66--Franklinite. B. T.-It is a mineral compound of iron, zinc, and manganese found in New Jersey, North America, and named after Dr. Franklin.

67-Health. R. A.-As a general rule the lower the temperature we can accustom ourselves to bear with impunity, the better we are enabled to endure the vicissitudes of the season.

68-Old English Measurements. A. B.-An ox-gang was fifteen acres, or as much as an ox can plough in a year; and a hide of land was a hundred or two hundred acres, and five of these was a knight's fee.

69-Muslin Articles. T. M. All such articles, whether of dress or furniture, which do not come in use during the winter months, should be rough dried before they are put away, for starch injures the texture, and ironing makes them turn yellow.

70-The Nails. P. C.-The proper method of keeping the borders of the nails right, is to resign them to the operation of that natural balsam which nourishes them; and by the means of which their borders increase, and are renewed every day. All that is required for this is only to touch the nails as little as possible, and to shun such things as are hurtful to them.

71-The City Arms. E. A.P.-The introduction of the dagger as a part of the City Arms of London, instead of the plain cross, which was previously used, and the title of Lord prefixed to Mayor of London, was first conferred by Richard II., in consequence of Sir William Walworth (then Mayor of London) killing Wat Tyler in Smithfield.

72-Stagnant Water. G. S.-Water in a state of rest soon corrupts,-hence that which is received in tanks or other vessels, and left quiet, soon emits a disagreeable smell, and is unfit for kitchen purposes. It may, however, be preserved a long time from putrefaction, by stirring it briskly for a few minutes once or twice a day, and keeping the vessel clean.

73-Leather. F. M.-To a certain extent, the longer the leather remains in the ooze, it gains in weight, and improves in quality. Calfskins are sufficiently tanned in three or four months; but the thick skins, used for the soles of boots and shoes, require to be acted on for from fifteen to twenty-four months, before they are thoroughly converted.

74-Education of Children. G. S.-We think that children should, as early as possible, be taught to practise acts of mercy and charity. Constantine, as soon as his son could write, employed his hand in signing pardons, and delighted to convey through his mouth all the favours he granted. This was a noble introduction to sovereignty, which is instituted for the happiness of mankind.

75-Children's Clothes. R. Y.-These should never be so tight round the waist but that you may pass the hand freely between the skin and the clothes. Nursery-maids ought to make a daily practice of this, after the children are dressed, as it may be said almost to be an essential to the health of the child, and, consequently, a great saving to the pocket of the parents, in the shape of doctors' bills, etc.

76-Discoveries. A. L.-It is disputed who was the original inventor of printing. Several cities of Holland, of Germany, nay, even of

China, have claimed him. The gravity of the air was discovered by Galileo, to whose mind it was suggested by observing that a fountain-player rose only to thirty-two feet in a forcing engine. It was children, playing with the glasses of a spectacle-dealer, that suggested the first idea of a telescopic cylinder. 77-Champagne.

L. M. N.

Champagne contains least spirit, and contains more or less carbonic acid; the effect of which latter is to carry off quickly the effect of the spirit, and stimulate somewhat the system, without subsequent depression. It contains little mucilaginous matter, is essentially a thin wine, and therefore requires very little digesting. As a gentle stimulus it is therefore preferable to all other wines; as a tonic, it ranks much lower than most of the others.

78-Fair words and foul deeds. A. S.-No. It is the spirit of the act that must be looked to in such cases, and not the literal fulfilment of the letter. Temures, who promised the garrison of St. Sebastian, that if they would surrender, no blood should be shed, and when the garrison surrendered, and Temures buried them all alive, he no doubt consoled himself for the treachery in having completely fulfilled his agreement, the spirit of which he had so inhumanly and treacherously violated.

79-The Glow-worm. A. R.-It is said that the male glow-worm emits, in a slight degree, a phosphorescent light, - but it is chiefly the female from which the brilliant light proceeds, and which we so often see on banks, beneath hedges, and in various other situations. The light comes from the under part of the abdomen, it appears that the animal has the power of varying its intensity. Glow-worms will live a long time in vacuo, and in different kinds of gases.the nitrous acid, muriatic and sulphureous gases, excepted, for in these they soon expire.

