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For this purpose their agents organize expeditions at intervals on Sundays to those places which they have ferreted out, brusquely invade them, and make quick work of the proofs of crime, the casks and bottles, which they store in a safe place while waiting for the constable to come and serve the warrant. Election days are particularly busy days for the Law and Order Society, and their numerous raids make trouble for more than one political conspiracy hatching in the shade of these by-places.

This open war against illegal competitors would receive the gratitude of the saloon keepers were it not that they themselves are very often the silent partners and source of supply of the clandestine dealers.

But the Law and Order Society does not show itself as a systematic enemy of the saloons. One is even struck, on examining into the published accounts of the court of license, at the moderation with which this society presents its proofs against the occasional delinquents, and the respect which it shows for and the recommendations with which it supports the honest trade in liquors. the other hand, however, it is the irreconcilable enemy of fraud.

On

It is on the occasions of these raids that the conflicts arise with the police who wish to spare the political friends of the mayor, and the great electors of the party. The police are only called upon to arrest guilty persons when they are caught in flagrante delicto. Sometimes the stroke is so well planned that policemen themselves in uniform are found in the very act of drinking, and in such cases there is no use in calling in others to arrest these. One can understand with what bad humor such a command would be executed, which in certain cases has gone to the length of refusing to bring the police wagon. Recently, in Philadelphia, however, the Law and Order Society and the police have been seen going hand in hand in the repression of gambling in the saloons, such is the prestige which the society has acquired and the powerful assistance which the police themselves render to their collaborators.

Such is the renown of this society, even at a distance, that the authorities of a county of Pennsylvania, seeing themselves powerless in securing respect for the law, addressed themselves to the society, and asked them to undertake for a certain sum the moral cleanliness of some of the town centers. The Law and Order Society, having accepted, sent their agents, and in a few weeks 240 saloon keepers were arrested, and 209 of their number proved guilty. The expenses amounted to $9,000.

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Societies of this kind are very numerous in the United States. A large number of them are grouped in a federation under the name of the Anti-Saloon League," very active, even a little noisy; in connection with their principal mission, which is to watch over the execution of the existing laws, they have also undertaken, under cover of local option, campaigns in favor of prohibition in a great number of rural counties. Their center of action is the State of Ohio, and their orators and missionaries have done wonders through their rallying cry of "The saloon must go!" The Anti-Saloon League supports a delegate at Washington to watch over their interests.

Along the same line are found several prosperous "citizens' leagues." This year the one at Chicago dissolved, the task which they had undertaken seeming to them beyond human power.

"Sometimes saloon keepers prosecuted by the Law and Order Society have proposed a treaty of peace. They promised, if the prosecution were abandoned, to give a large bond as guarantee that they would observe the law in the future, the retailers' syndicate to be held responsible. This treaty was accepted by the society, which is more desirous of securing respect for the law than of ruining the delinquents. This occurred in Connecticut in 1895. (New York Evening Post, February 5, 1895.)

Within a few days 1,200 gambling machines were seized and burned.

Local option. In the presence of the multiplicity of problems which are presented by prohibition and the license system, we have seen that the majority of the States have taken the wise method of leaving to each community of inhabitants the care of choosing according to their convenience and opinions. This is the principle of local option. It is carried in some cases so far as to permit a community to create a monopoly of the traffic for its own profit.

The law is generally submitted to popular vote by way of referendum, sometimes at regular intervals-every year in Massachusetts, the State always cited as a model for local option-at others when a certain number of voters petition for it, as in Rhode Island. The question raised is generally the following: Shall licenses be granted for the sale of intoxicating liquors throughout the community? They vote yes or no. The communities which vote for prohibition are called "dry;" those which vote for license bear the name of "wet." a

In deciding upon the extent of territory to have full privileges of sale there are two rocks to be avoided, both of which are dangerous. The first, as we know, is that of uniting under the same law the inhabitants of centers whose interests and conditions of life are different. This has caused a check to State prohibition. The second, on the contrary, is to allow in a too limited area, and particularly in the same city, the establishment of different systems; for we then see the following phenomenon: "Dry" sections, which are generally those of the rich, drive all the saloons from their midst by their votes into the "wet" sections, where the poor live. Thus, because they have not been able to prevent it, these latter sections become the rendezvous of the vice of the whole city, while all profit equally by the amount of licenses paid into the treasury.

The approach of a popular referendum gives birth to a most curious conflict between the partisans and the enemies of prohibition; journals are founded under some very bizarre titles, "The Frozen Truth," "The Eye Opener," etc. The fences and even the street cars are covered with placards and proclamations of the temperance leagues and the syndicates of brewers. One remarkable thing, and one which contributes not a little to the credit of local option with good citizens, is that politics are systematically eliminated from the battle, and the committees on license and prohibition make it a point of honor not to favor one party to the detriment of the other. There is, besides, no question of individuals. Such campaigns have a rare educational value. It must, however, be conceded that a good half of the voters, generally assiduous at the ballot box, have no interest in this battle.

