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several times in succession; then drop the other sounds, and repeat the subvocals and aspirates alone. Let the class repeat the words and elements, at first, in concert; then separately.

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REMARK.-These eighteen sounds make nine pairs of cognates. In articulating the aspirates, the vocal organs are put in the position required in the articulation of the corresponding subvocals; but the breath is expelled with some force, without the utterance of any vocal sound. The pupil should first verify this by experiment, and then practice on these cognates.

The following subvocals and aspirate have no cognates:

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Substitutes are characters used to represent sounds ordi

narily represented by other characters.

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The most common faults of articulation are dropping an unaccented vowel, sounding incorrectly an unaccented vowel, suppressing final consonants, omitting or mispro nouncing syllables, and blending words.

1. Dropping an unaccented vocal.

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He attended divine service regularly.
This is my particular request.

She is universally esteemed.
George is sensible of his fault.

This calculation is incorrect.
What a terrible calamity.

His eye through vast immensity can pierce.
Observe these nice dependencies.

He is a formidable adversary.

He is generous to his friends.

A tempest desolated the land.

He preferred death to servitude.

God is the author of all things visible and invisible.

3. Suppressing the final subvocals or aspirates.

EXAMPLES.

John an' James are frien's o' my father.

Gi' me some bread.

The want o' men is occasioned by the want o' money.

We seldom fine' men o' principle to ac' thus.

Beas' an' creepin' things were foun' there.

He learned to write.

EXERCISES.

The masts of the ship were cast down.

He entered the lists at the head of his troops.
He is the merriest fellow in existence.

I regard not the world's opinion.

He has three assistants.

The depths of the sea.

She trusts too much to servants.

His attempts were fruitless.

He chanced to see a bee hovering over a flower.

4. Omitting or mispronouncing whole syllables.

EXAMPLES.

Lit'er-a-ry is improperly pronounced lit-rer-ry.

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He devoted his attention chiefly to literary pursuits.

He is a miserable creature.

His faults were owing to the degeneracy of the times.
The manuscript was undecipherable.

His spirit was unconquerable.

Great industry was necessary for the performance of the task.

5. Blending the end of one word with the beginning of the next.

EXAMPLES.

I court thy gif sno more.

The grove swere God sfir stemples.

My hear twas a mirror, that show' devery treasure.
It reflecte deach beautiful blosso mof pleasure.

Han d'me the slate.

This worl dis all a fleeting show,

For man' sillusion given.

EXERCISES.

The magistrates ought to arrest the rogues speedily.
The whirlwinds sweep the plain.

Linked to thy side, through every chance I go.

But had he seen an actor in our days enacting Shakespeare.
What awful sounds assail my ears?

We caught a glimpse of her.

Old age has on their temples shed her silver frost.
Our eagle shall rise mid the whirlwinds of war,

And dart through the dun cloud of battle his eye.
Then honor shall weave of the laurel a crown,
That beauty shall bind on the brow of the brave.

II. INFLECTION.

Inflection is a bending or sliding of the voice either upward or downward.

The upward or rising inflection is an upward slide of the voice, and is marked by the acute accent, thus, (');

as,

Did you call? Is he sick'?

The downward or falling inflection is a downward slide of the voice, and is marked by the grave accent, thus, (`);

as,

Where is London'? Where have you been?

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