80-Electrical Machine. T. F.-It is contrived for rubbing electrics and conductors together, and collecting the electric fluid from surrounding bodies. There are various kinds, but the cylindrical machine is that which is most commonly used. It consists of a glass cylinder, fixed in such a way that it may be turned with a winch; a cushion supported by a glass pillar, and having a piece of silk which comes between it and the cylinder; and a tube supported by a glass pillar, which is called the prime conductor, or simply the conductor.

M. R. Dean

81-Advice to Domestics. Swift's "Advice to Servants " is well known, as it has been published in all shapes and at all prices. Under the mask of advising servants how to screen faults, it ironically exposes their tricks, and was vindicated on the ground of its putting masters and mistresses on their guard; but in the present age of cheap literature and universal education, when many young servants are better read than their old masters, we have some doubts whether Swift's "Advice to Servants" has not instructed more servants how to conceal faults, than masters and mistresses how to detect them.

82-Cats. A. G.-Their cleanliness is unequalled in the range of animal creation, and it is only because of their plenty that so little value is put upon them. The first couple of cats which were carried to Cuyaba, sold for a pound of gold. There was a plague of rats in the

settlement, and they were purchased as a speculation, which proved an excellent one. Their first kittens produced thirty oilavers each; the next generation were worth twenty, and the price gradually fell as the inhabitants were stocked with these beautiful creatures. Montenegro presented to the elder Almagro the first cat which was brought to South America, and was rewarded for it with six hundred pesos.

83-Crescents. G. F.-The Crescent was the symbol of the city of Byzantium, now Constantinople, which the Turks have adopted. This device of the Ottoman Empire is of great antiquity, as appears from several medals, and took its rise from an event related by Stephanus the Geographer, a native of Byzantium. He tells us that Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, meeting with mighty difficulties in carrying on the siege of that city, set the workmen in a very dark night to undermine the walls, that his troops might enter the place without being perceived; but luckily for the besieged, the moon appearing, discovered the design, which accordingly miscarried. "In acknowledgment of this deliverance," says he, "the Byzantines erected a statue to Diana, and thus the crescent became their symbol."

84-Bright Bars. G. B. S.We believe bright bars are a torment to all concerned: fear of rust and smoke on the part of the mistress, and trouble to rub them off on the part of the maid. A little labour, however, if daily repeated, will suffice to keep them in good order. The difficulty is to ensure this constant attention, and if rust is once suffered to make its appearance, then, indeed, it becomes a toil to efface it. In small establishments, the substitution of a set of black bars during the winter will save much trouble and time. Grates being now generally made with movable fronts, the change is easily effected. As to polished fire-irons, if they are not allowed to rust by neglect, they require merely a daily rubbing with leather, and the higher the polish, the less likely they are to rust.

85-Election Ribbons. D. G.-It is said these badges, with a display of which we have so recently been gratified, took their rise from a parliament held at Oxford in the beginning of 1681, on which occasion the representatives of the City of London assembled at Guildhall for the purpose of commencing their journey. Many of the citizens met them there, intending to accompany them part of their way, together with others who were deputed to go to Oxford as a sort of council to the City Members. "Some of our ingenious London weavers," says Smith's "Protestant Intelligence," "had against this day contrived a very fine fancy; that is, a blue satin ribbon, having these words plainly and legibly wrought upon it, 'No Popery, No Slavery, which being tied up in knots, were worn in the hats of the horsemen who accompanied our members."

86-Pronunciation or Delivery. P. T.-In reading verse, in particular, there is a peculiar difficulty in making the pauses justly. This arises from the melody of the verse, which dictates to the ear pauses of its own, and makes us conform to these whether agreeable to our own ears or not. Amongst all classes, however, there is found to be a natural mode of rendering sub

jects, which will make an impression withou being in the smallest degree regulated by art. In Scotland, however, this would seem hardly to be the case, particularly in reference to the Scrip tures, if the following is true. An urchin, in one of the rural parishes of that country, having been told by his parents to read a newspaper aloud, commenced to do so in the usual drawling mode of the parish school. He had not pro ceeded far, when his mother put a period to his delivery, by administering to him a shar buffet on the ear, with the accompanying ex clamation of,-" Ye scoonral! how daur ye read a newspaper wi' the Bible twang?"

