mentary Physiology as the basis of our work, and complete it in the three years. Directions are sent to teachers, suggesting materials and methods. Teachers are expected to give lessons weekly to all grades, the time varying from fifteen minutes to thirty. We give two periods a week to the study in all grades above the first or seeond, depending upon the classes. No books are used below the fourth grade. We put special stress upon such things as teach care of the body, cleanliness, temperance in eating, drinking, thinking, speaking, doing. In all grades excepting the very lowest time is given to a consideration of the effects of narcotics and stimulants. Our teachers take hold of the work with interest and common-sense methods. Some teachers are interested in the subject and get good results; others do not like to teach it. The general tendency seems to be toward oral instruction and the use of some reading matter treating of hygiene and temperance in the lower grades, with considerable use of books in the upper grades. The time element varies in different schools and with different teachers. The opinion is held that too much or too little time may be given to the topic to secure the best results. Interest must be maintained. The salient points of temperance instruction should be emphasized in some way during each year of school life, that they may make a lasting impression for good. Superintendents and teachers generally manifest an interest in temperance instruction. Not all think alike regarding a method, and a few seem to lack confidence in the educational value of the instruction or are in doubt regarding the best method. Good has evidently been accomplished. CHAPTER VIII. NOTICES OF SOME EARLY ENGLISH WRITERS ON EDUCATION, 1578-1603. WITH DESCRIPTIONS, EXTRACTS, AND NOTES. BY PROF. FOSTER WATSON, Of University College, Aberystwyth, Wales. CONTENTS. [NOTE. The date given to the left of the title is the date of the earliest edition of 1581. B. Batty: The Christian Man's Closet. Wm. Lowth, translator_. 660 661 1633. Cardinal Sermonetta's Instructions to Young Gentlemen. 667 667 Early books on the teaching of English__. William Bullokar: 1580. Book at Large, for the Amendment of Orthographie_ A. J. Ellis's authorities on early English pronunciation_ Notices of English writers on education, preceding in point of time those here treated, have appearded in previous Reports of the Commissioner as follows: Report of 1901, Vol. I, chap. 17 (pp. 861-884); Report of 1902, Vol. I, chap. 10 (pp. 481-508); Report of 1903, Vol. I, chap. 6 (pp. 319–350). 667 668 670 W. S., Gentleman: 1581. Examination of Complaints-- Abraham Fleming: 1581. Footpath to Felicitie___ W. Averell: 1584. Dyall for Dainty Darlings-Adrianus Junius (c. 1512-1575): 1585. Nomenclator. Angel Day: 1586. The English Secretarie__ William Kemp (fl. 1590): 1588. Education of Children__ Louis Leroy (translator, R. Ashley): 1594. The Interchangeable CourseJohn Huarte (translator, Richard Carew): 1594. Examination of Men's Wits_ J. B. Nenna (translator, William Jones): 1595. Nennio, Or a Treatise of Nobility. Edmund Coote (fl. 1597): 1596. The Englishe Scholemaister. Nicholas Ling: 1597. Politeuphuia. Wits' Commonwealth___ Richard de Bury: 1598. Philobiblon (written in Latin, 1344). Count Hanniball Romei (translator, J. Keper): 1598. The Courtiers Academie-- Robert Cawdray: 1600. Treasurie or Storehouse of Similies. John Daye: c. 1600. Peregrinatio Scholastica Samuel Daniel : 1602-3. Musophilus, or Defence of all Learning----Michael de Montaigne (translator, John Florio): Page. 674 676 677 678 679 681 685 687 690 690 693 694 695 696 697 698 A Sermon Preached at Paules Crosse on Barthelmew Day, being the 24 of August 1578, Wherein, besides many other profitable matters meet for all Christians to follow, is at large prooved, that it is the part of those that are fathers, householders, and Scholemaisters, to instruct all those under their government, in the word and knowledge of the Lorde. By John Stockwood, Scholemaister of Tunbridge Lond. 1578. 