There is another variety of local option, strange enough, which is found in the States of Ohio and Iowa. Prohibition is the law of the State, but the saloon keepers have no uneasiness where the majority of voters in the towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants and 65 per cent in the others have signed petitions in their favor. In such cases they are merely subjected to a fine of $350 in Ohio and $900 in Iowa. This system is called the "mulet law," or law of repression. It is quite favorable to prohibition, for, local option having no official standing, it is necessary for the friends of the saloons to have a certain audacity in order to circulate these petitions among the citizens.

Monopoly of the traffic, or the system of dispensaries.—The monopoly of the sale of liquors with an alcoholic base by the State or the county is the third system found in the United States; but the limited area over which it extends

• Sometimes, as in the State of New York, the question is subdivided. The electors are called to vote on (1) the authorization of the sale of liquors to be drunk at the place; (2) that of selling liquors to be carried away; (3) that of selling alcohol in the drug stores; (4) that of selling in the hotels.

These inconveniences did not prevent the city of Boston from adopting last November the principle of votes by wards, after a very heated campaign.

(South Carolina and some counties of North Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia) makes it impossible to draw any general conclusions as to the vitality of the system.

. Conclusions.-Now that the time has come to give a résumé of the many impressions which crowd on one in the course of an inquiry into the antialcoholie battle in the United States, it seems that the idea which dominates all the others is that of the diversity and the prodigious activity of the army of temperance. All the moral forces of that country give it assistance. In the first rank are the churches and the schools. Innumerable associations adapted to all beliefs, all tastes, all races, and both sexes have been formed to assist and save the people. Under the pressure of opinion the law has stepped in to consecrate and facilitate the work. After some dangerous oscillations it seems to have found a

stable equilibrium by making liquor selling a local question.

Left to themselves the rural communities have to a great extent adopted the absolute prohibition of the traffic, while the urban centers have rallied around the system of regulation and high license as being more adapted to their moral possibilities and fiscal necessities. Raising the license has resulted in a very considerable reduction in the number of saloons. It has resulted in a sort of monopoly created by the law to the profit of a small number, which was afterwards to be revoked on the first misbehavior of the beneficiaries, to the greater profit of law and order. Where the police have sometimes failed in their duty societies of citizens have been organized with a private police for the purpose of taking the execution of the law into their own hands.

There are finally to be noted the attempts at creating here and there a legal monopoly, either through a high-priced system or by a system of reserving the wholesale trade to the State. The future will show whether from a moral or financial standpoint these experiments have proved successful.

The results of so vigorous a campaign have not been long deferred, for while men have fought social forces have prepared the victory for them. The progress of agriculture, industry, and trade emphasizes with its demands the exhortations of the apostles of temperance, reserving its benefits for those who listen and destroying those who rebel.

The era of uninterrupted prosperity which began ten years ago in that country, raising salaries, improving conditions, and ennobling the aspirations of life, as well as giving birth to innumerable institutions for the public benefit, must not be forgotten among the principal factors of temperance. If it be true that prosperity is a result of temperance it also gives rise to it. The comforts of life dissipate the social attractions of the saloon, while better food renders the use of alcohol as a stimulant unnecessary. The future will see this work still better organized and more widely extended.

Through one of those providential dispensations which are the recompense of excessive efforts for good, the battle for total abstinence has resulted in the triumph of a true moderation. The Federal statistics of the Internal Revenue Office show that since 1840 hygienic drinks and particularly beer have been substituted for alcohol.

Is this to say that the antialcoholic war is no longer an object in the United States? To assert this would be to misunderstand the character of intemper ance, which always rises again after a defeat; it would be particularly false in a country where hundreds of thousands of immigrants land each year. Moreover, statistics show that since 1896 there has been a slight recrudescence in

In 1848 there were consumed 21 gallons of whisky per capita, in 1901 only 1.33, while the consumption of beer in the same time increased from 1.36 to 16.20, the quantity of pure alcohol consumed being below its former level.

the consumption of spirituous liquors, which seems to concur with a certain slackening of the zeal of the apostles of temperance after their first period of success. The work is not finished, but the method appears good and the example is worth following. It is encouraging to other countries. Sixty years ago America was in a worse condition than we are in to-day; with her climate, her race, and her political corruption, she has yet to triumph over many more obstacles; by persevering energy she has been able to reach her goal. With the moral and social forces at the disposal of our country, the victory would only depend on the union of good and willing spirits.

TEMPERANCE INSTRUCTION IN PRUSSIA.