87-The Pound Sterling. R. L.-So far as record goes, this term was first established by William the Conqueror. It then applied to a pound weight of fine silver, which was divided into 20 shillings and 240 pence; silver pieces. representing the latter denomination, and called pennies, were the only coin issued by that monarch and his successors for several years. Although the quantity of fine silver in these was progressively lessened, still they represented the same proportion of the pound sterling, which continued the term by which the value of all exchangeable property in the kingdom was regulated. Groats, or pieces equal to four pennies, were next coined; and at last shillings, or pieces equal to twelve pennies, were issued to pass for one twentieth of the pound sterling. This these coins have continued to do, although the quantity of fine silver in them was gradually diminished until it became less than one-third of what was originally fixed. The proportion of fine silver equivalent to a penny has in consequence become so small that these coins have long been withdrawn from circulation, and their place supplied with copper pence.

88-The Robin. T. B. A.-We believe the feeling is general, and it would seem to arise from the plaintive note with which he solicits a crumb and protection in the depths of winter. Few observers of nature can have passed unheedingly by the sweetness and peculiarity of the song of the robin, and its various indications with regard to atmospheric changes,-the mellow liquidity of his spring and summer notes, the melancholy piping of autumn, and the low plaintive chirping of winter. When about to change his winter for his vernal song, he warbles for a short time in a strain so unusual as, at first, to puzzle even those whose ears have been most accustomed to the melody of birds. He may be considered, in some measure, the naturalist's barometer. Sometimes, on a summer evening, when the weather is rainy and unsettled, he will perch himself on the topmost twig, or on the highest point of the farmhouse, and there sing cheerfully and sweetly. When this is the case, it may be taken as the unerring sign of fine weather. On the other hand, when the atmosphere is dry and warm, he may be found chirping and brooding in a bush or low hedge,-which prognosticates the reverse; and it is these peculiarities, added to the confidence he reposes in man during the sterner season of the year, which makes him such a universal favourite. Even children love him, and in country schools frequently make him an object of their charity, by throwing to him a portion of their luncheon during the midday interval of their studies.

89-The Tepid Bath. A. P.-It is exceedingly well calculated to increase the natural heat, to promote excretion, particularly of the skin, and to lessen the aridity and stiffness of the whole frame.

90-Treacle Beer. A. R.-One gailon of water to two pounds of treacle, with half-a-pint of yeast; put these into a cask, and cover the whole close over; in three days it will be ready for use. If the beer is intended for keeping, put in a small quantity of malt and hops, and when it has done working stop it up.

91-The Cedar. G. M.-This ancient and interesting tree grows best on a poor soil, and will not bear cutting. The cedar of Lebanon grows to the height of about sixty feet only. The cedar of Nepaul reaches that of ninety feet. There are some fine specimens of the former kind in the grounds pertaining to Warwick Castle.

92-Coals. A. R.-The best time to buy in a stock of coals is during the summer season; this article in domestic outlay is one of the few commodities which will not deteriorate by keeping, and, if even paid for in ready money, will more than cover the loss of interest, by the great difference that will be found between the suminer and winter prices.

was

93-Year of our Lord. G M.-The first Sovereign who adopted this distinction Charles III., Emperor of Germany. he added "in the year of our Lord" to his reign A.D. $79. It was followed by the French kings, and afterwards by the English; and is the mode of designating the year from the birth of the Redeemer, in all Christian countries.

94-Lights. T. L.-At the religious assemblies of Christians, lights were first used, it is said, in order thereby to avoid the scandal of their meeting in the dark at night, during times of persecution. They were introduced into Churches about the middle of the first century, and were continued afterwards in the Romish Churches at noon-day. Lamps were in use previously to candles."

95-Lightning. T.R.-To avoid accidents from this destructive phenomenon, during a thunderstorm, sit or stand as near to the middle of the room as possible. Avoid going near the windows or walls, and put knives, scissors, and all kinds of steel utensils out of the way. Avoid standing near pipes, iron-railings, and metallic bodies generally, and if caught in a storm in the country, do not shelter yourself by any means under trees, as such a course is highly dangerous.

96-Nautilus. F. M.-It is said that it is to this little fish, which is found in the Mediterranean, that we are indebted for the origin of ship-building. Pope says,

"Learn of the little Nautilus to sail, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale." It swims on the surface of the sea on the back of its shell, which exactly resembles the hull of a ship; it raises two feet like masts, and extends a membrane which serves as a sail, whilst the other two feet are employed as oars.

97-Parchment, Size, and Glue. S. J. T.1. The size is made by boiling parchment chips or cuttings (usually obtained from stationers in London, or book-binders), in water until it becomes a thick jelly on cooling. 2. The glue

is made by continuing the boiling, so as to cause the evaporation of the watery particles of the size, and render it thicker. Any person may make these articles in a common saucepan. 3. We do not know where parchment may be disposed of in large quantities; perhaps some of our readers may be able to inform us.

