death. These, including Captain von Muller, were taken prisoners to Melbourne. Out of respect to their courage the English accorded them the honors of war and the captain and his officers were allowed to keep their swords.

While the German cruisers did vast damage to British shipping the first year, still the commerce of the Allies was carried on without great interruption under the protection of England's powerful fleet. On the other hand, the sea-going trade of the Central Powers of Germany, Austria and Turkey was virtually shut off, and their colonies were fast being taken.

Now at the close of the year 1914, when the war was six months old, Germany was still facing three great nations whose military power was unshaken and whose armies were growing in numbers. Thus the wonderful preparedness of Germany had failed to bring her a speedy victory. France was saved at the Battle of the Marne.

Before going on with the story of the fighting we wish to tell you some of the problems that the nations had to meet in this war.

CHAPTER VIII

NEW METHODS OF WARFARE

Marshall Joffre of France is reported to have said that "all former experience in war may as well be thrown upon the scrap-heap" because the men of today must use new methods entirely. The war was not many days old before it was apparent to all that it would be fought in a far different manner from any former conflict. Once we thought an army of 100,000 men was a great host, but today millions of men are in the ranks.

Guns, food, and ammunition for these great numbers must be carried at great speed for long distances by train and by motor trucks. All types of motor cars have been extensively used. They not only carry men and supplies, but officers use them for hurried trips and they are used by soldiers on patrol duty. Motor ambulances carry wounded men quickly and comfortably from the front to the field hospitals or to the base hospitals in the rear. The Red Cross people find them invaluable for moving physicians, nurses, and medical supplies.

But the most wonderful use of cars is that of the armored automobiles called the British "tanks," which bear machine guns. They have a top and sides of armor plate and have wheels of the "caterpillar” type, so they can move over very rough ground through fields and among the trenches of the enemy. All the while their machine guns are firing 800 bullets a minute. No wonder the Germans have feared

this frightful monster that plows into their midst, breaking through fortifications and sowing destruction in its path.

Portable wireless outfits are much used. They are carried on motorcycles, motor cars, and airplanes and set up in 90 seconds. They are used for sending messages over distances under thirty-five miles. For longer distances there are heavier outfits.

We have learned that the old type fortifications of steel and concrete have been found to be worth very little. They must be built so long in advance that their location is soon known to the enemy and experience has proved that the more solid and compact the material used, the greater the havoc wrought by the high explosive shells. Loose earth has been found to give the best shelter for troops.

"Digging in" is the new term. In one hour a man can dig a pit 3 feet square and 2 feet deep. TRENCH By banking the dirt in front of his pit he WARFARE can make a good cover from which to direct his fire. The object of "digging in" is to obtain shelter from the direct fire of the eneiny, such as the projectiles of rifles, machine guns and shrapnel that spreads out flat when striking. Howitzers which throw a high curve shrapnel down at 45 degrees make deeper trenches necessary for protection. In four hours an overhead shelter of earth can be erected. But this is rarely attempted under fire.

To give you some idea of a modern battle, we shall see in our mind's eye a half mile of open trenches lying between the opposing trenches of the two armies. Between is "no man's land." Suppose the Germans decide to push forward. A regi

ment jumps out of its trenches and charges. All the artillery and infantry of the Allies within range is at once concentrated upon them. The soldiers keep up their dash until perhaps half of them have fallen. Then the order comes to dig. They fall flat on their faces, unbuckle their shovels and dig for dear life.

Now another regiment pushes forward to their right and their left and the artillery of the Allies is turned upon their new charge. What is left of the first regiment is hereby relieved of the hail of bullets and every minute they are improving their shelter. At dark come others with picks and shovels and barbed wire. They deepen and connect the trenches and with posts and rolls of barbed wire put up entanglements in front. Others, with wood cut the proper length, roof over the trenches and cover them with enough dirt to stop shrapnel and shell fragments from entering. Still others bring sacks of wet dirt mixed with cement, and steel loopholes, which are fitted between the bags of dirt. Then the landscape gardeners sod it over and arrange bushes to make all invisible.

By daylight the next morning it will take the sharpest eyes to locate the new trenches. Even airplanes find it difficult to get exact ranges. To prevent the enemy from getting correct range the trenches are usually built in a zigzag line. The enemy will not risk his high explosive thousanddollar shells on a wild chance of getting a fair hit at these trenches.

It was the Russians who taught the world how to construct permanent trenches to house their men PERMANENT underground. In the early months of TRENCHES of the war barracks were found on the

Russian front large enough to shelter from two to four hundred men underground. They were packed in rather tight, it is true, but they were protected from all but the heaviest shells of the enemy. On the roof was some 10 to 20 feet of earth, with the sod replaced in order to hide their location from the spying hawks of airplanes. The barracks were built in pairs, with a connecting tunnel. They used heavy logs or overhead timbering and sawed lumber for the sides. Sand bags were placed around the openings or port holes.

The Germans were quick to adopt the underground camp idea. And we soon found them on the western front among the abandoned mines, chalk cavern, and quarries. In one cave the Germans sheltered 3,000 men. They had a blower fan ventilating system and electric lights in this cave. In some places telephones were installed.

Barbed wire is of great use in modern fortifications. A barbed wire entanglement may consist of from three to twenty parallel rows of posts with the wire woven "every which way" among them. To these wires are sometimes tied a lot of empty tin cans which serve to sound an alarm if anyone should try to cut through the maze at night. No invention of man before has proven such a perfect defense as this tangle of humble barbed wire.

NEW

The large guns used at the siege of Liege, Antwerp, and Lodz, were one of the surprises of the early months of the war. These siege WEAPONS guns were built by the Krupps. They use shells of tremendous destructive power at long range. The 42 centimeter (16.5-inch) mortar probably has put an end forever to the building of forts of the old plan of steel and concrete, for they are