12mo. * * * From the dedication to the Worshipful Company of Skinners in London the following passage is taken: Now concerning my purpose of offering this my simple labour and travail such as it is, unto your worships' favourable acceptation, there may be many causes and reasons moving me thereunto, but chiefly that this way I might leave unto the world a testimony of a dutiful and thankful mind for your Free School of Tunbridge, honourably founded by that worthy Knight Sir Andrew Judd, somtime Lord Mayor of your famous City of London, and worshipfully and liberally to your great costs and charges maintained against the bad attempts of those that went about to have made it their own private possession, which fact of him, the honourable founder and you the worthy maintainers and defenders, I trust the L. will use as good examples, to move others to do the like, for the training up of youth in the fear of God. Schoolmasters and religious teaching. But because I am thus far entered into this large and fruitful field of children's education and household government, of fathers and householders generally neglected, whilst where they should daily and continually teach their chil dren and families out of the word of the Lord to fear him, many of them daily and nightly are occupied in Dicing, Carding and Gaming, and yet must needs be counted Protestants. Give me leave, I beseech you a little to direct my speech unto those, whom in respect of their office it chiefly concerneth, to bring up youth, I mean schoolmasters. For among all the diseases that these our days and times are grievously sick withal, there is none wherewith they are either more generally or more dangerously infected, than with this, that the most part of schoolmasters, like as fathers and householders, think it no part of their duty to meddle with instructing their scholars and pupils in the word of the Lord and principles of Christian religion. A ring of gold in a swine's snout. Whereas without the fear of the Lord, there is no wisdom, neither is it possible for youth to go well forward in virtue and good manners, things as necessary as learning, which, without these, is but a ring of gold in a swine's snout, if they be not trained up in the knowledge of the word. * * * Hearken, hearken all you that be Schoolmasters, there is no other means to have your youth to profit in virtue and godliness, but by taking heed to the word of the Lord. Youths to be godly as well as learned. And what parent is he that setteth his son to school, but that he would have him as well godly as learned? as well a virtuous child as a toward scholar? as well instructed unto salvation as furthered in profane learning? For if there be any that have other ends in putting their children to school, these being contemned, your schools were better to be without them, than cumbered with them. From whence come the general complaints of the ungraciousness and unhappiness of scholars but from this, that you never teach them their duties out of the book of the Lord? Methods of over-much gentleness and over-much flogging. Some of you think over-much gentleness to be the way, and others continual and tyrannical scourging and whipping to be the way, whereas indeed you are both sorts far and wide out of the way. For the one with too much lenity encourageth them to a lewd licentiousness and looseness of manners: the others thinking by cruel and butcherly beating to win reformation, engender in them such a mislike and loathing of learning that they abhor with as deadly hatred the school-house, as we do those things which are most loathsome and noisome unto us. I like well of gentleness, if it be such as by it manners be not corrupted and spilled, and on the other side I allow of reasonable correction, so as it be used as the last remedy, that is, when no other will serve. But the first, the best and the chiefest way, is to begin with teaching your youth the fear of the Lord. For that is, as Solomon saith, the beginning of wisdom. Children and religion. But you fear peradventure that it should be to little profit to speak unto children, of religion. I hear you, and think of that you say, as a cloak to hide your fault and cover for your slothfulness, rather than a true cause to stay this duty. He that hath said, Suffer little children to come unto me and forbid them not, for unto such belongeth the kingdom of heaven, will no doubt bless your labours, taken in hand in his fear. Begin therefore at length and try: you shall I warrant you, to your comfort, see your youth profit in virtue and godliness. Religion and the profane authors. I would have you that, setting aside all care of religion in your schools, do make it your only profession to read them profane authors, show me the example but of one person, whom, either Tully his Offices, or Aristotle his Ethics, or Plato his Precepts of Manners, ever yet made a godly and a virtuous inan. use. I am not against the teaching of profane writers: I know they have their But I utterly mislike your preposterous, backward, and earthward care in labouring chiefly about these, omitting that which should be foremost, namely instruction out of the word. Take heed that in respect ye worthily run not into the reprehension that our saviour Christ useth towards the Scribes and Pharisees, for touching mint and annis and cummin, and leaving the weighty matters of the law, as judgment, mercy and fidelity: that is, for taking much