98-Pillows for the Poor. C. H.-Feathers are an expensive article, and a good substitute may be prepared for them even by children. This consists of old rags, silk, worsted, paper, net, ribbon, gauze, &c., cut with scissors into shreds, and sewn up in ticking or check cases when they form a very excellent article of comfort for those who are destitute of a pillow. Twilight might thus be employed at little cost to us, and much benefit to the poor who in times of sickness and suffering are often without a pillow on which to rest an aching head.

99-Shower-baths. P. C.-There are two kinds of shower-baths used in our houses. In the one the water comes directly from the end of the water-pipe, which is expanded into a large watering pot nozzle. In the other, there is a tank overhead, filled through a cock, furnished with a float-ball, so as to keep it always full. From this tank the water descends in a flood, and soon drenches the person; whilst from the other the water comes so slowly that the bather is often chilled through before the surface is wet. We therefore advise having it made with a tank.

100-Youthful Females. T. G. R.-Young females are unfortunately, from their very situa tion in the social circle, so much more likely to acquire sedentary habits and amusements than their brothers, that every facility should be afforded them to partake of all the vigorous sports that boys are heirs to, consistent with propriety. Stays and tight waists should be abjured, and the dress throughout so shaped, that no compression should impede the free action of every muscle. The health of the mind is of importance as well as that of the body: employments which give tone to the one, impart strength to the other.

101-Young Children. T. T.-You have mistaken the strength as well as aptitude of their natural perceptive faculties. You may rely upon it that they are excellent judges of the feelings and motives of those who attempt to control them; and if you would win their love and dispose them to comply, agreeably, with your reasonable requests, you must treat them with perfect candour and uprightness. Never attempt to cheat even the youngest into a compliance with your wishes: for though you succeed at the time, you lessen your influence by the loss of that confidence which follows detection.

102-Dress. A. G. A.-A fine taste in dress does not depend on the costliness of the materials employed, but on the just proportions observed in the forms and an harmonious arrangement of the colours. When Dr. Spurzheim arrived in New York, he observed that the American ladies were deficient in the organ of colour, and was shocked at seeing them wearing indiscriminately all the colours of the rainbow, without regard to their complexion, or the season of the year; and often with pink, blue, and yellow on at the same time. An extravagant variety of colour is, at all times, to be avoided.

C. H.-Mr.

103-Cure for the Headache. Thomson, a traveller in Mexico, describes an efficacious remedy used there for the headache, and also for the toothache. The head must be bent down on the side from which the pain proceeds, whilst a spoonful of rum, or any other spirit, is introduced into the opposite ear. The patient should then remain quiet till the pain subsides, which is usually in three or four minutes. The sensation is said not to be disagreeable, resembling the stunning produced by plunging the head in water. The relief thus experienced is caused by evaporation, which produces cold and checks the circulation in the afflicted part.

104-The Teeth. T. B. S.-It is necessary to observe, that very near the gums of some people whose teeth are otherwise good, there is apt to grow a false kind of enamel, both within and without; and this false enamel or tartar, if neglected, pushes the gum higher and higher till it leaves the fangs of the teeth quite bare above the true enamel: so that the sound teeth are destroyed, because the gum has forsaken the part which is not sheathed or protected in consequence of such neglect. This false enamel must therefore be carefully scaled off; for the gum will no more grow over the least particle of the enamel, than the flesh will heal on the point of a thorn.

105-Coats of Arms. F. L.-Harry, surnamed the Fowler, Emperor of the West, who regulated the tournaments in Germany, was the first who introduced those marks of honour, armouries, or coats of arms. Before that time we find nothing upon ancient tombs, but crosses, with gothic inscriptions, and decorations of persons entombed. The time of Clement IV. who died A. D. 1268, is the first whereon we find any armis; nor do they appear struck upon any coins before the year 1336. Camden refers the origin of hereditary arms in England to the time of the first Norman kings. Chronology says, coats of arms and heraldry were introduced in 1100, and that the arms of England and France were first quartered by Edward III. 1358.