[The minister of worship, education, and medical affairs of Prussia, Dr. Conrad von Studt, published in the September number of the official organ of his department of education a brief guide in temperance instruction for teachers of elementary and secondary schools. This guide is not a course of study, but merely gives the main points which the minister desires to see impressed upon the pupils and students. Two months later he published a German translation of a detailed American course of study in physiology and hygiene, a course which bears the superscription, "Approved by the department of scientific temperance instruction of the World's and National Woman's Christian Temperance Union." Of this specialized course the minister says that it is not to be taken as a type for courses in Prussia, but that it contains many hints for practical lessons. With reference to the dangers arising from the use of intoxicants, he points to his own order, which, he says, contains all that should be taught in the schools of Prussia on the subject. Since it is of interest to note how the Prussian authorities limit the instruction in temperance physiology, an English translation of his order is here given.]

THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF IMMODERATE INDULGENCE IN SPIRITUOUS BEVERAGES.

BRIEF GUIDE FOR INSTRUCTION IN THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF

PRUSSIA.

Alcohol, in German also called spirits (Spiritus) and wine spirits (Weingeist), is made by means of fermentation directly from cane or fruit sugar, or indirectly from potato starch, from all kinds of grain, and from leguminous plants.

All drinks produced through fermentation contain alcohol. To these belong all kinds of beer, from the simplest home brew to porter and ale; all pure fruit wines, brandies, and cordials; also eau de cologne, and mint or Carmelite spirits, which consist of a mixture of alcohol and other ingredients.

Beverages made by fermentation directly from natural products (such as common brandies, wines, beers, and home-made fruit wines), or by mixing alco

From 1896 to 1901 the consumption of distilled liquors per capita shows an uninterrupted advance.

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Zentralblatt fuer die gesamte Unterrichts-Verwaltung, 1903.

ED 1904 M- -40

Gallons.

1.15

1.27

1.33

hol with water and other fluids, contain alcohol in different proportions. Among the mixtures are found many so-called fruit wines and artificial wines, especially also the cider used in the eastern provinces of Prussia, which is a mixture of freshly pressed apple juice with water, sugar, and about 16 per cent of alcohol (by volume). In the eastern provinces people also drink ether and ether mixed with alcohol (so-called Hoffmann's drops).

The lightest beers contain less than 2 per cent, the heaviest (porter and ale) up to 6 per cent of alcohol; wine of grapes and home-made fruit wines produced by fermentation contain from 6 to 20 per cent; brandies and cordials, eau de cologne, mint spirits, and Carmelite spirits from 30 to 70 per cent of alcohol, while artificial fruit wines, such as apple, currant, gooseberry, and pear wines, and especially cider, contain from 4 to 16 per cent of alcohol, according as sugar is added or alcohol directly mixed in.

Alcohol is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and appears, according to the natural product from which it is derived, in different combinations as ethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, etc. With the exception of ethyl alcohol, all alcohols are commonly called fusel oil.

The alcohol in a beverage gives to it an animating and, under certain conditions, a desirable beneficial effect, but if present to excess its effects are injurious.

Taken to excess or habitually, alcohol injures (1) the health, (2) ethical conduct, (3) family life, (4) the economy of the family, and (5) the economy of the state.

1. Injuries to health.

Taken in small doses alcohol acts at first as a stimulant and puts the user into a pleasant mood. During the condition of exhilaration it often dispels his worries and sorrows and enables him momentarily to increase his labor power; but it would be an error to believe that mental or physical powers, as well as the ability to work and perform duties, could be increased definitely by habitual use of alcohol.

After every excitation of the nervous system by means of alcoholic drinks follows a condition of relaxation and exhaustion, just as it follows every other nervous excitation. The normal human being can without using stimulants work mentally and physically without interruption to a much higher limit than the one who resorts to stimulants. This has been demonstrated by the soldiers in the American and English armies, who abstain from stimulants entirely. It has further been proved by the example of athletes (bicyclists, oarsmen, gymnasts, and swimmers), and finally by Nansen upon his north pole expedition. Everyone can test the foregoing statement by careful observation of himself.

Taken in small doses, and not taken habitually, alcohol will, as a rule, not injure the health of adults. A dose which will not, as a rule, be injurious may be considered to be 30 cubic centimeters a day; that is, about as much as is contained in one liter of Bavarian beer, or in half a bottle of light wine, or in a wineglass of brandy.

Owing to the great differences in individual conditions of human life such a measure can not be considered absolutely valid for all. Young people, or those whose nervous system is not quite normally developed, and especially all who have been weakened by disease or injuries, may endanger their health severely by taking the quantity suggested in the foregoing paragraph. If, on the other hand, persons can stand for a limited period of time larger quantities of alcoholic beverages apparently without special injury, it must not be presumed that they can do so in the long run without injurious effect.

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