required, how they shall be conducted, the preparation of instructions for surveying parties, the organization of the parties, the examination of the records, and inspection of the field work. It has charge of the construction, maintenance, and repair of the vessels and other field equipment (except instruments), the records of the seamen employed on this work; and the preparation of the Coast Pilot and sailing directions in the field and office.

It has supervision over the five field stations located at Boston, New York, New Orleans, Seattle, and San Francisco, and over the branch office at Manila. These field services are established to maintain close relations between the Survey and those who have occasion to use its charts, publications, and data, and to keep it informed of the needs for further work in these general localities.

For administrative purposes the division is subdivided into three subordinate sections, designated as the Section of Field Work, the Section of Vessels and Equipment, and the Section of Coast Pilot.

Section of Field Work. The Field Work Section has charge of the preparation of outlines of survey projects and the formulation of plans for their execution. It advises as to the conduct of all field operations. The chief of this section has charge of the division in the absence of its chief.

Section of Vessels and Equipment. This section has charge of the purchase and maintenance of vessels and all equipment of hydrographic and topographic parties. It prepares plans and specifications, and supervises the repairs to the fleet and the construction of new vessels. Its duties include frequent inspection of the vessels, their equipment and personnel.

Section of Coast Pilot. The Coast Pilot Section collects information for and compiles the Coast Pilots and Inside Route Pilots for the coasts of the United States, Alaska, and the insular possessions. The field work of the section enables its members to advise the chief of the division of the condition of the surveys and discrepancies in the published charts.

Field Stations. The Manila office and the five field stations are under the immediate administration of the chief of the division. The personnel of the division at the Washington office consists of a chief of division, an assistant chief who is also a section chief, two section chiefs, three clerks, and a draftsman. The Manila

office has a director in charge, one chief clerk, one chief of computing division, one chief of drafting division, one chief of chart division, one chief and one assistant chief of photo-lithographic division, one bookkeeper, one property clerk, two clerks, two computers, four readers, twenty-four draftsmen, two chart correctors, one photographer and two laborers. Three of the field stations have each an inspector and a clerk; one other has an inspector and a tide observer and skilled laborer, who acts as a clerk; the fifth field station has an inspector in charge, one clerk and one tide observer and skilled laborer.

On March 1, 1922, there were engaged in hydrographic and topographic work in the field, eighty-six hydrographic and geodetic engineers, twenty-nine aids, eleven deck officers, twelve chief marine engineers, five mates, three surgeons, and 543 petty officers, artisans, rated men, seamen, and hands.

Division of Charts. The Division of Charts has charge of reviewing, verifying and completing the field sheets; preparing new charts from the results of field work or from other sources; keeping existing charts up to date by the addition of new data; preparing the notes for notices to mariners; engraving the copper plates and making the photo-lithographic plates from which charts are printed; photographic work; and the printing, sale and distribution of the charts. It maintains complete indexes and diagrams of all surveys and of reports of dangers to navigation, harbor improvements, and changes in aids to navigation.

The division has five sections: Field Records, Drafting, Printing and Sales, Engraving, and Photography, each in the charge of a section chief.

Section of Field Records. This section reviews, verifies, and completes the final sheets from the records of the field observations, made under the direction of the Division of Hydrography and Topography; reports on the sufficiency of the surveys; indicates, for correction, departures from approved methods; and notes for the use of the service, practices worthy of general adoption. It is the custodian of all the original hydrographic and topographic field sheets of the Survey. The chief of this section. is also assistant chief of the division.

Section of Drafting. The Drafting Section compiles the results of surveys and all other information for new charts, and for new

editions, and new prints of charts. It prepares the working drawings of charts for the engravers, and smooth drawings for reproduction by photo-lithography; constructs projections on copper plates for the engravers; verifies proofs of all engraved work and of the lithographic charts each time one goes to press. It examines, diagrams, and indexes all charting data received; indicates the corrections to be made by hand on the printed charts; and does miscellaneous drafting work for the Survey and for other bureaus of the government.

Section of Printing and Sales. This section attends to the printing of charts from the copper or aluminum plates on plate and lithographic printing presses; correcting the charts by hand for dangers and changes in aids to navigation; and has charge of the sale and distribution of these charts and other nautical publications. It is equipped with a shop where electrotypes are made of the engraved copper plates.