106-Glaciers. J. W.-No. The ice of glaciers is entirely different from that of sea and river water, and is not formed in layers, but consists of little grains of congealed snow; hence though perfectly clear, and often smooth on the surface, it is not transparent. As glaciers in some positions, and in hot summers, decrease, they often also increase for a number of years, so as to render a valley uninhabitable. Their increase is caused partly by alternately thawing and freezing, their decrease by the mountain rivers, which often flow under them and thus form an arch of ice over the torrent. In the Tyrol, Switzerland, Piedmont, and Savoy, the glaciers are so numerous, that they have been calculated to form altogether a superficial extent of 1484 square miles.

107-Trumpets. S. A.-The Trumpet is said by Vincentio Galileo, to have been invented at Nuremberg; and there is extant a memoir, which shows that trumpets were made to great perfection by an artist in that city, who was also an admired performer on that instrument; it is as follows; "Hans Meuschell, of Nuremberg, for his accuracy in making trumpets, as also for his skill in playing on the same alore, and in the accompaniment with the voice, was of so great

renown, that he was frequently sent for to the palaces of princes, the distance of several hur dred miles. Pope Leo X., for whom he k made sundry trumpets of si er, sent for him to Rome, and after having been delighted with ba exquisite performance, dismissed him with: munificent reward." They were, according t chronology, first sounded before English ki

A. D. 790.

108-Dunstable Larks. B. S. A.-It is fectly true that these larks are unequalled t their size and richness of flavour. This sup riority is said to be owing in a great measure the chalky soil. On their first arrival they are very lean and weak, but they recover in a shor time, and are braced and fattened by picking considerable quantities of the finest particles c chalk with their food. They are usually take in great numbers, with trammelling nets, a evenings and mornings, from Michaelmas to February. When dressed and served up at som of the inns of the town "in great perfection, b a peculiar and secret method in the process of cooking them," they are admired as a luxury by travellers during the time they are in season; and by an ingenious contrivance in their package. they are sent ready dressed to all parts of Eng land.

109-Female Qualities. T. B.-Tenderness. delicacy, and gentleness, are certainly the appropriate qualities of a woman, but they are more the means of virtue than virtues themselves: and if a woman satisfies herself with the mere possession of these qualities, without considering their use, she may suffer them to degenerate into faults. For instance, if her tenderness makes her helpless and useless in cases of emergency, if it destroys her fortitude in bearing evils, and her energy in repelling them; if her delicacy makes her whimsical, capricious, and proud, her gentleness, indolent and selfish,-these qualities become vices in place of virtues. Iler tenderness ought to be the stimulus to all her benevolent and Christian duties; delicacy, her shield against the contaminating influences of vice and vulgarity; gentleness of spirit, her guard against anxiety and irritation in the active routine of her necessary and beneficial employments.

110-Darning Stockings. A. P.-You are not the only complainant which it has been our lot to have in this matter, but it ought to be considered a portion of the household's economy and not the household's drudgery. We believe most girls consider it a settled thing that darning stockings is the worst of drudgery, and without entering at all into the merits of the case, they cultivate a very unreasonable dislike to it. This dislike is often handed down from mother to daughter; and, as it is a business which accumulates with wonderful celerity on being neglected, the basket of unmended stockings is the bugbear of all the household. As there is nothing in the whole economy of dress, however, that turns to such good account as darning. it is unwise to consider it in so frightful a light. The stitch used in darning stockings is the same as that for working lace, and was a favourite employment some time ago; therefore, the stitch cannot have anything peculiarly unpleasant about it, further than perhaps its not being fashionable; and if this be all, your complaints are rather unreasonable.

111-Semper eadem. G. L. L.-It was Queen Anne who ordered the words semper eadem to be used as her motto in her arms.

112-Thimble F. U. They are a Dutch invention. The a.. of making them was brought to England by John Lofting, a mechanic from Holland, who set up a workshop at Islington, near London, and practised the manufacture with profit and success about 1695.

113-Alfred the Great. M. N.-He was the first who introduced building with brick and stone, and was also the first who adopted the mode of dividing time by candles made of wax, marked with lines, which served for so many hours; and to prevent the wind from making them burn unsteadily, he invented the expedient of enclosing them in lanterns.

114-Ironing. M. B.-To iron the plaited bosoms of men's shirts, you should have a thin piece of board, about twelve inches long, and eight wide, covered with fine flannel; after ironing the back, place the board between the back and the front, when you will accomplish ironing the fronts without creasing the back. For ironing starched dresses, have a board the length of the skirt or gown,-about twenty-six inches wide at one end, and about twelve at the other; put a cloth and piece of blanket round the board, place it within the skirt, and let the ends rest on something firmly.

