enterprising, energetic, liberal, free acting, and free thinking party, which, under the administration of General Jackson, was eminently and justly substantial and popular.

The Republican party kept its faith and name four years longer, and ineffectually struggled for the reëlection of Mr. Adams and Richard Rush in 1828, and Henry Clay and John Sargeant in 1832, when it relinquished the title for another which was more agreeable to an outside party of Anti-Masons, with which it fused, at the same time professing to adhere tenaciously to Republican principles. After the defeat of Clay and Sargeant for president and vice president, and of Francis Granger and Samuel Stevens for governor and lieutenant-governor of New York in 1832, the honored party name of res publica (the public good) fell into disuse for the period of twentythree years, when it was resumed again, and to resist not only the arrogance but the alarming aggressions of the same slave power which opposed the administration and

defeated the reëlection of Mr. Adams.

During the interim, new generations of men came to the places, the responsibilities, and the honors of most of those who struggled on either side in the election of 1828. These accessions brought into both the Whig and Democratic parties various new ideas respecting the obligations, responsibilities, and duties of our federal government to the people at home, and to mankind. The Whig party undertook to resist the enlargement of the area of slavery, but it was made to compromise with the slave power, which afterwards and properly deserted its standard. The Democratic party undertook to maintain a protectorate over that power, but in the course of events the oligarchy obtained the mastery, and now maintains a protectorate over it. So that the Whig party found itself too

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feeble for usefulness, and the Democratic in complete subjection to a local despotism.

From these remarks it will be perceived that the socalled Democratic party in the United States, whatever may have been its merits in its earliest and palmiest days, and it is freely conceded that it had many, was neither a re-formation nor a continuation of the party of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Adams, nor in any regular line of descent from it, but was altogether a new party in the country, without antecedents or traditions, standing solely upon its own policy and principles; and that when the Republican party dropped its title, amalgamated with the Anti-Masons, and with its allies assumed the appellation of the Whig party, it also relinquished its antecedents and traditions, and placed itself upon a similar footing. From that era forward neither of those organizations had the right to claim the inheritance of Republican principles by title-deeds or laws of descent, but only by an exhibition of the possession of any portion of them in their public policy and measures. By that standard alone must their Republicanism be determined, now and in the future. The employment of any other, or the adoption of any other criterion, would certainly mislead inquirers, and prove very unsatisfactory to those of different political antecedents, who, in view of a high public necessity, have recently come together around the Jeffersonian standard, reassumed his principles and policy, and readopted the Republican name. Both of those parties were useful in an eminent degree; both achieved much general good to the country; but both ultimately became victims of the same local despotism; whereupon one disbanded to join the friends of liberty who left the ranks of the other. The re-formed party is what the original was the party of the CONSTITUTION and of the NATION!

The Democratic party, bereft as it has been of all of its liberty-loving elements, is the party of Berrien, Troup, and Calhoun-the party of NULLIFICATION and of a SECWith these observations we resume the history.

TION.

CHAPTER VI.

DEMOCRATIC PARTY-HOW FORMED SUPPORTS

JACKSON AND CALHOUN

AGAINST THE REPUBLICANS-FAVORS THE GEORGIA DOCTRINE, AND STRENGTHENS ITSELF THEREBY IN THE SOUTH-ITS BANNERS, BUCKTAILS, AND LIBERTY-POLES-OVERWHELMING DEFEAT OF ADAMS-GENERAL JACKSON PRESIDENT-ADROITLY TAKES BERRIEN INTO HIS CABINET, AND AVOIDS THE GEORGIA DOCTRINE IN THE INAUGURAL-MEASURES GENERALLY REPUBLICAN-RECOMMENDS AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION-ONE TERM PRINCIPLE CALHOUN CORRESPONDENCE-DISSOLUTION OF THE CABINET THE GLOBE NEWSPAPER-FORMATION OF A CALHOUN PARTY-REVISION OF THE TARIFF CONDUCT OF SOUTH CAROLINA-NULLIFICATION-JACKSON'S RE-ELECTION-PROCLAMATION-THE UNITED STATES BANK-REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS-FURTHER ARROGANCE OF THE SLAVE POWER.

GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON of Tennessee, succeeded Mr. Adams in the presidency, and John C. Calhoun was continued in the office of vice president. They were first nominated by the legislatures of their respective states, and afterward by conventions of their friends in other sections of the Union, who contrived, through the agency of Senator Berrien and Governor Troup, to absorb the former suporters of Crawford. The general, it may be said, had not ceased to be in nomination for that office since he first became a candidate in 1824. His friends continued to insist that the house of representatives ought to have elected him instead of Mr. Adams; that the union of the friends of Adams and Clay was an unwarranted conspiracy against the public will; and that their favorite candidate should be elected in 1828, at all hazards and at any cost. The caucus system had become obsolete, and the national convention system had not been invented.

H

One of the principal arrangements for this campaign had been the adoption of a new and popular title-one which was said to possess talismanic charms-the title "Democratic "-and the embellishment of the same with whatever of military glory was derivable from the distinguished hero of New Orleans. Thus organized and baptized, the Democratic party became at once a sort of invading army with banners." In some sections of the country it was distinguished not by cockades of black or other hues, but by bucktail pompoons and hickory-wood liberty-poles. It partook largely of the characteristics of its candidate. It was intrepid, confident, energetic and unyielding. It resolved to succeed, and derived support from its own resolutions. Its ranks were filled with sturdy yeomen, who impressed upon it the features of their own stability. It practiced the arts of adcaptation and appropriated to its use many glorious recollections. It was also a party of distinct and well-defined principles-principles somewhat tinged with the Georgia heresies, but in other respects substantially republican. Most of its organs throughout the country habitually proclaimed it to be the real party of Thomas Jefferson.

On the other side, by virtue of similar nominations, were the Republican candidates-President Adams and Richard Rush. They were in the faith of, and in the line of descent from Jefferson. They had the monopoly of the traditions and prestiges of a triumphant party for eight-and-twenty years. Their supporters flaunted no banners, mounted no bucktails, erected no hickory-poles; but by all the forces of earnest argument in public and in private, in halls of legislation, in conventions, and in newspapers, they commended their candidates to the public favor. The canvass was spirited and exciting.

But the struggle of the Republicans against the power