Section of Engraving. The Engraving Section engraves the charts on copper plates from the compilation drawings furnished by the Drafting Section, making new plates for new charts and correcting existing plates where changes have occurred.

Section of Photography. This section makes process negatives from chart drawings for the printing section, and matrices from chart drawings for the engravers. It furnishes reproductions of hydrographic and topographic field sheets and record books, geodetic and tidal computations, and performs all miscellaneous photographic work of the service.

The personnel of the division consists of a chief of division, an assistant chief, who is also a section chief, four section chiefs, ten clerks, thirty-four cartographers and draftsmen; seventeen engravers, twenty-seven lithographers, transferers, etc., one chart corrector, two photographers, five laborers, and one messenger. Division of Tides and Currents. This division was created December 15, 1920, having previously been a section of the Division of Hydrography and Topography. Its work consists of tidal observations and computations; advance prediction of tides and currents, and the preparation of annual tidal and current tables; current observations and computations; tidal and current surveys of the principal harbors; physical oceanography, and the prepara

tion of technical publications dealing with tides, currents, and related phenomena.

The office personnel of this division consists of a chief of division, three clerks, and twelve mathematicians. In the field there are from fourteen to twenty tide observers and from three to thirty current observers.

Division of Terrestrial Magnetism. This division has charge of the preparation of plans for the field operations governing the magnetic surveys; the direction and inspection of the parties in the field engaged in such surveys, and of the magnetic observatories; the office computations and discussion of the results of the magnetic work; and the maintenance of records of correspondence with such field parties and magnetic observatories.

The division has a chief, an assistant chief, a clerk, and three computers. In the field there are a hydrograṛhic and geodetic engineer, and nine magnetic observers.

Division of Accounts. This division has charge of the disbursements and accounts of the Survey. All funds appropriated for the operation of the Survey are drawn from the Treasury on warrants, and accounts arising from the expenditures thereof, including the accounts of about fifty chiefs of party in the field, are examined and prepared for the approval of the Director. These chiefs of party operate large surveying parties afloat and ashore in all parts of the United States proper, its insular possessions, and Alaska, and their needs cover a wide range of expenditures. Advances of funds are made to them by the Disbursing Agent on requisition, and to him their accounts are submitted for examination, credit, and forwarding to the Department of Commerce for transmission to the general accounting office. It makes an annual statement of expenditures by appropriation, as required by statute, for inclusion in the annual report of the Secretary of Commerce, giving the payees' names, for what purpose paid, and the amount.

The personnel of this division consists of the Disbursing Agent, acting as chief of division, and a force of six clerks, four of whom are accountants.

CHAPTER IV

PERSONNEL

The personnel of the Coast and Geodetic Survey consists of commissioned officers with technical training; non-technical division and section chiefs; computers, draftsmen, and other highly skilled employees; clerks and stenographers; skilled and unskilled laborers; officers and crews of vessels; and a variable number of temporary employees in field parties. On March 1, 1922 there were 974 officers and employees in the service of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, exclusive of the last-mentioned group. Of these, 229 were on duty in Washington, seventeen at field stations, and 728 on field work.

The commissioned officers are appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. All the other officers and employees, except the employees on field parties and the crews of vessels, are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce from the lists of eligibles of the Civil Service Commission. The employees on field parties are appointed by the chiefs of parties, and the crews of vessels, by the commanding officers.

While the Coast and Geodetic Survey with all of its personnel is under the Department of Commerce, an act approved May 22, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 87), authorizes the President, by Excutive Order in times of national emergency, to transfer to the service and jurisdiction of the War or Navy Departments "such vessels, equipment, stations, and personnel of the Coast and Geodetic Survey as he may deem to the best interest of the country," and provides that "any of the personnel of the Coast and Geodetic Survey who may be transferred as herein provided shall, while under the jurisdiction of the War Department or Navy Department, have proper military status and shall be subject to the laws, regulations, and orders for the government of the army and navy."

The commissioned officers receive the pay and allowances of naval officers of the same relative rank. The appropriation acts