provided that the from New York, five from Massachusetts. cwner of the slave, or "servant," as it was four from Pennsylvania, and one from termed in the act, his agent or attorney, New Jersey. It passed the Senate, after might seize the fugitive and carry him several important amendments, by a vote before any United States judge, or before of 17 to 13. Meanwhile some of its Northany magistrate of the city, town, or coun- ern supporters seem to have been alarmed ty in which the arrest was made; such by thunders of indignation from their con

Fteley, ALPHONSE, engineer; born in France in 1837; came to the United States in 1865; was appointed chief engineer of the Aqueduct Commission of New York in 1888. He is identified with the construction of many great engineering projects, including the Croton Aqueduct, the tunnel under the East River, New York City, etc.