115-Hackney Coaches. S. A.-They are of French origin. In France a strong kind of cobhorse was let out on hire for short journeys. These were latterly harnessed, to accommodate several wayfarers at once, to a plain vehicle called coche-à-haquenée; hence the name. The legend that traces their origin to Hackney, near London, is a vulgar error. They were first licensed in 1662, and subjected to regulations during the reign of William and Mary. Cabriolets are also of French origin. It was, however, the aristocratic taste of Englishmen that suggested the propriety of obliging the driver to be seated on the outside of the vehicle.

116-Passion-Flower. D. M.-It derives its name from the idea that all the instruments of Christ's passion are represented in it. Most of the passion-flowers are natives of the hottest parts of America. The rose-coloured passionflower is a native of Virginia, and is the species which was first known in Europe. It has since been, in a great measure, superseded by the blue passion-flower, which is hardy enough to flower in the open air, and makes an elegant tapestry for an unsightly wall. The leaves of this, in the autumn, are of the most brilliant crimson; and when the sun is shining upon them, they seem to transport one to the gardens of fairy-land.

117-Rules for Reading. A. G.-There is a refined use which reading might be put to: namely, to counteract the particular evils and temptations of our callings, the original imperfections of our characters, the tendencies of our age, or of our own time of life. Those, for instance, who are versed in dull crabbed work all day, of a kind which is always exercising the logical faculty, and demanding minute, not to say vexatious criticism, would, during their leisure, do wisely to expatiate in writings of a large and imaginative nature. These, however, are often the persons who particularly avoid poetry, and works

of imagination; whereas they ought, perhaps, to cultivate them most.

118-Disgusting Taste of Medicines. L.S.-Dr. Polli recommends a means, founded on the physiological fact that a strong impression on the nerves (whether of vision, hearing, or taste), renders that which follows less perceptible. Instead of applying to the mouth, therefore, agreeable substances after swallowing nauseous medicines, we should prepare it before, in order that the taste of the medicine may not be perceived. Aromatic substances, chewed just before, or orange or lemon peel, effectually prevent castor oil, from being tasted. In preparing the mouth for bitters, liquorice is the only sweet that should be used, the others creating a peculiarly disagreeable compound taste.

The

119-The Greyhound. D. E.-The shepherd's dog is considered the original, but we find the greyhound mentioned in the earliest authors, and some rare instances of its sagacity are recorded. Welsh legend of Berth gelert is thus related. While his master was at the chase, a greyhound kept watch over his infant heir while it slept in an arbour on a couch. It was attacked by a wolf, which the greyhound killed, and then stretched itself beside the child to secure it from further harm. The parent, on his return, perceived the blood, but not the child, and in his fright and rage plunged his sword into the faithful dog, which, dying, discovered the uninjured heir to his repentant master. A monument of the Herbert family, near Abergavenny, repre sents a knight with his greyhound at his feet, in memory of this incident.

120-Feather Beds. D. F.-The want of feathers is altogether artificial, arising from a disregard of the physical and moral well-being of infants and children; and he who has the good fortune never to have been accustomed to a feather bed, will never in health need or desire one, nor in sickness, except in cases of great morbid irritation, or excessive sensibility, or some disease in which the pressure of a firm or elastic substance might occasion pain. But when a rational regard to the preservation of health shall pervade the community, feathers will no more be used without medical advice than ardent spirits will be swallowed without the same necessary advice. The physician has frequent occasion to see persons who are heated, sweated, enfeebled, by sleeping on feathers, as if from a fit of sickness; enervated, dispirited, relaxed, and miserable.

121-Insanity caused by Drunkenness. T. F. -In addition to the various causes predisposing to, and directly exciting insanity, such as hereditary tendency, political or commercial excitement, grief and disappointment, false or erroneous religious feeling, no fact is more clearly ascertained than the vast amount of insanity caused by drunkenness. The temporary insanity of intoxication cannot be indulged in with impunity; it may be frequently repeated, but at length the mind permanently gives way, and the individual becomes a confirmed lunatic. a table drawn up from the returns of twenty-five asylums in England and Wales, it is found that one-fourth of the cases of insanity admitted are referred to intemperance alone, and to it, in conjunction with vice and sensuality, nearly onethird.

In