pains about trifles, and dealing slenderly and slightly in matters of great importance. Let the name of God and of his Christ be heard often in your schools: let it be familiar unto your scholars by continual beating it into their heads. What though it enter but softly, the water by often dropping pierceth into the hard stone by much heating the strong iron is made soft; by often putting into the fire the toughest steel is made pliant * The soft wax will receive any print, whereas the hard will take none; young sciences [scions (?)] will be bowed, which way you will have them, whereas the grown trees will rather break than bend. Look what liquor a vessel is seasoned withal, when it is new, it will keep a snack thereof when it is old. And teach a child while he is young what ways he shall walk, and he will not forget it when he cometh unto years. Popish schoolmasters. This thing do the papists of our time full well understand. And therefore have their picked schoolmasters privately to nousel up their children in their houses in the Pope's religion, that they may taste and smell thereof when their parents be dead and rotten. And great pity it is, that the Queen's enemies should be permitted such liberty. For by this means are many toward gentlemen otherwise, utterly marred and spoiled. The instilling of popery: Stockwood's view. How (I pray you) falleth it out, that you have at this day in this land, many young gentlemen not above 24 years old at the most, that are more obstinate and stubborn papists than their fathers: they will come at no Church, at no Sermons, whereas their parents will do both. And if at any time there be process out for them from her Majesty's high Commissioners, they find one means or other to have inkling of it, and then forsooth they must in post, over into France to learn the language, whereas indeed their voyage is not so much to learn the French tongue, as to withdraw themselves from punishment of law, and there at liberty to hear (when they please) a Latin mass. And for my part I wish that all the papists in England (without they repent) together with all the rest of her Majesty's enemies, were in France or some other place of banishment, without hope ever to return again, and so should our country be in more quiet and safety. But of this that I have said it evidently appeareth, that whereas in respect of their years, being not past 24 years they were at the beginning of the prince's reign capable of no religion, and now be stiff-necked papists, it cannot be chosen, but they must have it by the education of popish schoolmasters or popish parents or both together. And no marvel. The "broom" of the universities, and “the sweepings." For we have in many gentlemen's houses, and also in the houses of others in the country of higher calling, the sweepings of the universities, I mean, such rotten papists as by the broom of godly discipline, as unprofitable dust, have been sweeped out thence, are entertained in the country in private houses to teach their children. And then they be as safe as the fox in his borrow. For who dare be so bold as once to enquire wherein they instruct their scholars? Besides this, they are huddled together, old popish persecuting Mass Priests, in some houses four, in some three, in some two, in some one, and they (forsooth) under pretence of serving in several offices, as some stewards, some Caters, and so forth, pervert whole families. For can it possibly be otherwise, that themselves papists, and under papists, having the government of youth, as men chosen for the purpose, should teach any other than papistry? The education of the children of Papists. I wish that the children of our papists, so soon as they be capable of learning, might be taken from them (they notwithstanding paying for their education) and be committed unto the government of godly teachers, that would learn them the fear of the Lord: or if their education be permitted to be in the houses of their parents, that order may be taken, that none have the teaching of them, but such as be well known to be zealous in religion: for these papists howsoever they pretend love, they do indeed kill: howsoever they would seem to cherish, they do indeed corrupt and spill. Stockwood's request to the high commissioners. Wherefore I earnestly pray the honourable and worshipful of her Majesty's High Commission, to cause private popish teachers, to be sought after and sifted, as well to stay the present mischief, as also to meet with before hand, the hurt that may, by suffering them, grow hereafter. And to end this matter (in which albeit I have been long, I hope the necessity and profit of it shall easily with the godly procure my pardon) I likewise heartily desire all teachers of youth, |